Shenandoah Community School District Biology Grade - 10

Transcription

1 Shenandah Cmmunity Schl District Bilgy Grade (SCSD) Life Science (SCSD) Understand and apply knwledge f the cell Knw the structures and functins f the cell Cell structures underlie functins Cells have particular structures that underlie their functins Inside the cell is a cncentrated mixture f thusands f different mlecules which frm a variety f specialized structures, ntably the: Nucleus Mitchndria Ribsmes Chlrplasts Endplasmic reticulum Sme cells have external structures facilitating mvement (cilia and flagella) Cell Membranes Absrptin Diffusin Every cell is surrunded by a membrane that separates it frm the utside wrld Basic cell prcesses Mlecule transprt (Explain) Reprductin Energy Cnversin (Metablism) DNA Replicatin Prtein Synthesis Cellular Signaling Different types f cell (prkarytic/ eukanrylic; animal/plant) Understands that cells differentiate Develpment regulated by genes Differentiatin allws fr the develpment f specialized cells, tissues, and rgans that make up multi-cellular rganisms Understand the relatinship f functins and chemical reactins Enzymes catalyze reactins -- Fd mlecules (macrmlecules) break dwn t prvide mlecules fr synthesis Mst cell functins invlve chemical reactins Fd mlecules taken int cells react t prvide the chemical cnstituents needed t synthesize ther mlecules Bth breakdwn and synthesis are made pssible by prtein catalysts, called enzymes Cell respiratin break dwn cmplex mlecules t prvide energy The chemical bnds f fd mlecules cntain energy Energy is released when the bnds f fd mlecules are brken and new cmpunds with lwer energy bnds are frmed Cells temprarily stre this energy in phsphate bnds f a small High-energy cmpund called ATP Knw that cells grw and divide Cells grw and divide in a cell cycle Cell regulatin allws cells t respnd t their envirnment and cntrl and crdinate cell grwth and divisin

2 Envirnmental factrs can influence cell divisin Prcess f Cell divisin Mitsis Meisis Understand phtsynthesis Phtsynthesis links sun energy t usable energy Basic prcess f phtsynthesis Plant cells cntain chlrplasts as sites f phtsynthesis Plants and many micrrganisms use slar energy t cmbine mlecules f carbn dixide and water int cmplex, energy rich rganic cmpunds and release xygen t the envirnment (SCSD) Understand and apply knwledge f the mlecular basis f heredity Knw the genetic infrmatin in cells In all rganisms, the instructin fr specifying the characteristics rganism are carried in DNA A large plymer frmed frm subunits f fur kinds (A, G, C, and T) Knw that the DNA structure specifies genetic infrmatin in genes The chemical and structural prperties f DNA explain hw the genetic infrmatin that underlies heredity is bth: Encded in genes (as a string f mlecular letters ) Replicated (by a templating mechanism) Knw that genes direct and cntrl prtein synthesis Understand DNA mutatins DNA mutatins ccur spntaneusly at lw rates Sme f these changes make n difference t the rganism, whereas thers can change cells and rganisms Sme mutatins can be caused by envirnmental factrs Understand the relatinship f DNA, chrmsmes, and sexual reprductin DNA frms chrmsmes Each DNA mlecule in a cell frms a single chrmsme Organisms have tw cpies f each chrmsme Humans have 22 pairs plus tw sex chrmsme Mst f the cells in a human cntain tw cpies f each f 22 different chrmsmes plus tw chrmsmes that determine sex A female cntains tw X chrmsmes A male cntains ne X and ne Y chrmsme Sex cells (sperm and egg) transmit genetic infrmatin thrugh the prcesses f meitic cell divisin and fertilizatin Transmissin f genetic infrmatin t ffspring ccurs thrugh meisis that prduces egg and sperm cells that cntain nly ne representative frm each chrmsme pair An egg and a sperm unite t frm a new individual Understand the basic Inheritance Patterns Variability ccurs as a result f fertilizatin The fact that an rganism is frmed frm cells that cntain tw cpies f each chrmsme, and therefre tw cpies f each gene, explains many features f heredity Hw variatins that are hidden in ne generatin can be expressed in the next Basic patterns f inheritance can be identified Different genes cding fr the same feature cde fr it in different ways thus leading t identifiable patterns in heritable traits These patterns f inheritance can be identified and predicted

