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1 EI-510 Ages Grades 7+ + Log Book NAME 1
2 Fossil, Rock, and Gem Excavation Kit Table of Contents Dig for Fossils, Rocks, and Gems... 1 Excavating Your Fossils, Rocks, and Gems... What Are Fossils, Rocks, and Gemstones?... How to Fill Out Your Specimen Records... 5 Specimen Records...6 Explore Fossils...11 Find Out About Rocks...1 Investigate Gems...15 Displaying Your Specimens Fossil, Rock, and Gem Secret Identity Chart...17 Your Mystery Rock Kit Includes: Clay matrix containing: authentic fossils genuine gemstones rock specimens Log Book Excavation tool Excavation brush Fossil, Rock, and Gem Secret Identity Chart Storage and Display Tray
3 Fossil, Rock, and Gem Excavation Kit Dig for Fossils, Rocks, and Gems Many kinds of scientists excavate, or dig into the earth, to discover information and hidden riches. Scientists who study the earth are called geologists (jee AHL uh jists). Paleontologists (pay lee ahn TAHL uh jists) are scientists who study fossils. Prospectors (PRAHS pek tuhrz) search for valuable mineral deposits. Early prospectors often had little scientific training. They learned about geology as they went along. Many of them were disappointed in their search, but occasionally a prospector struck it rich. Nowadays, prospecting is a much more scientific business. Modern prospectors are trained in geology and use scientific equipment in their search. With this kit, you ll get a chance to do your own excavating for ancient fossils, fascinating rocks, and valuable gems. What hidden wonders will you discover inside your Mystery Rock?
4 Excavating Your Fossils, Rocks, and Gems In the past, prospectors mining rocks for gems, fossils, and minerals never knew what they would discover. Each dig held the promise of untold wealth. For this reason the identities of most of the ten specimens buried in your Mystery Rock have been kept a secret from you. You ll experience the thrill of discovery much as the prospectors did. A Secret Identity Chart sealed inside the back cover of this Log Book will help you identify each specimen. Don t break the seal on the chart before you ve excavated all 10 of the fossils, rocks, and gems. That way you ll be able to experience for yourself the fun and surprise of discovering and identifying these fascinating mystery specimens! Your Mystery Rock fossil, rock, and gem specimens are buried inside the clay matrix (MAY triks), or excavation material, that comes with your kit. A matrix is any material in which rocks, gems, metals, and fossils are embedded. Before you can examine and identify your specimens, you must carefully excavate them from the clay matrix. Before You Begin 1. Set up a place to work. You ll need an area that can remain undisturbed while you complete your excavation.. Spread out plenty of sheets of newspaper. Work on a floor or counter that can be easily cleaned off when you re finished.. Place the matrix so that one long side is nearest to you. With a marker, draw around the matrix on a newspaper. This will help you keep the matrix in place. Although you ll have to move the clay a little while you re excavating, make sure that it stays in roughly the same position. This is important because later you ll want to record where you found each specimen.
