Chapter 4 -Volcanism & Extrusive Rocks. Photo Credit: S. Young
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1 Chapter 4 -Volcanism & Extrusive Rocks Photo Credit: S. Young
2 volcanism! process that results in expulsion of molten rock on surface! lava and hot particles (pyroclasts) erupt and build volcanoes! examples:! Mount Vesuvius! Kilimanjaro! Mt. Fuji! Kilauea! in any given year about 50 eruptions occur! --about 600 volcanoes have erupted 200 times in past 2,000 years--!
3 volcanism: benefits atmosphere -- created from gases released by magmas! hydrosphere -- produced from condensation of water! vapor released by volcanism! biosphere -- has positive and negative effects! lava flows and ash weather to produce fertile soils! violent eruptions can destroy nearly all life in their paths! large amounts of ash and volcanic gases in atmosphere can! trigger rapid climate changes and lead to! mass extinctions! other benefits --! added real estate! geothermal energy! spectacular scenery!
4 living with volcanoes:! mythology: Pele (Hawaii)! exiled from Tahiti by her father! because of her temper! geothermal energy: Iceland! source of inexpensive and! clean energy!
5 volcanic catastrophes: Pompeii, Tambora, Martinique, Nyos! Pompeii: 79 AD; Vesuvius! Martinique: 1902; Pele! Tambora: 1815;! 90,000 killed;! larger than Krakatoa;! year with no summer! Lake Nyos: 1986;! CO 2 gas! released;! hugged ground!
6 not all volcanoes are the same!! contrast Mt. St. Helens with Hawaii! Why?! violence of eruptions controlled by:! dissolved gases in the magma! --water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, etc. and! "ease/difficulty by which they escape! viscosity of the magma (fluid s resistance to flow)! -- silica content: higher silica has higher viscosity! -- temperature: cooler lavas have higher viscosities! -- dissolved gases: more dissolved gases yield lower viscosities!
7 Pressure Effects on Volatile-rich Systems From: Best, 2003
8 Volatile Control on Eruption Style From: Sparks, 1978
9 investigation of volcanism! rocks, gases, and events observed at modern eruptions are! compared to similar ancient lavas to infer past activity! composition of rocks (silica content)! rhyolite: high silica; light color! basalt: low silica; dark color! andesite: intermediate silica;! " intermediate color!
10 extrusive textures! glassy: without mineral crystals! obsidian! fine-grained (aphanitic): crystals < 1 mm! basalt! porphyritic: large crystals in a! matrix of small crystals! andesite!
11 extrusive textures! vesicular: frothy (trapped gas bubbles)! pumice! fragmental: particles blasted apart by eruption! dust and ash ( < 2 mm)! cinders ( 2-64 mm)! blocks and bombs ( > 64 mm)! pyroclasts -- hot particles! cinder cone!
12 obsidian!
13 andesite (porphyritic)!
14 andesite under microscope: note small/big crystals!
15 vesicular basalt! vesicles represent! gas bubbles!
16 pumice (frothy)
17 volcanic bombs:! "rapidly cooled magma thrown from vent!
18 tuff: rock composed of fine-grained pyroclastic material!
19 tuff!
20 volcanic landforms! vent: opening through which! lava erupts! crater: depression over! the vent! at the summit! of the volcano! caldera: depression much larger than! original crater ( > 1 km)!
21 Cascade volcanoes! volcanic chain in! Pacific Northwest! from northern California! to British Columbia! last major eruption was! Mount Saint Helens! in 1980! (andesitic)! renewed dome growth! in october 2004!
22 Gary Rosenquist Photo Sequence -! Mt. St. Helen s, May 18, 1980! (occurred in three minutes)!
23 Mt. St. Helen s eruption column - May 18, 1980! from: USGS
24 eruption cloud in first 13 minutes! thickness of ash in cm!
25 Mt. St. Helen s! May 18, 1980 devastation!
26 volcano after May 18, 1980! with lava dome inside crater! From: USGS
27 what happened at Mt. St. Helens?! landslide uncorked magma chamber,! removing load and causing eruption!
28 characteristics of Mt. St. Helens?! andesitic (intermediate silica)! dome-forming: magma too viscous to flow from! " " crater and solidifies at vent! generated volcanic mudflows! can lead to culminating explosions and caldera formation!
29 what is a caldera?! large depression ( > 1 km diameter) at top of volcano! caldera! sometimes they fill with water!
30 Crater Lake lake - Wizard and Island Wizard - 5 kbp Island, Eruption Mt. Oregon! Mazama
31 caldera formation from eruption of ancient Mt. Mazama! eruption begins! eruption expels large volumes of magma! ground collapses into empty chamber! steam explosions produce water!
32 map that shows features inside lake! volcanic cones! landslide! ~6 mi
33 caldera formation associated with large eruptions! thickness of ash from! Mt. Mazama eruption!
34 Cascade Eruptions
35 another caldera-forming eruption (700,000 years ago)! maximum extent of Bishop Tuff (ash produced)!
36 yet another Yellowstone (630,000 and 2,000,000 years ago)! Yellowstone ash!
37 VEI Redux NB: Volumes are DRE (dense rock equivalent) 37 Source: USGS
38 example of ash! (not from Yellowstone)! Montserrat 2003!
39 Mt. St. Helens, Vesuvius, Pele, most caldera collapses! produce pyroclastic eruptions! viscous, gas-rich magma! pyroclasts --! pyro: fire! clasts: pieces! hot dome collapses,! producing! pyroclastic flows! particles ejected! into! atmosphere and! fall back,! generating! pyroclastic flows! Mt. Pinatubo, Phillipines!
40
41 devastation of St. Pierre, Martinique by pyroclastic flows! over 30,000 killed;! 1 survivor! 1902!
42 Plymouth, Montserrat - Oct. 1997! the capital city had to be rebuilt!
43 Deadliest Eruptions Since 1500 AD Eruption Year Casualties Major Cause Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia ,000 Mudflows Mont Pelée, Martinique ,000 (29,025) Pyroclastic flows Krakatau, Indonesia ,000 (36,417) Tsunami Tambora, Indonesia ,000 Starvation Unzen, Japan ,000 (14,030) Volcano collapse, Tsunami Lakagigar (Laki), Iceland ,000 (9,350) Starvation Kelut, Indonesia ,000 43
44 Eruption Frequency vs. VEI Similar frequency-magnitude behavior as observed for earthquakes. Numbers of Eruptions Volcanic Deaths by Country Total = 238, Source: O. Melnik, Bristol
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