Test 02. UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI URBINO CARLO BO Centro Linguistico d Ateneo. Leggere il brano e rispondere alle domande in inglese

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1 Test 02 UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI URBINO CARLO BO Centro Linguistico d Ateneo Leggere il brano e rispondere alle domande in inglese (Condensed from SELF 1993) David H Freedman A few years ago I came down with a vicious case of strep* throat. Feverish and in pain, I finally went to see my doctor. He prescribed ampicillin, to be taken three times a day for ten days. Feeling much better after only four days, I stopped taking it. When the sore throat recurred a week later, I took the rest of the ampicillin, which again cleared up my symptoms. Ten days later I was sick again and got a new prescription for ampicillin. I was a classic antibiotics abuser. By cutting short my treatment and then selfprescribing a second, inadequate dose of the drug, I may have reduced the drug s effectiveness against my strep. If so, anyone who contracted the illness from me would have found amipicillin of little help. People who do what I did are contributing to an emerging public-health crisis. At its core is the ability of bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics. Among the millions of bacteria that infected my throat, for example, was a hardy handful slightly better equipped to fight off the effects of a given antibiotic. If only enough medicine is taken to kill the most susceptible germs, the hardy handful may survive to grow a new colony; this new breed of bacteria will be more resistant to the medication. An additional exposure to the antibiotic could kill all but the hardiest of this hardier bunch, producing an even more resistant strain. This process has led to the outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, a lifethreatening bacterial disease of the lungs. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, there were more than 26,000 cases of TB in the United States in 1992, up 20 percent from Until a few years ago, TB was relatively easy to treat with a combination of three antibiotics. Now some patients require up to seven. It is estimated that more than half of all antibiotic use in the United States is unnecessary or in appropriate. Responsibility rests with both patients and doctors. Many consumers don t finish a prescribed course of treatment and then save the unused medication. People keep them in their medicine cabinet and pop a few when they feel a cold coming on, says Levy, or they take them before travelling as a preventive measure. And doctors misprescribe antibiotics all too often, adds Levy,. Many routinely capitulate to patients who demand antibiotics for colds, even though colds are caused by viruses. Faced with many penicillin resistant infections, doctors may opt to prescribe a more powerful drug, a broad spectrum antibiotic that mows down many kinds of bacteria both helpful and unhelpful ones. According to Dr. Robert R. Joseph of Framingham, Mass., often the more prudent course would be to take a culture of the infection and, based on the results, prescribe a narrow-spectrum antibiotic.

2 Explains Joseph, The realities of a private practice are that you don t have fast access to labs, and you don t want to send a patient away in pain and ask him to call back two days later to see how a culture turned out. So, many doctors just prescribe a broad spectrum antibiotic. * strep abbr. fam. di streptococci Answer the following in one or more complete sentences. 1. The writer tells us that he took the medicine prescribed by the doctor but that his sore throat symptoms returned. He also gives a reason for this. What is the reason? 2. Bacteria often develop resistance to antibiotics Explain why patients are sometimes responsible for this. 3. According to the author what should doctors do before prescribing an antibiotic? 4. Compare the number of cases of tuberculosis in the United States in 1985 to the number in What could be the reason for the change?

3 5. Nel contesto dell articolo scegliete la traduzione in italiano più adatta per sore throat. a) gengivite b) mal di gola c) mal di testa d) infezione auricolare 6. Nel contesto dell articolo scegliete la traduzione in italiano più adatta per broad spectrum antibiotic a) molti antibiotici b) antibiotico ad ampio spettro c) dossaggio di antibiotico d) antibiotico ottenuto per sintesi chimica 7. Nel contesto dell articolo scegliete la traduzione in italiano più adatta per unused a) utile b) inutilizzato c) inosservato d) usato 8. Nel contesto dell articolo scegliete la traduzione in italiano più adatta per unnecessary a) non necessario b) indispensabile c) frequente d) sbagliato Completare le frasi con la forma appropriata dei verbi tra parentesi. 1. He... ( not /have) a lot of free time in the evenings. 2. I speak Spanish and French and at the moment. ( I/learn) English. 3. I ( listen) to the radio every morning. 4. The letter... (arrive) yesterday. 5. I think that we... (use) solar energy in the future. 6. We... (go) to Paris this weekend. We already bought the tickets. Modal verbs: Competare le frasi scegliendo fra can, can t, could, couldn t, must, mustn t, should, shouldn t, have to, don t have to 7. Marta.. speak German, Italian and Spanish. 8. You.. bring some identification when you open a bank account. 9. That s a book from the library. You... write on it. 10. This piece of music is too difficult. I... play it.

