After attending lecture, reviewing lecture notes and reading the text, you should be able to: - Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning

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1 Objectives for BIO105 Principles of Biology Mark S. Wilson Science as a way of knowing - Outline the scientific method. - Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning - Distinguish between science as a way of knowing and other systems of knowledge, and identify key characteristics of science as a way of knowing. Identify strengths and weaknesses of science as a system of knowledge - Define hypothesis and experiment - explain what sort of experiments or observations would be necessary for a particular scientific hypothesis to be rejected (or accepted). - distinguish questions that can be answered by scientific approaches from those that can't. - distinguish a scientific explanation of a particular phenomenon from a non-scientific explanation. - recognize sound arguments (direct, indirect, or statistical) as they are applied to scientific phenomena, and distinguish them from arguments that are unsound. - develop conclusions from a particular set of observations or experiments. - critically assess conclusions drawn from a particular set of observations or experiments. -Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the observations/experiments in the textbook relating to mimicry of coral snakes by king snakes Chemistry overall goal - understand the relationship between chemical structure and biological function 1. Biological function results from shape and chemical reactivity of a molecule 2. Shape and chemical reactivity result from atomic structures of constituent atoms

2 You are expected to understand basic atomic structure, and the role of electrons in bonding, including being able to define the following: atom, molecule, compound, element, chemical number, mass number, neutron, proton, electron, nucleus, electron orbital, energy levels, octet rule, valence electrons, electronegativity, mole, molarity 1s, 2s, 2p designations of orbitals - State 4 elements essential to life that make up 96% of living matter - describe the structure of an atom - define and distinguish among atomic number, mass number, atomic weight and valence. - Given the atomic number and mass number of an atom, determine the number of neutrons. - Explain why radioisotopes are useful to biologists - Explain how radioisotope dating, and particularly carbon-14 dating, works - Explain how electron configuration influences the chemical behavior of an atom. - Explain the octet rule and predict how many bonds an atom might form. - Explain why the noble gases are so unreactive. - Define electronegativity and explain how it influences the formation of chemical bonds. - Distinguish among polar and nonpolar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. - Describe the formation of a hydrogen bond and explain how it differs from covalent & ionic Water - Describe the structure and geometry of a water molecule, and explain what properties emerge as a result of this structure. - Describe the structure and geometry of an NH 3 molecule, and explain what properties emerge as a result of this structure. - Explain the relationship between the polar nature of water and NH 3 and their ability to form hydrogen bonds.

3 - Define molarity. - Write the equation for the dissociation of water, and explain what is actually transferred from one molecule to another. - Explain the basis for the ph scale, and understand the meaning of ph terminology - Explain how acids and bases directly or indirectly affect hydrogen ion concentration Carbon and Organic Chemistry - explain how carbon's electron configuration determines the kinds and numbers of bonds carbon will form. - Describe how carbon skeletons may vary, and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules. - Distinguish among the three types of isomers: structural, geometric and enantiomers. - Recognize, name and draw the structures of the 7 major functional groups. - Describe the chemical properties of each of the 7 major functional groups, and describe on what kinds of macromolecules these functional groups are found. Macromolecules - list the four major classes of biomolecules, and the common roles that these macromolecules play in cells and organisms - describe how covalent linkages are formed and broken in organic polymers - describe the monomers that make up proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids - describe the chemical structure of a sugar, and how this chemical structure allows the synthesis of different polysaccharides - describe the chemical structure of a fat and of a phospholipid, - explain the role of uncharged fatty acids and the polar phosphate-containing head group in maintaining membrane stability

4 - describe the chemical structure of an amino acid - explain how amino acids can be grouped according to chemical and physical properties of the side chains - explain what determines protein conformation and what is meant by the 4 levels of protein structure - define denaturation and explain how proteins may be denatured - recognize whether a nucleic acid contains ribose or deoxyribose as a sugar - describe the structure of a nucleotide, - explain the carbon numbering system on the sugar of a nucleotide, describe how nucleotides are joined together to make polymers and identify 5' and 3' ends of a nucleic acid strand - describe the basic three-dimensional structure of DNA - summarize the functions of nucleic acids - recognize each of the four macromolecules -- ascribe a molecule to one of the groups Topic: Cell Structure and Function After attending lecture, studying their notes, and reading the textbook, a student should be able -distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - explain why there are upper and lower limits to cell size - explain the Central Dogma which describes the relationships between DNA, RNA and protein - describe the structure and function of the nucleus, and briefly explain how the nucleus is involved in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm - describe the structure and function of a ribosome - list the components of the endomembrane system, describe their structures and functions and summarize the relationships between them - explain the role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells

5 - describe the structure of a mitochondrion and explain why compartmentalization is important in its functioning - describe the structure of a chloroplast, identifying the three structural compartments, and explain why compartmentalization is important in its functioning - describe the structure and functions of the cytoskeleton - describe the structure and function of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments - describe the structure of the extracellular matrix of animal cells Topic: Membrane structure / function After attending lecture, studying their notes, and reading the textbook, a student should be able - describe the function of the plasma membrane - describe the fluidity of the cell membrane and explain how membrane fluidity is influenced by membrane composition - explain the role of hydrophobic interactions in membrane structure / function - describe the different ways that proteins are oriented in the cell membrane - describe factors that affect selective permeability of cell membranes - define diffusion; explain what causes it and why it is a spontaneous process - explain why a concentration gradient across a membrane has potential energy - explain what an electrochemical gradient is and why it has potential energy - explain how transport proteins are similar to enzymes - describe a model for facilitated difusion - explain how active transport differs from diffusion - explain how the potential energy of a transmembrane solute gradient can be harvested by a cell and used to transport substances across the membrane

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