Use Benchmarking to Identify Energy Waste In Your Equipment. March 30, 2011

Transcription

1 Use Benchmarking to Identify Energy Waste In Your Equipment March 30, 2011

2 Meet your moderators Marilyn Arnall, Account Manager, FPL Phil Tornelli, CEM Business Energy Survey Program Manager Mike Carter, Senior Engineer, Business Energy Service, FPL Mark Farrell, Senior Engineer, Business Energy Service, FPL 2

3 Discussion Topics What is Benchmarking Identifying opportunities Steps Energy consumption patterns and savings opportunities Large offices HVAC Lighting Small retail Hospitals Employee personal appliances Office equipment VFD motor control Hotels / Motels Air conditioners/heat pumps Food Stores Refrigeration Restaurants Exhaust hood control Cooking 3

4 Benchmarking is a structured process that supports your energy management initiatives and can lead to dramatic savings Benchmarking is Benchmarking defined A disciplined approach for comparing the performance of processes, methods, procedures, products or services against best-in-class criteria A positive process providing objective performance measurement for goal setting and progress monitoring Any type of building can benefit from energy benchmarking Benchmarking energy use helped the Marriott hotel chain realize $4.5 million in annual savings* 4 *Source: Energy Star Building Manual (

5 Successful energy management plans use benchmarking techniques to identify savings opportunities An energy management plan provides a written strategy Follow the eight-step process A proven strategy for energy management developed by the EPA Assists your organization in improving its energy and financial performance Distinguishes your organization as an environmental leader Action plans depend on benchmarking to prioritize improvement opportunities Compare the energy performance of your facility to similar operations and buildings to identify improvement opportunities Strategic Planning * Source: EPA Businesses are reducing their energy use by 30 percent or more through effective energy management practices * 5

6 Benchmarking often gives a new perspective on your energy consumption patterns Opportunities Comparing energy consumption to that of similar businesses and facilities is the first step towards reducing waste Highlights savings opportunities that may have gone unnoticed Benchmarking allows businesses to Establish reference points to measure performance Prioritize areas and facilities with the most opportunity for improvement Identify best practices to replicate Develop a context for future actions and decisions Set future targets 6

7 Following the steps below will put your company on the right track Benchmarking steps 1. Identify comparative source and collect data 2. Determine performance gap 3. Communicate findings and gain acceptance 4. Establish functional goals 5. Develop action plans 6. Implement plans and monitor progress 7

8 Benchmarking data is available and accessible for most business and industry types Types Past performance Industry averages Available benchmark data Best-in-class businesses and buildings Best practices Sources ENERGY STAR Offers an online Portfolio Manager tool to benchmark by building and by district Energy consulting organizations Sometimes maintain databases to benchmark against similar institutions 8

9 An overview of businesses and building types will demonstrate distinct usage patterns based on unique business requirements Offices Retail outlets Hospitals Hotels Food stores Restaurants Sample facilities 9

10 10 Offices

11 How does your office s energy consumption compare to the that of an average office? Average office consumption patterns Average large office annual electricity intensity is kwh/ft 2 /yr Cooling/ventilation and lighting accounts for approximately 75 percent of consumption Cooling/Ventilation electricity intensity is about 7.36 kwh/ft 2 /yr How to calculate your usage for comparison 1,500,000 kwh = kwh/ft 2 /yr 80,000 ft 2 /yr kwh/ft 2 /yr > kwh/ft 2 /yr Possible improvement opportunities 11

12 Remember to evaluate your office s weekend usage trends to identify savings opportunities Office usage trends While weekend energy consumption is half that of weekday in most offices, weekend usage is still significant and should be monitored 12

13 Use rule-of-thumb to estimate HVAC savings from temperature set-back in the summer HVAC temperature set-forward Save 1 percent space cooling consumption per F setback per 8 hours Example: Night setback from 74 F to 78 F for 12 hours Source: ENERGY STAR % Savings = (78 F - 74 F) x 12/8 hours x 1%/ F hour = 6% Energy Savings = 6% x 750,000 kwh x 80% = 36,000 kwh per year = $0.10/kWh * Source: EPA 13