3 Mendelian genetics Patterns and mechanisms f inheritance Cdminance Multiple allele Incmplete dminance Sex linked inheritance (SCSD) Understand and apply knwledge f bilgical evlutin Recgnizes and analyzes the histry f evlutinary thught Understand species evlutin Species evlve ver time and speciatin ccurs Evlutin is supprted by scientific evidence frm: Fssils (scientist study the remains f rganism and make predictins) Genetics ( use mlecular genetics, use DNA t encde genes ) In actins tday (use cmparative anatmy, perfrm experiments) Evlutin is cnsequence f the interactins f : Ppulatin ptential The ptential fr a species t increase its numbers Genetic variability The genetic variability f ffspring due t mutatin and recmbinatin f genes Finite resurces A finite supply f the resurces required fr life Envirnmental selectin The ensuing selectin by the envirnment f thse ffspring better able t survive and leave ffspring Knw that natural selectin: Scientifically explains the fssil recrd Natural selectin and its evlutinary cnsequences prvide a scientific explanatin fr the fssil recrd f ancient life frms Explains mlecular similarity f diverse species There are striking mlecular similarities bserved amng the diverse species f living rganisms Is a mechanism fr evlutin leading t rganism diversity The great diversity f rganisms is the result f mre than 3.5 billin years f evlutin that has filled every available niche with life frms Current diverse species are related by descent frm cmmn ancestrs Understand the relatinship f species t cmmn ancestr Current diverse species are related by descent frm the cmmn ancestrs Millins f different species that live are Earth tday are related by descent frm cmmn ancestrs Plants Animals Micrrganism Understand bilgical classificatins Based n evlutinary relatinships Hw they are related Organisms are classified int a hierarchy f grups and subgrups based n Similarities in develpment DNA sequences which reflect their evlutinary relatinship Species is the mst fundamental classificatin unit

4 10.2.4(SCSD) Understand and apply knwledge f the interdependence f rganisms Understand what is meant by Material Cycling Atm and mlecules cycle (e.g. water,carbn, nitrgen, xygen cycles) The atms and mlecules n the earth cycle amng the living and nnliving cmpnents f the bisphere Knw that energy transfrms frm prducers thrugh levels f cnsumers and decmpsers Energy flws thrugh ecsystem in ne directin Frm phtsynthetic T herbivres T carnivres Then decmpsers These trpic levels can be illustrated by: Fd Chain Fd Webs Understand the interrelatinships f rganisms Within ecsystems rganisms: Cperate Cmpete Interrelatinships and interdependency lead t lng-term stable systems May generate ecsystems that are stable fr hundreds r thusands f years Knw that humans mdify ecsystems Humans mdificatins f ecsystem Humans beings live within the wrld s ecsystems Humans mdify ecsystems as a results f: Ppulatin grwth Technlgy Cnsumptin Habitat destructin threatens glbal stability Human destry habitats thrugh: Direct harvesting Pllutin Atmspheric changes And ther factrs are threatening current glbal stability If nt addressed, ecsystems will be irreversibly affected (SCSD) Understand and apply knwledge f the interdependence f matter, energy, and rganizatin f living systems Understand sunlight energy cnversin Living systems require cntinuus energy input, deprived frm primarily frm the sun, t maintain their rganizatin Chemical Physical Sunlight serves as the riginal energy surce fr life Plants phtsynthesize, prducing building blcks fr making macrmlecules and string energy in chemical bnds Plants capture energy by absrbing light and using it t frm strng chemical bnds between the atms f carbn cntaining mlecules These mlecules can be used t assemble larger mlecules Prtein DNA Sugars Fats

5 The chemical energy stred in bnds between the atms can be used as surces f energy fr life prcesses Cell respiratin releases chemical bnd energy stred during phtsynthesis Understand the limiting factrs f Ecsystems Ecsystem and Ppulatin Living rganism have the capacity t prduce ppulatins f infinite size Envirnments and resurces are finite Ecsystem have finite resurces Envirnmental factrs and finite resurces influence ecsystems interactins The distributin and abundance f rganisms and ppulatins in ecsystems are limited by the availability f : Matter Energy The ability f the ecsystem t recycle materials Understand matter and energy flw and cnservatin Living things require cntinuus energy input T maintain their chemical and physical rganizatin Matter and energy are cnserved as they flw thrugh and between rganisms All matter tends tward mre disrganized states As matter and energy flw thrugh different levels f rganizatins f living systems (cells, rgans, rgan systems, rganisms) and between living systems and the physical envirnment, chemical elements are recmbined in different ways Sme energy dissipates int the envirnment as heat Each chemical recmbinatin results in strage and dissipatin n energy int the envirnment as heat Matter and energy are cnserved in each change Explre the chemistry fr life Understand the Six Kingdms (plants, animals, prtests, fungi, archaebacteria, eubateria) Understand the essential characteristics f life (cell, rganizatin, energy use, hmestasis, grwth, reprductin, and adapt t the envirnment) (SCSD) Understand and apply knwledge f the interdependence f the behavir f rganisms Understand the nervus systems and their behavir Nerve cell structure and functin Multicellular animals have nervus systems that generate behavir Nervus system are frmed frm specialized cells that cnduct signals rapidly thrugh the lng cell extensins that make up nerves Nerve cell cmmunicatins thrugh neurtransmitter (chemicals that allw the transmissin f signals) The nerve cells cmmunicate with each ther by secreting specific excitatry and inhibitry mlecules Senr rgans are specialized cells detecting envirnmental input In sense rgans, specialized cell detect: Light Sund Specific chemicals Sense rgans enable animals t mnitr what is ging n in the wrld arund them