4 Multi-part verbs (phrasal verbs): Choose the correct alternative from the box and complete the sentences. There are two extra options you do not need to use. fill in turn off grow up click on set up find out 11. I used the internet to.. about genetically modified foods. 12. Could you. the radio? 13. Where did you? 14. You can.. this item to open the file. Completare le frasi scegliendo la preposizione 15. Could you explain that... me again, please? 16. I usually go to work... train. 17. I m always late for work.. Monday mornings. 18. The film starts Completare le frasi con la forma appropriata del periodo ipotetico. 19. If she arrives late again, I..(not / wait ) for her. 20. If we had some eggs, I (make) an omelette. 21. If the government raises taxes, consumer spending... (fall). 22. If I didn t enjoy my job, I...( not / work) so hard. Verb Pattern: the ing form (verb+ing) or the infinitive (to+verb) Underline the correct alternatives in these sentences: Es: You can find out if flights are delayed by calling /to call the airport. You can find out if flights are delayed by calling /to call the airport. 23. I m afraid I didn t remember posting/ to post the letter. 24. I enjoy dancing / to dance. 25. Did you managed speaking / to speak with Carla? 26. She s finished doing / to do her homework.

5 Tradurre in Italiano English heart skin lung blood kidney Eye Bone spleen Italian Tradurre in Italiano Before going on holiday, Alexander Flemming left a (Petri) dish with bacteria near the window of his laboratory. When he came back, he saw a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed. This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin. Much of biotechnology is directed towards discovering new drugs. One class of drugs is the antibiotics. There is increasing pressure to discover new antibiotics as resistance to conventional antibiotics spreads among the bacterial populations.

6 Keys Answer the following in one or more complete sentences. 1. He stopped taking ampicillin after only four days. / He did not finished the prescribed course of treatment and he later self-prescribed a second inadequate dose of the antibiotic. 2. Sometimes patients allow bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics. Some patients stop taking antibiotics when the symptoms clear up. If they don t finish a prescribed course of treatment, they may kill only the most susceptible germs. If some bacteria survive and grow a new colony, they will be more resistant to medication. 3. Before prescribing an antibiotic, doctors should take a culture of the infection and, based on the results, prescribe a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. 4. The number of tuberculosis cases in the United States increased 20% from 1985 to The reason for this could be that in the past, tuberculosis was relatively easy to treat. In recent years there has been an outbreak of multidrug resistant tuberculosis and some patients now require up to seven different drugs. 5. b) mal di gola 6. b) antibiotico ad ampio spettro 7. b) inutilizzato 8. a) non necessario Completare le frasi con la forma appropriata dei verbi tra parentesi. 1. He doesn t have a lot of free time in the evenings. 2. I speak Spanish and French and at the moment I m learning English. 3. I listen to the radio every morning. 4. The letter arrived yesterday. 5. I think that we will use solar energy in the future. 6. We are going to Paris this weekend. We already bought the tickets. 7. Marta can speak German, Italian and Spanish. 8. You must (have to) bring some identification when you open a bank account. 9. That s a book from the library. You musn t (can t/ shouldn t) write on it. 10. This piece of music is too difficult. I can t play it. 11. I used the internet to find out about genetically modified foods. 12. Could you turn off the radio? 13. Where did you grow up? 14. You can click on this item to open the file. 15. Could you explain that to me again, please? 16. I usually go to work by train. 17. I m always late for work on Monday mornings. 18. The film starts at If she arrives late again, I won t wait for her. 20. If we had some eggs, I would make an omelette.

7 21. If the government raises taxes, consumer spending will fall If I didn t enjoy my job, I wouldn t work so hard. 23. I m afraid I didn t remember to post the letter. 24. I enjoy dancing. 25. Did you managed to speak with Carla? 26. She s finished doing her homework. Tradurre in Italiano English heart skin lung blood kidney eye bone spleen Italian cuore pelle/cute/epidermide polmone sangue rene occhio osso milza Tradurre in Italiano - Sample answer: Prima di partire per le vacanze, Alexander Flemming lasciò un contenitore vicino alla finestra del suo laboratorio. Quando fece ritorno vide nel contenitore una muffa blu intorno alla quale i batteri erano stati distrutti. Questa muffa blu era, infatti, la forma naturale della penicillina. Tradurre in Italiano - Sample answer: Una grande parte della biotecnologia è incentrata sulla scoperta di nuovi farmaci.. Una classe di farmaci sono gli antibiotici. C è sempre più pressione a scoprire nuovi antibiotici visto che i batteri sono sempre più resistenti agli antibiotici convenzionali.