Facility Recommendations in Tropical Climates
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1 Facility Recommendations in Tropical Climates Modernizing Dairy Farms in Costa Rica David W. Kammel Biological Systems Engineering UW Madison
2 Land Base and Dairy Industry Wisconsin Land Base 169,637 square km Dairy Herds 10, Dairy Cows 1,271,000 Average herd size 117 cows Milk production 9860 kg/year/cow
3 Number of Farms Wisconsin Dairy Farms by Herd Size, 2007* 8,000 6, ,400 herds ,860 herds 4, , Head Head Head Head Head Head *Preliminary estimate. Source: USDA/NASS, Farms, Land in Farms, and Livestock Operations Summary.
4 Temperatures in San Jose, Costa Rica and Madison, WI USA Weatherbase.com Intellicast.com
5 Facilities are tools to implement a management plan Water Grazing Paddocks Corrals Feed Storage Machinery Storage House Water Feed Storage Manure Storage Water House Milking Center Components of a Dairy Farm System DVM Gordy Jones
6 Facility Design Goals: Allow the implementation of the management plan to express the cow s genetic potential Provide: Be: Cow Comfort Clean dry environment for cows Adequate fresh air, feed, and water Labor efficient Safe for both workers and cows Environmentally friendly Produce: Quality Food Profitable Dairy Business Consider flow of cows, feed, manure, and people
7 Dairy modernization is investing in facilities that: Improve cow comfort Increase dry matter intake (DMI) Improve labor efficiency Improve operator health and safety Increase profit Improve quality of life
8 Cow Comfort Housing system design which: Protects the cow from severe environmental conditions Provides adequate space for resting, eating, drinking, and walking Limits the likelihood of injury and/or disease Considers all the cows in the herd (especially the subordinate cows)
9 Daily Activity (Hours per Day) Dairy Cow Daily Time Budget Grazing versus Free Stall Confinement System Grazing Free Stall Other Lying Milking Feeding
10 Dairy Animal Management Plan Needs of the cow The cow is number one priority Provide an environment that can express the genetic potential of the cow Provide adequate space for all management groups Provide optimal cow comfort Provide fresh air by ventilation Adequate space for resting, eating and drinking Clean & dry resting space Adequate space to move to feed and water Minimize social and environmental stress Safe from injury Manage weather extremes Cow cooling in warm season Shelter in the wet season
11 Dairy Animal Management Plan Needs of the owner and workers Effectively utilize a farm s resources Land Capital Labor Genetic potential of herd Safe & labor efficient Milking Feeding Manure Handling Cow movement Environmentally sustainable
12 Farmstead Planning in Steps Identify Limitations & prioritize investments Determine a budget based on: Number of cows Financial situation Risk tolerance Develop farmstead master plan Identify planning zones for milking, housing, feeding, feed storage, and manure storage Consider future growth (beyond the first step) Phased construction (investment) Consider current needs and long term goals Reuse existing facilities if possible Build new facilities as needed
13 Farmstead Master Plan A master plan is a set of drawings and documents that describers the site plan with: Physical boundaries Natural boundaries Existing facilities Planned/ proposed improvements Defines the benefits/limits of the site
14 Existing Farmstead North
