UV trimming of arrayed waveguide gratings
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1 UV trimming of arrayed waveguide gratings Frank Knappe Technical University Hamburg-Harburg Jörg Gehler Alcatel Corporate Research Center now with Alcatel USA December 2000
2 Outline - Objective - Influence of phase errors - Mesurement of phase distributions - Compensation of phase errors with UV trimming - Results - Conclusion/Prospect
3 Objective I N=25 250
4 Objective II - Used for: multiplexer/demultiplexer channel equalizer channel switching - important characteristics: crosstalk chromatic dispersion birefringence PDL PMD
5 Objective III 0 Transmission [db] Crosstalk: 27dB Wavelength [nm]
6 Influence of phase errors I - Full characterization of a device by the complex transfer function - amplitude spectrum is given by the focussing slab regions - more critical: phase spectrum - fast fluctuations responsible for crosstalk - slow fluctuations responsible for chromatic dispersion H. Yamada et al "Measurement of Phase and Amplitude Error Distributions in Arrayed-Waveguide Grating Multi/Demultiplexers Based on Dispersive Waveguide, Journal of Lightwave Technol. 18, p.1309 (2000)
7 Influence of phase errors II H. Yamada et al "Measurement of Phase and Amplitude Error Distributions in Arrayed-Waveguide Grating Multi/Demultiplexers Based on Dispersive Waveguide, Journal of Lightwave Technol. 18, p.1309 (2000)
8 Influence of phase errors III H. Yamada et al "Measurement of Phase and Amplitude Error Distributions in Arrayed-Waveguide Grating Multi/Demultiplexers Based on Dispersive Waveguide, Journal of Lightwave Technol. 18, p.1309 (2000)
9 Compensation techniques I - thin flim heaters H. Yamada et al "10 GHz spaced arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexer with phase-error-compensating thin-film heaters, Electron. Lett. 31, p.360 (1995) - - -Si strip loaded waveguides H. Yamada et al "Statically-phase-compensated 10 GHz-spaced arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexer", Electron. Lett. 32, p.1580 (1996) phase compensating plates H. Yamada et al "Low-crosstalk arrayed-waveguide grating multi/demultiplexer with phase compensatingplate, Electron. Lett. 33, p.1698 (1997) problems: permanent power consumption additional clean room processes increased insertion losses
10 Compensation techniques II - most AWG s are based on silica on silicon - refractive index can be increased (or decreased) by UV illumination - = 2 / nl - required phase changes: ~ 0.5 rad - realistic values for n: 5e-4 1e-3 - required trimming length: ~ 250 µm
11 Compensation techniques III - Why no H loading? - AWG s + attached fibers to big for loading chamber - no H -induced shift of central wavelength no H outdiffusion to take into account 2 - Problem: such values for n also possible without H loading? 2
12 Compensation techniques IV 1,47 n ~10-3 1,465 refractive index 1,46 1,455 1,45 UV illuminated non-uv illuminated UV-illuminated µm
13 Measurement of phase distribution I 3 2 cube-corner mirror Intensity [a.u.] waveform recorder Optical path change [mm] Laser 1,3 µm LED 1,55 µm AWG WDM 1.3/1.5 Voltmeter polarisation controller sampling trigger K. Takada et al "Measurement of phase error distribution in silica-based arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers by using Fourier transform spectroscopy, Electron. Lett. 30, p.1671 (1994) J. Gehler and K. Lösch, "Dispersion measurement of AWG s by Fourier-transform spectroscopy, ECOC 99, Nice, P2.30, 1999
14 Measurement of phase distribution II H. Yamada et al "Measurement of Phase and Amplitude Error Distributions in Arrayed-Waveguide Grating Multi/Demultiplexers Based on Dispersive Waveguide, Journal of Lightwave Technol. 18, p.1309 (2000)
15 Aim phase as fabricated desired phase distribution Phase [rad] Arrayed waveguide number
16 Experimental Setup
17 Experimental procedure I 3 Phase [rad] 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 trimming step 1 trimming step 2 trimming step 3-0,5-1 -1, Arrayed waveguide number
18 Experimental procedure II 0-0,05-0,1-0,15 Phase [rad] -0,2-0,25-0,3-0,35-0,4-0,45-0,5 trimming step 1 trimming step 2 trimming step Arrayed waveguide number
19 Results I before UV-trimming after UV-trimming Phase [rad] Arrayed waveguide number
20 Results II 0 Transmission [db] before UV-trimming after UV-trimming Wavelength [nm]
21 Conclusion - UV trimming using frequency doubled Ar-laser Power: 35 =244 nm, trimming speed: 0.5 µm/s - UV-induced index change: n =10 - Reduction of crosstalk level by 8 db to below -35 db - residual crosstalk mainly caused by amplitude errors in the waveguide grating - phase correction up to 5 rad without perceptible additional losses - chromatic dispersion reduced from -0.7ps/nm to 0.1ps/nm -3
22 Prospect - faster trimming - main requirement: On-line phase measurement - computer controlled trimming - UV-written AWG s?
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