5 Starting Your Excavation Follow These Steps 1. Read all the directions carefully and then examine the surface of the clay matrix before you start. To begin with, look for anything that might be a fossil, rock, or gem specimen.. Gently start to scrape away the clay with your excavation tool. **BE CAREFUL TO KEEP THE SHARP END OF THE TOOL POINTED AWAY FROM YOUR EYES, BODY, OR OTHER HAND. WEAR WORK GLOVES (GARDENING GLOVES OR SIMILAR) TO PROTECT YOUR HANDS AS YOU WORK. Work slowly and carefully to avoid damaging any specimens that might be scratched by the tool. Remember, the specimens could be buried anywhere inside the matrix. Because emeralds are so valuable, your emerald specimen is small, and could easily get lost. Don t throw away any of the matrix material until you have found all 10 of your specimens.. When you first see a specimen showing through the clay, be careful not to scratch it with the tool. Very carefully, dig out the clay from around your specimen. When you ve uncovered its top and sides, start to dig out the clay underneath it. Never try to pull a specimen from the clay before you ve dug completely around it. Some specimens are fragile, and can break.. After you ve freed your first specimen from the clay, place it on the newspaper. Use the excavation tool to gently remove any big lumps of clay from the specimen. (Make sure there s no other specimen contained in those lumps.) Then use your excavation brush to dust off the remaining clay. 5. When you ve removed as much of the clay as you can, rinse your specimen outdoors in a small bowl of cool water until the rest of the clay dissolves. Be careful not to throw out your specimen with the dirty water. Don t pour dissolved clay down the drain it could clog the pipes. 6. Now you re ready to record the data (information) about your specimen! Read on to find out how. **SAFETY WARNING 5
6 What Are Fossils, Rocks, and Gemstones? Fossils Fossils are the remains of living things signs that they once existed. Even a footprint of ancient life is considered a fossil. The word fossil comes from the Latin fossilis, which means dug up. Fossils are formed from animal and plant remains. Sometimes after a plant or animal dies, its remains are covered by sand or mud, which generally hardens to become rock. Over time water dissolves away the plant or animal remains, leaving a space called a mold. When the mold fills up with mud or minerals, a fossil cast is formed. This cast shows the form of the original plant or animal. Fossil prints form when the imprint of an object is left in mud, which gradually becomes rock. Rocks All rocks are made out of minerals. In fact, minerals have been called the building blocks of rocks. Some rocks are made up of only one kind of mineral, while others are made up of a mixture of minerals. Rocks form in one of three ways: Igneous rocks are formed from hot, melted rock, or magma, that comes from deep within the crust of the earth. Sedimentary rocks are formed from hardened sand, soil, mud, and pieces of rock or shell. Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been changed. They were once igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been altered by very high temperatures and pressure. Gemstones Gems, like rocks, are made up of minerals. Precious gems, such as diamonds, sapphires, rubies, and emeralds, are the hardest, rarest, and the most valuable. Semiprecious gems, such as turquoise, malachite, and quartz, are softer and usually more common. 6
7 How to Fill Out Your Specimen Records You Will Need: a pencil, markers, and a small bowl of water Follow These Steps: 1. Draw and color a picture of the specimen.. Draw an X on both the top and side views of the clay matrix to show the position in which you found the specimen.. As you find each specimen, fill out the Specimen Data Chart, in the order shown. Describe the color of Top View Side View The specimen shown is in the top left corner of the matrix, halfway down the specimen when it is wet, and when it is dry. Decide if the texture is smooth or rough. Write Yes if it floats in the bowl of water or No if it sinks.. When you have excavated all 10 specimens and before you have broken the seal at the back of this Log Book, make an educated guess as to whether each one is a fossil, rock, or gem. Use the information on page to make your educated guesses. Record them by checking the appropriate classification box on each Specimen Record. 5. After recording all of your classification guesses, break the seal to the Fossil, Rock, and Gem Secret Identity Chart. Check to see whether each specimen is a fossil, rock, or gem. Correct any of your classifications that are wrong. Write down the name of each specimen. Score your correct guesses this way: fewer than 5 5 to 7 8 to 10 Novice Prospector Prospector s Assistant Expert Prospector 7
