What is the best Maize variety for biogas Production? Michael Mukengele

Transcription

1 What is the best Maize variety for biogas Production? Michael Mukengele 1

2 Introduction Veolia Environnement in Overview Europa s Nr. 1 in Energy Service Market Turnover: 6,9 Mrd. Employees: * Europas Nr. 1 as private Service for Personel and Good transport Turnover : 4,9 Mrd. Employees : Turnover: 29,4 Mrd. Employees: Weltweit Nr. 1 für Wassermanagement. Turnover : 10,1 Mrd. Employees : Worldwide Nr. 2 in Environenmental services, one of In hazardious Industrial wastes management. Turnover : 7,5 Mrd. Employees :

3 Introduction Veolia Group in Germany Water / Waste water Districk Heating Environment service Energy Service Verkehr 3

4 Biogas Park Altmark Background 10 Biogas Plants in range of 20 km: 500 kw el /each t/a Mais/rye Whole crop silage Partnerschip with Farmers Plant location Energy crop (Culture and supply) Plant feeding Heat use Decentral use in neigh. villages (operated by Dalkia) Wood drying 4

5 Biogasanlage Barth Background Joint projekt between Dalkia and 3 Farmers Feedstocks: t/a Slury t/a waste (e.g. Kitchen and Food wastes) Since:

6 Background Motivation Improvement of the economic competitiveness of biomass as energy carrier Breeding Conversion technique Crop Production 2 6

7 Background Energy potential of pig and cattle manure in EU-27 Total manure Biogas Methane Potential Potential [10 6 tons] [10 6 m 3 ] [10 6 m 3 ] [PJ] [Mtoe] 1,578 31,568 20, Source: Holm-Nielsen, 2007 Methane heat of combustion: 40.3 MJ/m 3 ; 1 Mtoe = 44.8 PJ Assumed methane content in biogas: 65% 7

8 Background Methane potential out of energy crops from 5% of the arable land in EU-27 by DM-Yield of 10, 20, and 30 t/ha Energy crop yield 10 t DM/ha 20 t DM/ha 30 t DM/ha 25.3 billion 50.7 billion 76.0 billion Methane m 3 CH 4 m 3 CH 4 m 3 CH 4 potential 22.8 Mtoe 45.5 Mtoe 68.5 Mtoe Source: Holm-Nielsen,

9 Problematic Energy Farming Concept Photosynthesis as a solar energy conversion process is an inefficient process (5-15%) Intensive use of the solar radiation (over the year) Breeding: prolonged vegetative growth phase short flowering-fruit formation-maturity phase Cold tolerance genes Agronomical techniques (e.g. Density) 3 9

10 Problematic Silo Maize growth pattern in comparison to Energy Maize 4 10

11 Problematic Zuchtziel: Schrittweise Steigerung der Gesamttrockenmasseerträge 30 t/ha um annähernd 100% im Laufe von 8 Jahren Energy Maize Var t/ha Current Silo Maize Var. 11

12 Conflicting Theory Problematic FAO:

13 Conflicting Theory Problematic DM-Yield Maximization without consideration of Silo Maize Quality requirements?? Clever solution or Confusion! Starch Digestibility Energy Starch not needed Masse CH4-Bildungspotential 7 13

14 Hohenheim Biogas Yield Test HBT Investigations High turnover equipment for methane potential determination in batch modus: [3x129 mini-digesters 100 ml ] 40 Variants Three repetitions Appropriate for breeding programs Excellent repeatability: 2 Reference substrate The 0-Variant Inoculum 14

15 Lab scale bio-reactors for both batch and semicontinuous operations Robot for the automatic liquid feeding of digesters Overview: Liquid feedstock storage units (above left) Vertical and horizontal digesters (below left and right) 15

16 Full scale biogas plant Unterer Lindenhof under construction Technical data: 2 x 920 m³ Digesters 1 x 920 m³ Second step digester CHP Unit: 90 kw el 16

17 Results 31 17

18 Results Influence of digestibility/fiber content on CH 4 Potential? 36 18

19 Is there a best maize variety? Ripening Index clusters Mean value Methane Yield (Nm3/kg VS) Growth duration Locations: FS u. WE (2002) 31 19

20 Results Year 32 Locations: FS, IN, WE, TKF Year: 2002, 2005, Mean value Methane yield (Nm3/kg VS)

21 Results N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Whole crop TS% Dry matter yield (dt/ha) Starch (%) Water soluble carbohydrates (%) Crude protein (%) NDF (%) ADF (%) Digestibility - IVDOM (%) Digestibility - ELOS (%) Methane yield (Nm³/kg ODM) Methane yield per ha ,30 14,62 55,92 31,40 8, , ,08,00 44,08 24,84 10, ,27,44 20,71 8,73 4, ,30 5,44 12,02 7,67, ,96 30,68 70,63 43,94 6, ,96 15,45 44,41 23,69 4, ,30 51,15 82,45 72,62 3, ,87 40,60 77,47 67,05 5,56 293,058,299,357,333,

22 Results Mehrere Standorte Anbaujahre:

23 Figures from the survey (Source: KTBL, 2007) m 3 / ha Wheat Whole crop silage Wheat grain Rye grain Triticale grain Silo maize Fodder beet Gras Grassland Sugar sorghum Sudan gras Topinambur herb Energy maize

24 Conclusion Due to limited chemical changes throughout the growth period, the specific methane yield of various genotypes is going to be confined in a narrow spectrum, namely that of carbohydrates the ultimate level of methane yields to be expected from energy crop (not only maize) will be dictated by the nature of its chemical composition The determinant factor for biogas production has been observed to be the methane yield per ha (determined by the DM-Yield/ha) However, the influence of digestibility causes variances that makes this parameter as second important breeding objective for maize whole crop as substrate for biogas production 47 24

25 Acknowledgement FNR (Germany Agency for renewable resources) Bavarian Center for Agriculture (Institute for Plant Breeding) Dr. J. Eder Mrs. B. Eder Dr. C. Papst Dr. B. Darnhofer KWS AG (Maize Breeding company) Dr. W. Schmidt State Institute for Farm Machinery and Farm Structures Dr. H. Oechsner Dr. A. Lemmer 25

26 Thank you for your Attention! 26