14 HVAC costs, typically the largest portion of your bill, can be estimated by using cooling load hours Estimating HVAC monthly billing Establish lowest cooling load hour month electrical consumption as a baseline to estimate the HVAC portion of your bill (Appendix A) Cooling Load Hours 14 Most other end uses such as lighting and office equipment are fairly constant over the year Almost all of the month-to-month increase in energy consumption is due to HVAC As an alternative, use nameplate capacity, efficiency, and weather data to estimate HVAC energy consumption (Appendix B) Use Full Load Value efficiency (kw/ton) Total annual cooling load hours (CLH) shown in chart * Source: EPA

15 When evaluating your expenses, remember that operating expenses will cost more over time than the equipment itself or maintenance Evaluating the impact of your energy efficiency cost is key to understanding your total cost HVAC energy costs are a substantial portion of the total cost of ownership of the HVAC equipment, in almost every case For example, the total cost of ownership share of energy costs varies from 20 to 65 percent depending upon chiller location, size and cooling type Example of HVAC equipment to consider Chillers Energy share of ownership cost 15

16 If your HVAC system uses a chiller, research indicates that water-cooled systems offer the greatest savings Energy-efficient chiller options Water-cooled centrifugal chiller versus air-cooled screw chiller (20-year life) are options to consider Cost Category Miami 100-ton 500-ton Air Water Air Water Centrifugal chiller Turbine compressor Large tonnage Rotary screw chiller Mating-helical screws Lower first cost Net Present Value (NPV) of total costs of ownership Initial 43% 68% 24% 42% Energy 50% 20% 65% 45% Maintenance 7% 12% 11% 13% Minneapolis Initial 72% 78% 45% 60% Energy 16% 10% 35% 20% Maintenance 12% 12% 20% 20% Source: Total Cost of Ownership For Air-Cooled and Water-Cooled Chiller Systems, Ramez Naguib 16

17 If a new chiller is recommended based on your benchmark findings, FPL can help pay for your new unit FPL chiller incentive BENEFITS Lower ongoing operation and maintenance costs Increased energy savings year-after-year Long-term reliability INCENTIVE Based on chiller type, capacity, and efficiency Applies to qualifying highefficiency models with an ARI-certified rating Incentive amounts and qualifying conditions vary, depending on the type and size of the equipment replaced or installed 17

18 Lighting is typically the next focus area after HVAC since it is the second largest source of energy consumption 18 Determining lighting energy saving opportunities Average large office lighting electricity intensity is 4.37 kwh/ft 2 /yr A walk-through lighting inventory can be used to estimate lighting intensity A 4-step procedure is used to estimate actual lighting intensity 1. Identify # lamps/lamp type 2. Use wattage table 3. Estimate annual burn time 4. Measure floor area Energy consumption = Power (kw) x Time (hrs) (See Appendix C) F34T12 Wattage # Lamps 4 ft 8 ft F32T8 Wattage # Lamps 4 ft 8 ft * Source: EPA

19 Simple, inexpensive lamp and ballast upgrades can generate significant savings immediately and over time Replace Examples of effective lighting upgrades Lighting Savings Opportunities With Realize Estimated Annual Savings of Incandescent New halogen 30% Incandescent CFL, R-CFL, LED 50% to 75% Incandescent Spot PAR bulbs Ceramic Metal Halide PAR lamps 30% to 50% T12 T8 20% to 30% Full-wattage F32T8 lamps Reduced wattage 23W T8 lamps 28% Standard 54W T5HO bulbs Reduced wattage T5HO lamps 49W lamps; 51W lamps Standard Electronic Ballasts NEMA Premium Ballasts 5% to 7% 19

20 Upgrading to a more efficient system will lower operating costs and result in better quality lighting FPL Lighting incentive BENEFITS Reduced lighting costs every month (typically 28 percent of a business energy consumption) Better quality lighting for less cost Lower maintenance costs INCENTIVE Rebates on efficient technologies such as CFL, T8, T5 or pulse-start HID lamps 20

21 Companies who upgrade their lighting systems typically also install lighting controls as proven ways to save money and add convenience Lighting controls Lighting occupancy sensors Turn off lights based on foot traffic Example: Meeting room with six 4-lamp F34T12 fixtures Savings = 6 x 144w x 3120 hour x 0.5 = 1350 kwh = $0.10/kWh Lighting bi-level switching Allows you to reduce light output in one step when full illumination is not required Dimmers Reduces light output for setting mood or for multimedia events Daylight sensors (Photocells) Dims or turns off lighting when free daylight is available 21