15 Master Farmstead Plan Planning Zones North Lane Water Feed Storage Water Machinery Storage House Milking Center Housing Corrals Housing Water Lane Lane House Manure Storage
16 Master Farmstead Plan Phased Construction Projects North Water Feed Storage Lane Phase 4 House Phase 5 Housing Phase 1 Housing Water Machinery Storage Phase 5 Milking Center Corrals Manure Storage Water Lane House Phase 3 Phase 2
17 Limitations Possible Facility Improvements Wet weather o o o Feed storage area Shelter feeding area Shelter resting area Hot Weather o o o o o Shade milking area Shade feeding area Shade resting area Sprinklers Velocity fans
18 Facility Investments Improved feeding area Shade/shelter the feeding area (with capacity to expand) Shade/shelter the resting area (with capacity to expand) Shade /shelter holding area and parlor Heat Stress Mitigation Sprinklers Velocity Fans Feed storage Manure storage
19 Facility Investments Improved feeding area Shade/shelter the feeding area (with capacity to expand) Shade/shelter the resting area (with capacity to expand) Shade /shelter holding area and parlor Heat Stress Mitigation Sprinklers Velocity Fans Feed storage Manure storage
20 5.00m Feed Lane 9.30 m 4.30m Alley Water Feeding Platform 30.00m 4.00 m 4.00 m m 4.00 m 4.00 m Resting Space Water Fence Water Alley Feed Platform m/cow Feed Lane
21 Feeding Platform
22 Feeding Platform
23 Feeding Platform
24 Facility Investments Improved feeding area Shade/shelter the feeding area (with capacity to expand) Shade/shelter the resting area (with capacity to expand) Shade /shelter holding area and parlor Heat Stress Mitigation Sprinklers Velocity Fans Feed storage Manure storage
25 Hourly grazing of cows (Botheras, 2007)
26 Percentage of cows using shade Tucker, C.A., A.R. Rogers, K.E. Schutz
27 Shade Design Shade Area Cows s.m. 200 kg calf 2.0 s.m. 400 kg heifer 3.0 s.m. Minimum of 50% sun blockage 4.3 m height minimum North South Allows drying under shade East West Less Sun penetration Natural Shade Controlled access to allow drying Permanent Shade Controlled access to allow drying Improved area (concrete) Portable/movable shade Allows drying Separate water locations, salt/mineral feeders, feed locations
28 North South versus East West Shade Buffington Collier 1983
29 Portable Shade
30 Permanent Shade
31 5.00m Feed Lane 9.30 m Shade 4.30m Alley Water Shade over feeding platform 30.00m 4.00 m 4.00 m m 4.00 m 4.00 m Resting Space Water Fence Water Alley Shade Feed Platform m/cow Feed Lane
32 Shade over feeding platform
33 Shade over feeding platform
34 Water 4.30m 5.00m Alley m Shade Feed Lane 4.30m Alley Water Shaded Feeding Platform Drive Through Feeding 30.00m 4.00 m 4.00 m m 4.00 m 4.00 m Resting Space Water Fence Water Alley Shade Feed Platform m/cow Feed Lane Feed Platform m/cow Alley Water Fence Water
35 Shade Over Feeding Platform
36 Shade Shelter Over Feeding Platform Shade Over Feeding Platform
37 Facility Investments Improved feeding area Shade/shelter the feeding area (with capacity to expand) Shade/shelter the resting area (with capacity to expand) Shade /shelter holding area and parlor Heat Stress Mitigation Sprinklers Velocity Fans Feed storage Manure storage
38 Cow Kennel
39 Cow Kennel McFarland 2014
40 3.10 m 6.20 m 3.10 m Water Water Single row FS with feed platform 31.2 m Curtain Sidewall m Alley
41 Single Row Free Stall Barn
42 Cow Kennel McFarland 2014
43 4.00 m 3.10 m Water m Water 9.30 m 3.10 m 3.10 m Cow Kennels with drive by feeding m 4.80 m m 4.80 m Curtain Sidewall m Alley m Alley Feed Platform Curtain Sidewall
44 Cow kennels with drive by feeding