8 Specimen 1 Board Top View Side View 1 Draw a picture of what you found. Color it. Show the specimen s location. Record your findings: Color Wet Color Dry Texture Floats? Classify the specimen: Fossil Rock Gem Name of specimen Specimen Board Top View Side View 1 Draw a picture of what you found. Color it. Show the specimen s location. Record your findings: Color Wet Color Dry Texture Floats? Classify the specimen: Fossil Rock Gem Name of specimen 8
9 Specimen Board Top View Side View 1 Draw a picture of what you found. Color it. Show the specimen s location. Record your findings: Color Wet Color Dry Texture Floats? Classify the specimen: Fossil Rock Gem Name of specimen Specimen Board Top View Side View 1 Draw a picture of what you found. Color it. Show the specimen s location. Record your findings: Color Wet Color Dry Texture Floats? Classify the specimen: Fossil Rock Gem Name of specimen 9
10 Specimen 5 Board Top View Side View 1 Draw a picture of what you found. Color it. Show the specimen s location. Record your findings: Color Wet Color Dry Texture Floats? Classify the specimen: Fossil Rock Gem Name of specimen Specimen 6 Board Top View Side View 1 Draw a picture of what you found. Color it. Show the specimen s location. Record your findings: Color Wet Color Dry Texture Floats? Classify the specimen: Fossil Rock Gem Name of specimen 10
11 Specimen 7 Board Top View Side View 1 Draw a picture of what you found. Color it. Show the specimen s location. Record your findings: Color Wet Color Dry Texture Floats? Classify the specimen: Fossil Rock Gem Name of specimen Specimen 8 Board Top View Side View 1 Draw a picture of what you found. Color it. Show the specimen s location. Record your findings: Color Wet Color Dry Texture Floats? Classify the specimen: Fossil Rock Gem Name of specimen 11
12 Specimen 9 Board Top View Side View 1 Draw a picture of what you found. Color it. Show the specimen s location. Record your findings: Color Wet Color Dry Texture Floats? Classify the specimen: Fossil Rock Gem Name of specimen Specimen 10 Board Top View Side View 1 Draw a picture of what you found. Color it. Show the specimen s location. Record your findings: Color Wet Color Dry Texture Floats? Classify the specimen: Fossil Rock Gem Name of specimen 1
13 Explore Fossils: Pour a Plaster Fossil Cast You Will Need: non-toxic plaster of Paris* (about 1 / cup) water non-toxic modeling clay* a " by 5" index card scissors tape seashell (no longer or wider than 1 / ") an old bowl an old spoon Follow These Steps: 1. Flatten out the clay to a thickness of 1 inch. Make it larger than the seashell.. Cut the index card into two strips 1 1 / inches wide. Tape the strips together to make one large strip. Form the strip into a ring to fit around the seashell. Press the ring into the clay slab.. Press the seashell down into the clay inside the ring. Push it in far enough to leave a deep imprint. Gently remove the seashell.. Mix the plaster of Paris and water in the bowl. Put the plaster in first and slowly add water, stirring until the mixture forms a thin paste (no lumps). Pour it over the clay to a depth of about / inch. Wash the bowl and spoon immediately. Allow the plaster to harden. 5. When the plaster has set, peel off the card strip and the clay. You ll have a cast of your seashell! *Available in art, crafts, or hobby supply stores. 1
14 Make a Fossil Print You Will Need: non-toxic modeling clay* leaves with large veins various seashells Follow These Steps: 1. Flatten out some clay into a thick slab large enough to fit one of the leaves.. Place the leaf, vein side down, on the clay. You should be able to see the top surface of the leaf.. Smooth down the leaf. Press it into the clay so it makes an imprint.. Gently peel the leaf off the clay. 5. Repeat the steps above with other leaves and with the seashells. You can even make a fossil print of your hand or foot! Find Out About Rocks: Magnetic Facts You learned in the Fossil, Rock, and Gem Secret Identity Chart that magnetite is magnetic. This means that magnetite is attracted to a magnet s pulling force. This pulling force is invisible. Use a magnet and your magnetite specimen to see for yourself. Magnets are attracted to objects containing sufficient amounts of iron, steel, cobalt, or nickel. Which of these metals does magnetite contain? *Available in art, crafts, or hobby supply stores. 1