22 Another focus for best-in-class office operations is employee personal appliances that circumvent energy-efficiency efforts Personal appliances To limit expenses related to personal appliances, offices Require formal request for personal appliances Charge for privilege of using personal appliances Appliance Average Power (watts) Annual Operating Hours Annual Energy (kwh) Space Heater 1, Mini-fridge, 3ft Year-round 320 Microwave 1, Portable Fan Coffee Pot/Warmer Total 1360 Did you know that employee personal appliances can cost up to $135 annually per office? * Source: EPA 22

23 Office equipment with idle and sleep mode features are energy-saving replacements when it s time to upgrade Sample savings from energy-saving settings Device 2010 Tech Resources Inc. Typical Operating Power (Watts) Typical Idle Power (Watts) Typical Sleep Power (Watts) 8 Hours/Day, 5 Days/Week, Sleep Mode* Annual Energy Cost 24 Hours/Day, 7 Days/Week, Sleep Mode** 24 Hours/Day, 7 Days/Week, No Sleep Mode** Desktop Computer $12 $16 $56 CRT Monitor (15") $7.70 $10 $37 LCD Monitor (17") $2.50 $3.90 $9.20 Laptop $4.60 $5.30 $15 Laser Printer $26 $29 $96 Fax Machine $12 $19 $69 Copier (small) $13 $26 $76 Copier (large) 1, $55 $82 $315 *Assumes $0.10/kWh, 2085 operating hours per year, 20% full power, 60% overall idle mode, 20% sleep mode for computers and monitors, 50% idle mode and 45% sleep mode for printers, faxes, and copiers. Equipment is turned off for 6675 hours. **Assumes $0.10/kWh, 8760 operating hours per year, same 8-hour/5-day mode, and either sleep or idle for non-work hours (work day nights and weekends). Equipment is never turned off. Sources: Manufacturers' specifications, Energy Star (DOE), and Office Equipment Energy Savings Calculator (LBL) 23

24 Offices can save approximately $70 per year per computer just by using sleep mode Use efficient settings and equipment Annual Energy Cost (24 Hours/Day, 7 Days/Week) No Sleep Mode Sleep Mode Desktop computer $56 $16 CRT monitor (15 ) $37 $10 Total $93 $26 * Source: EPA 24

25 Replacing CRT monitors with LCD saves up to $30 per year Use efficient settings and equipment Annual Energy Cost (24 Hours/Day, 7 Days/Week) No Sleep Mode Sleep Mode CRT monitor (15 ) $37 $10 LCD monitor (17 ) $ 9 $ 4 Total $28 $6 * Source: EPA 25

26 26 Retail Outlets

27 Like offices, HVAC and lighting offer the best savings opportunities to retailers Average small retail annual electricity intensity is kwh/ft 2 /yr Retail consumption patterns Similar to office energy use High lighting electricity intensity at 6.90 kwh/ft 2 /yr 27

28 However, retail energy consumption is much more peaked than for offices Retail usage trends Unlike offices, retailer weekend energy usage is similar to that of weekdays. Most surges occur during peak hours. 28

29 29 Hospitals

30 Hospital equipment running 24/7 leads to consistently high energy usage Average hospital annual electricity intensity is kwh/ft 2 /yr Hospital consumption patterns Electricity intensity is more than twice that of offices and retail HVAC alone is 60 percent of total Highest motors electricity intensity at 3.42 kwh/ft 2 /yr 30

31 Like retailers, hospital energy consumption is not much different on weekends as compared to weekdays Hospital usage trends End-use energy consumption is relatively flat. 31

32 Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) motors get rid of hidden sources of high consumption in hospitals and many other facilities Variable frequency drives VFD motors are widely used Ventilation systems for large buildings Water pumps Elevators Conveyors Machine tool drives VFD motors save energy by allowing the volume of air or water moved to match the system demand 32

33 Best VFD applications require speed reduction (less than or equal to 85 percent) for a majority of the time VFD motors Best applications are variable torque applications Compressors Pumps Centrifugal Chilled water Condenser water Building supply Chemical dosing Source: Emerson Industrial Automation Blowers Fans * Source: EPA 33