6 Understand the human rganisms and their basic functins The human immune system prtects against: Micrscpic and freign substance entering the bdy Cancer cell arising within the bdy The hrmnal system exerts its influence by chemicals circulating in the bld Necessary fr lcmtin are the crdinated systems: Nervus Muscular Bne 10.4 (SCSD) Science as Inquiry (SCSD) Identify questins and cncepts that guide scientific investigatins (D) Understand hypthesis and frmulate a testable Hypthesis, demnstrating; Lgical cnnectins between the scientific cncepts guiding: A hypthesis (D) The design f an experiment (D) Understand scientific investigatins and demnstrate: Apprpriate prcedures (D) A knwledge base (D) Cnceptual understanding (D) (SCSD) Design and cnduct scientific investigatins (D) Requires: Understanding f the majr cncepts in the area being investigated (D) Prper equipment (D) Safety precautins (D) Understanding f methdlgical prblems (D) Use f technlgies (D) Scientific knwledge btained frm surces ther than the actual investigatin (D) Clarificatin f : Ideas that guide the inquiry (D) Questin (D) Methd (D) Cntrls (D) Variables (D) Organizatin and display f data (D) Revisin f methds and explanatins (D) Public presentatin f the results with a critical respnse frm peers (D) Must: Use evidence (D) Apply lgic (D) Cnstruct an argument fr their prpsed explanatins (D) (SCSD) Use technlgy and mathematics t imprve investigatins and cmmunicatins (D) A variety f technlgies are an integral cmpnent f scientific investigatins (D) Hand tls (D) Measuring instruments (D) Calculatrs (D) Cmputers fr data (D) Cllectin (D) Analysis (D) Display (D) Mathematics plays an essential rle in all aspects f an inquiry investigatin (D)

7 Measurement (D) Psing questins (D) Frmulas are used fr develping explanatins (D) Charts and graphs are used fr cmmunicating results (D) (SCSD) Frmulate and revise scientific explanatins and mdels using lgic and evidence (D) Inquiries culminate in frmulating an explanatin r mdel (D) Mdel Physical (D) Cnceptual (D) Mathematical (D) Prcess f answering the questins invlves: Discussins (D) Arguments (D) Revisins f explanatins (D) Based n: Scientific knwledge (D) Use f lgic (D) Evidence frm investigatin (D) (SCSD) Think critically and lgically t make the relatinship between evidence and explanatins (D) Think critically abut evidence includes: Deciding what evidence shuld be used (D) Accunting fr anmalus data (D) Prcess Review data frm a simple experiment (D) Summarize the data (D) Frm a lgical argument abut the cause-and-effect relatinship in the experiment (D) (SCSD) Recgnize and analyze alternative explanatins and predictins (D) Develp critical abilities f analyzing an argument by reviewing: Current scientific understanding (D) Weighing the evidence (D) Examining the lgic (D) Develp the ability t decide which explanatins and mdels are best (D) There may be several plausible explanatins, they d nt all have equal weight (D) Use scientific criteria t find the preferred explanatins (D) Knw that scientific knwledge is based n repeatable standards t ensure accuracy f the infrmatin. This knwledge may be cnstantly updated r crrected as the wrld tests and makes new advances in science (D) (SCSD) Cmmunicate and defend scientific prcedures and explanatins Develp the abilities assciated with accurate and effective cmmunicatin these include: Writing and fllwing prcedures (D) Expressing cncepts (D) Reviewing infrmatin (D) Summarizing data (D) Using language apprpriately (D) Develping diagrams and charts (D) Explaining statistical analysis (D) Speaking clearly and lgically (D)

8 Cnstructing a reasned argument (D) Respnding apprpriately t critical cmments (D) (SCSD) Use mathematics in all aspects f scientific inquiry (D) Use mathematics t ask and answer questins abut the natural wrld (d) Mathematics is used t: Ask questins (D) Gather data (D) Organize data (D) Present data (D) Structure cnvincing explanatins (D) (SCSD) Knw that a cde f ethics gverning testing, funding, and the disclsure f scientific infrmatin bind prgress in science and technlgy (D) (SCSD) Knw that advances in science invlve technlgy and research that are bund by the laws f ur sciety (D)