Amplitude modulation for different weather conditions. Conny Larsson Uppsala University, Sweden
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1 Amplitude modulation for different weather conditions Conny Larsson Uppsala University, Sweden EWEA Technology Workshop: Wind Turbine Sound 214
2 Measurements Economical support from Swedish Energy Agency Results from two Wind Turbine sites: Forest, flat ground; Forest, heterogeneous terrain Special analyses of AM sound presented here.
3 Rythmic sound heard at distance Changes of the sound level occur due to the weather but does the weather also change the character of the sound at an immission point far away? Oerlemans demonstrated that mainly the downward movement of the turbine blades, as perceived on the ground, produces the swish sound. According to van den Berg, the synchronizing of sound between different WTs during propagation in a stable atmosphere could explain the thumping noise heard at greater distances from WTs.
4 Measurement sites Dragaliden Photo: Svevind Ryningsnäs Photo: Hans Blomberg
5 Dragaliden, 1 km
6 Ryningsnäs, 4 m
7 AM study, 1 year at Ryningsnäs and Dragaliden Lundmark, Measurement of swish noise, a new method, Fourth International Meeting of Wind Turbine Noise, INCE/Europe, Rome, Italy (211). Measure 8 times/s (Fast) Divide into 15 s long periods and analyze. Observations at the sites and studies of different amplitude modulation spectra Our definition: AM if the AMS-value (periodicities between.6 1. Hz) is.4 C. Larsson, and O. Öhlund, Amplitude modulation of sound from wind turbines under various meteorological conditions, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 135(1), 214, 67-73
8 Amplitude modulation Day Instantaneous sound level (dba) :42:15 15:42:3 Time AMS value (db) Frequency (Hz) Night Instantaneous sound level (dba) :1:3 :1:45 Time AMS value (db) Frequency (Hz) Sound level recording from the Dragaliden site from 2 July 211 at different clock hours. The measurements are taken 3 km from the closest WT. To the right is the amplitude modulation spectra with AMS value for a given 15 s period.
9 Amplitude modulation Day Instantaneous sound level (dba) No AM 15:42:15 15:42:3 Time AMS value (db) No AM Frequency (Hz) AMS <.4 Night Instantaneous sound level (dba) AM :1:3 :1:45 Time AMS value (db) AM Frequency (Hz) AMS.4 Sound level recording from the Dragaliden site from 2 July 211 at different clock hours. The measurements are taken 3 km from the closest WT. To the right is the amplitude modulation spectra with AMS value for a given 15 s period.
10 AM heard at distance. Instantaneous sound level (dba) Instantaneous sound level (dba) :27:15 :28: Sound pressure level (dba) Hz 1 Hz 26 :27:15 :28: Frequency (Hz) Emission (upper left) and immission (down left) sound level measurements and immission sound spectrum for the given time frame at Dragaliden site. Distance 2-4 km from the WT.
11 Ryningsnäs, Småland Nordex 25 LS (2,5 MW) hub height 8 and1 m
12 Ryningsnäs, 4 m Percent AM of total time in specific sector (%) a) Wind direction ( o ) Percent AM of total time in specific bin (%) b) Turbulence intensity 1m (%) Percent AM of total time in specific bin (%) c) Sound speed gradient (s 1 ) calculated between 12 m Percent AM of total time in specific bin (%) d) 5 5 Solar elevation angle ( o ) Percentage of AM in a specific bin for the Ryningsnäs site.
13 Dragaliden, Enercon-E82 (2 MW) WTs hub height 18 och 138 m
14 Dragaliden, Enercon-E82 (2 MW) WTs hub height 18 och 138 m Percent AM of total time in specific sector (%) a) Wind direction ( o ) Percent AM of total time in specific bin (%) b) Turbulence intensity 1m (%) Percent AM of total time in specific bin (%) c).1.1 Sound speed gradient (s 1 ) calculated between 12 m Percent AM of total time in specific bin (%) d) Solar elevation angle ( o )
15 Dragaliden, July 211, 2-4 km distance AM factor immission point (db) 2 1 a) : : Instantaneous sound level immission point (dba) b) : : Calculated immission sound level (dba) c) : : Temperature ( o C) d) : : T 3m T 1m WD 111m ( o ) 25 2 e) : : TI 119m (%) 2 1 f) : : AM factor emission point (db) 2 1 g) : : Wind speed (m/s) 1 5 h) : : u 51m u 98m
16 Amplitude modulation (percentage of selected measurements) Evening-night-morning Ryningsnäs (4 m) 33 % Dragaliden (1 km) 19 %
17 Results AM during 1 year AM more common during specific meteorological conditions
18 Conclusions The weather governs the immission sound level even for high elevated sources (WT). The weather governs the character of sound from WTs Amplitude modulation. Amplitude modulation 2-3 % of time. Most frequent at evening-night-morning at stable stratification.
19 19
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