45 6.0 m 11.0 m 5.0 m Water Water Outside Alley Outside Alley 3.0 m Water 5.0 Water 11.0 m 3.0 m Housing and Feeding Shelters 40.0 m 5.0 m 30.0 m 5.0 m Alley m o.c m o.c. Alley Outside Buffer Alley Feed Traffic Lane 40.0 m
46 Feeding Shelter
47 Housing Shelter
48 Bedded Pen Shelter
49 Housing and Feeding Shelters
50 Feeding Shelter
51 Housing Shelter
52 3.1 m Water Water 9.3 m 3.1 m 3.1 m 2 row Freestall Shelter 30.0 m Curtain Sidewall m Overhead Door Alley m Curtain Sidewall
53 2 row Freestall Shelter Two Row Free Stall Barn
54 2 row Freestall Shelter Two Row Free Stall Barn
55 Wooden Freestall Divider
56 Wooden Freestall Divider
57 Plastic Freestall Divider
58 Steel Freestall Divider With Deep Bed of Sand
59 Deep Bed of Organic Solids
60 Freestall Mattress
61 3.10 m 3.10 m 2.80 m Water Water 2.80 m 12.0 m 3.00 m 5.00 m 3.10 m 1.10 m 2 row Freestall Barn with Inside Feeding m m m m o.c. Drive By Feeding Feed Platform Alley m o.c. Alley 4.80 m m 4.80 m
62 2 row Freestall Barn with Inside Feeding
63 3.1 m Optional Headlocks Feed Platform 9.3 m 3.1 m 3.1 m Outside Alley 30.0 m Two Row Freestall Barn Outside Feeding Manure Gate 30.0 m Curtain Sidewall 2.4 m 3.7 m Water 1.2 m m Overhead Door Alley 6" Open Ridge recommended m Water Curtain Sidewall Hoop Freestall Barn 2 Rows With Outside Feeding Gate
64 Two Row Freestall Barn Outside Feeding
65 Two Row Freestall Barn
66 Two Row Freestall Barn
67 Outside Feeding
68 3.10 m Water Water 4.00 m m 5.00 m 4.00 m 3.10 m Water Water 2 row Freestall barn with drive through feeding m Curtain Sidewall m Alley Feed Alley Alley m Curtain Sidewall
69 2 row Freestall barn with drive through feeding
70 20.30 m m 8.0 m 8.0 m 4.30 m 5.0 m Bedded Pen Shelter with drive by feeding Shelter Bedded Resting Space Feed Lane Alley Water 30.00m 4.00 m 4.00 m m 4.00 m 4.00 m Bedded Resting Space s.m. = 500 s.m. Water Fence Water Alley Feed Platform m/cow Feed Lane
71 Bedded Pen Shelter with drive by feeding
72 Bedded Pen Shelter with drive by feeding
73 Bedded Pen Shelter with drive by feeding
74 Bedded Pen Shelter with drive by feeding
75 Bedded Pen Shelter with drive by feeding
76 3 row Freestall barn with drive by feeding Water Water 4.30 m 5.00 m 3.10 m 3.10 m 6.00 m m Freestalls Feed Alley m 4.80 m m 4.80 m m o.c. Alley m o.c m o.c. Feed Lane Alley Lane Alley
77 3 row Freestall barn with drive by feeding
78 3 row Freestall barn with drive by feeding
79 Water Alley Fence 8.00 m Bedded Resting Space s.m. = 500 s.m. Water Bedded Resting Space m m Shelter Water 4.30 m 5.0 m 4.30 m Alley Water Shelter m m 8.00 m 8.00 m 8.00 m Bedded Resting Space Bedded pen with drive through 30.00m feeding 4.00 m 4.00 m m 4.00 m 4.00 m Bedded Resting Space s.m. = 500 s.m. Water Fence Water Alley Feed Platform m/cow Alley Feed Lane Feed Lane 4.00 m 4.00 m m 4.00 m 4.00 m 30.00m
80 Bedded pen with drive through feeding
81 Bedded pen with drive through feeding
82 Bedded pen with drive through feeding
83 Calf Housing Hutches
84 Calf Housing Calf Barn w/ Individual Pens
85 Calf Calf Housing Transition Group Housing Calf Pens Super Hutch
86 Calf Housing Weaned Calf Super Hutch
87 Calf Calf Housing Transition Weaned Housing Calf Super Hutch Super Hutch
88 Calf Housing Weaned Calf Barn w/ group Pens
89 Heifer Housing Bedded Group Pens with outside feeding
90 Heifer Housing Bedded Group Pens with outside feeding
91 Heifer Housing Bedded Group Pens with sheltered feeding
92 Heifer Housing Bedded Group Pens with sheltered feeding
93 Heifer Housing Bedded Platforms
94 Heifer Housing Bedded Group Pens with sheltered feeding