15 Show Sedimentary Layers You Will Need: 1 / cup of gravel 1 / cup of rocks 1 / cup of small pebbles 1 / cup of sand 1 / cup of soil a large glass jar** a large, old spoon water Follow These Steps: 1. Gently pour the gravel, sand, soil, pebbles, and rocks into the glass jar. ** POUR THE PEBBLES AND ROCKS VERY GENTLY TO AVOID CRACKING THE JAR.. Stir the mixture with the spoon. Allow it to sit undisturbed for a few days. Then draw a picture of the layers you see in your jar.. Your sedimentary layers were formed from materials that ranged from small, light grains (soil and sand) to larger, heavier lumps of rock (gravel, pebbles, and rocks). Which materials made up the bottom sedimentary layer? Which materials made up the top sedimentary layer? What effect do the weight and size of the grains of a sedimentary material have on its position in the layers? **SAFETY WARNING 15
16 Test Rocks for Hardness One way scientists identify rocks is by discovering how hard they are. Test your rock specimens for hardness in the following experiment. You Will Need: your fingernail a penny an old butter knife** an old glass jar Follow These Steps: 1. After you ve identified all 10 specimens with the Secret Identity Chart, find a tiny area on the side of each rock specimen to use for your hardness test. Don t do the hardness test on gems or fossils.. Start by trying to scratch the specimen with your fingernail. If the specimen can be scratched by your fingernail, your specimen is soft. If the fingernail leaves no scratch, but the penny does, the specimen is medium soft. If the fingernail and penny leave no scratch, but the butter knife does, the specimen is medium hard. **NEVER AIM A KNIFE TOWARD YOUR HAND OR BODY. If none of these items leaves a scratch, try to scratch the knife blade with the specimen. If you see a scratch on the blade, the specimen is hard. If the specimen leaves a scratch on the glass jar, it is very hard. Once you ve made a small scratch with one of the test materials, DO NOT test further with harder materials.. Once you ve discovered the hardness of the specimen, put a check in the correct column of the Hardness Scale. Hardness Scale SPECIMEN SOFT MEDIUM SOFT MEDIUM HARD HARD VERY HARD **SAFETY WARNING 16
17 Investigate Gems: Grow Sugar Crystals! Most minerals are made of crystals. Crystals are made up of tiny particles called atoms. The atoms inside a crystal pack together in patterns that give the crystal its distinctive geometric shape. Some crystals are too tiny to see without a microscope. Others can weigh several tons. You can watch tiny crystals grow into larger ones in the following experiment. You Will Need: at least cups of granulated sugar 1 oz. of water in a small saucepan a clean, heat-proof glass jar a long-handled wooden spoon a clean, thick, non-metal button a clean cloth a pencil a piece of string Follow These Steps: 1. **ASK AN ADULT TO BOIL THE WATER IN THE SAUCEPAN, AND TO HELP YOU WITH THIS EXPERIMENT. Lower the heat and pour some of the sugar into the boiling water. **BE CAREFUL, STEAM BURNS! Stir the mixture until the sugar is completely dissolved. Continue to add sugar (stirring constantly) until no more sugar will dissolve. Allow the mixture to cool a little. **ASK AN ADULT TO POUR IT SLOWLY INTO THE JAR.. Tie one end of the string to the middle of the pencil. Tie the other end of the string to the button. Place the pencil across the top of the jar so the button hangs down into the sugar solution.. Cover the jar with a cloth to keep the solution clean. Put the jar in a warm place where it won t be moved or disturbed. In a few days you ll have beautiful sugar crystals you can eat! **SAFETY WARNING 17
18 Displaying Your Specimens You Will Need: specimen storage and display trays* specimen labels* your fossil, rock, and gem specimens* scissors school glue Follow These Steps: 1. Cut along the dotted line on the bottom of your Fossil, Rock, and Gem Secret Identity Chart. Cut apart each of the 10 labels.. Glue one label below each of the pockets in the storage and display trays.. Place each specimen in its correct pocket. You might want to glue each specimen into the center of its pocket. Use only a small amount of glue, and let it dry completely. If you later decide to take the specimens out of the trays, remove and rinse them in cool water to dissolve the glue. *Included in kit. 18