95 Heifer Housing Bedded Group Pens with sheltered feeding
96 Heifer Housing Bedded Group Pens with sheltered feeding
97 Facility Investments Improved feeding area Shade/shelter the feeding area (with capacity to expand) Shade/shelter the resting area (with capacity to expand) Shade /shelter holding area and parlor Heat Stress Mitigation Sprinklers Velocity Fans Feed storage Manure storage
98 Shaded Holding Area
99 Low Cost Parlor Plan Wall Cow Entry Back Gate Optional Personal Pass 3-5% Slope Optional Receiver Location Holding Area 1.4 square meter per cow Hinged Gate Sump Below Steps or Ladder 2% Slope Floor Drain 1.2 m Wall Entrance Optional Crown 25 mm 2% Slope 2.4 m Gutter Drain to Sump Cow Platform 2% Slope Rump and Kick Rail Floor Drains 1.8 m- 2.4 m Spacing 70 Milking Unit Spacing 600 mm Jersey 675 Holstein Jersey 1200 mm Holstein 1350 mm Adjustable +/- 100 mm Parking Angle Breast Rail Varies Jersey 600 mm x # Stalls Holstein 675 mm x # Stalls Adjustable Breast Rail Wall Support Operator Area Steps Adjustable Breast Rail Post Support 100 mm Offset Edge of platform to rump Rail Return Optional Drain Gate Swing Varies Optional Chop Gate 1.2 m Entrance Optional Side Exit Exit Area Cross Over Front Cow Exit 1.8 m Cross Over Varies See Cross Section
100 900 mm 600 mm 900 mm Frame Construction 50 mm x50 mm Square Tube or 50 mm Diameter Tube Typical 1100 mm Vacuum Line Frames 1.8 m-2.4 m on center Typical 75 mm Drop Optional Neck Rail Head Space 600 mm Minimum450 mm Breast Rail Optional Adjustable Breast Rail Support 200 mm Optional Manure Splash Guard Varies 200 mm 750 mm Rump Rail Milk Line Slopes Kick Rail 800 mm +/- 50mm 1500 mm Minimum 600 mm +/- 50 mm 600 mm +/- 50 mm 1800 mmtypical 125 mm 75 mm Maximum Height Curb or Nib Option A Frame Option Dimensions may vary 70 Degree Angle Jersey-Holstein 1200 mm-1350 mm Adjustable +/- 100 mm 100 mm Offset ** Cow Platform Width Typical Ceiling Height Optional Adjustable Breast Rail 2050 mm Minimum HolsteinSupport 1900 mm Minimum Jersey 2.1 m-2.4 m Low Cost Parlor Plan 200 mm-300 mm Overhang 1000 mm +/- 50 mm Typical 25 mm Crown Optional 200 mm Optional Gutter to Sump 150 mm Optional Gutter and or Drains ** Cow Platform Width Recommeded Holstein 2400 mm Jersey 2100 mm Interior Wall to Wall Holstein 5.7 m minimum, 6.7 m Typical Interior Wall to Wall Jersey 5.4 m minimum, 6.1 m Typical
101 Low Cost Parlor
102 Low Cost Parlor
103 Low Cost Parlor
104 Low Cost Parlor
105 Low Cost Parlor
106 Facility Investments Improved feeding area Shade/shelter the feeding area (with capacity to expand) Shade/shelter the resting area (with capacity to expand) Shade /shelter holding area and parlor Heat Stress Mitigation Sprinklers Velocity Fans Feed storage Manure storage
107
108
109
110
111
112
113 Facility Investments Improved feeding area Shade/shelter the feeding area (with capacity to expand) Shade/shelter the resting area (with capacity to expand) Shade /shelter holding area and parlor Heat Stress Mitigation Sprinklers Velocity Fans Feed storage Manure storage
114 Manure Collection and Transfer
115 Feeding Platform Manure Collection
116 Alley Manure Manure Storage Collection (1 of 2)
117 Alley Manure Collection
118 Alley Manure Collection
119 Facilities are tools to implement a management plan Grazing Paddocks Lane Housing North Housing Water Feed Storage Water Machinery Storage House Milking Center Corrals Corrals Manure Storage Lane Water Lane House
120 Preguntas!
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