19 Fossil, Rock, and Gem Secret Identity Chart Petrified Wood (Fossil) The word petrified means turned to stone. The petrified wood in your kit is a fossil of a tree that was covered by sediment. As the tree decayed, empty spaces were left in the sediment. Water carrying dissolved minerals seeped into these spaces and built up, forming a fossil cast of the original wood. This fossil was found in rock deposits from the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, making it between 08 and 5 million years old! Shark Tooth (Fossil) The fossil tooth is an actual shark tooth from the Cenozoic Era! This era began 66 million years ago, and is still going on today. The fossil tooth was excavated from rock levels laid down in Morocco in the Paleocene and Eocene Epochs. This tooth is between and 65 million years old. Dinosaur Bone (Fossil) The bony material of this part of a dinosaur skeleton has been replaced by minerals, turning it to stone. This specimen was excavated in the Western United States. It was discovered in rock deposits dating back to the Jurassic Period of the Mesozoic Era. This fossil is between 1 and 08 million years old. Pumice (Rock) Pumice gets its name from the Latin word pumex, which means foam. Pumice is formed when lava rising to the earth s surface is mixed with gases. These gases make the lava foamy. When the pumice hardens, tiny holes are left in it. Because there are so many holes, pumice is very light. Pyrite (Rock) Pyrite is also known by the name fool s gold. Some prospectors had been fooled into thinking they d struck it rich when they saw the bright, golden gleam of this rock. Although pyrite glitters, it is not gold! Pyrite is actually a mixture of iron and sulfur. Magnetite (Rock) Magnetite, or lodestone as it is sometimes known, is formed from iron oxide. It is found in either igneous or metamorphic rocks. Grains of magnetite have north and south poles, and act as magnets. Magnetite was used by ancient people as a compass, which is where the name lodestone, or leading stone, came from.
20 Emerald (Gem) Emeralds are a rich green variety of beryl. Because of the way that emerald crystals form in metamorphic rocks, they are rarely large. They are among the rarest and most valuable gems, and for hundreds of years were considered to have magical powers. Emeralds were found in Egyptian mines,000 years ago. Today some of the world s best emeralds are mined in Colombia. Malachite (Gem) Malachite is a copper ore. It comes in several shades of green, ranging from a medium green to a blackish green. Different shades of green usually appear as bands of color, often forming swirls and circles. Such large amounts of malachite were found in Russia that some palaces had entire rooms lined with this stone! Turquoise (Gem) Clear Quartz Crystal (Gem) Relative Sizes of Your Specimens Turquoise was prized by many ancient cultures. Pieces of turquoise jewelry more than 7,000 years old were discovered with an ancient Egyptian mummy! This blue or blue-green semi-precious gem is still popular, and is prized by American Indians. Quartz is one of the most common minerals in the earth s crust. It often forms large, beautiful crystals with many different shapes. Quartz can range from clear, colorless crystals to brilliant, firelike opals. It can be yellow or brown in citrine or smoky quartz, pink in rose quartz, and lilac to purple in amethyst. Some quartz can even change color when heated! Petrified Wood Shark Tooth Dinosaur Bone Pumice Pyrite Magnetite Emerald Malachite Turquoise Clear Quartz Crystal Tray Labels Cut out along the lines, and then glue one label below each of the pockets in the storage tray. Petrified Wood Shark Tooth Dinosaur Bone Pumice Pyrite Magnetite Emerald Malachite Turquoise Clear Quartz Crystal
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22 Developed in Southern California by Educational Insights. Educational Insights, Inc., Gardena, CA (U.S.A.). All rights reserved. Learning Resources Ltd., Bergen Way, King s Lynn, Norfolk, PE0 JG, UK. Please retain this information. Made in China.
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