34 Input Power (%) VFD motors save energy by decreasing speed which in turn, decreases power VFD motors Appendix D Outlet Damper Inlet Guide Vanes Disc Throttle Variable Pitch Axial Fan VFD Ideal Fan Control Flow Rate (%) Source: Emerson Industrial Automation With a VFD, decreasing speed (rpm) by 50 percent decreases power (HP) by 87 percent * Source: EPA 34

35 35 Hotels & Motels

36 Hotel and motel consumption is similar to that of hospitals but is half of the intensity Hotel and motel consumption patterns Average hotel/motel annual electricity intensity is kwh/ft 2 /yr High cooling electricity intensity at 8.98 kwh/ft 2 /yr Great opportunity for occupancy sensors and CFLs 36

37 Hotel/motel energy consumption is not much different on weekends as compared to weekdays Hotel and motel usage trends End use energy consumption is relatively flat 37

38 Hotels and motels relying on multiple small units have benefited from EER upgrades Benefits of EER upgrades Annual Savings: Direct Expansion Air Conditioner and Heat Pumps Annual Hours of Operation 10.5 EER 11 EER 11.5 EER 12 EER 12.5 EER 13 EER 13.5 EER 14 EER 1000 $ 29 $ 96 $ 157 $ 213 $ 265 $ 312 $ 356 $ $ 35 $ 116 $ 190 $ 258 $ 320 $ 378 $ 431 $ $ 47 $ 156 $ 255 $ 347 $ 431 $ 508 $ 580 $ $ 59 $ 196 $ 321 $ 436 $ 542 $ 639 $ 730 $ $ 71 $ 236 $ 387 $ 525 $ 653 $ 770 $ 879 $ $ 83 $ 276 $ 453 $ 614 $ 763 $ 901 $ 1,028 $ 1, $ 95 $ 316 $ 518 $ 704 $ 874 $ 1,032 $ 1,177 $ 1, $ 107 $ 356 $ 584 $ 793 $ 985 $ 1,162 $ 1,327 $ 1, $ 119 $ 396 $ 650 $ 882 $ 1,096 $ 1,293 $ 1,476 $ 1,646 Based on an existing 10-ton unit with an EER of 10.3, operating 10 months a year at $.082/kwh and $9.10/kwd rate plus 10 percent tax. Upgrading a 10-ton unit from a 10.3 to a 13 EER system would produce an annual savings of $640 38

39 39 Food Stores

40 Food stores electric intensity is four times higher than that of large office buildings due to refrigeration requirements Food store consumption patterns Average food store annual electricity intensity is kwh/ft 2 /yr High cooling electricity intensity at kwh/ft 2 /yr Highest lighting intensity at kwh/ft 2 /yr Refrigeration represents half of total end use intensity 40

41 Food store energy consumption is not much different on weekends as compared to weekdays Food store usage trends End use energy consumption is relatively flat 41

42 Freezer energy consumption is three times that of a cooler Walk-in cooler / freezer energy consumption Cooler Avg. kwh/month Freezer Avg. kwh/month Size kwh Size kwh 6x6, 6x x8, 8x10, 8x x10, 10x x6, 6x8, 8x x10, 8x12, 10x x Source: U.S. Cooler * Source: EPA 42

43 Freezer energy consumption is three times that of a cooler Estimating energy consumption from nameplate data Component (240V) Rated Amps Total Amps 3 Compressors 15A 45A 9 Condenser Fans 2A 18A 6 Evaporator Fans 2A 12A Knowing amps and volts allows you to estimate kwh. Energy consumption = Amps x Volts x PF x Hours/1000 = 75A x 240V x 0.8 x 480 Hours/1000 = 6910 kwh/month * Source: EPA 43

44 Best energy saving options for refrigeration offer less than two-year payback Refrigerator / cooler best applications Reach-In Refrigerator Energy Savings (Relative to Base Model) Technology Electricity Savings (%) Cost Premium ($) Annual Savings ($) (at $.0782/kWh) Payback (years) High-Efficiency Compressors 12% $16 $ Non-Electric Anti-sweat 20% $93 $ Condenser Fan ECM Motor 3.3% $22 $ Evaporator Fan ECM Motor 7% $48 $ ECM/Variable Speed Compressor 16% $150 $ Thicker Insulation 2% $100 $8 13 Note: Savings not additive due to interactions between measures, ECM = electrically commutated motor. Source: ADL 1996 Source: DOE, Energy Savings Potential for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment * Source: EPA 44

45 Best energy saving options for freezers offer less than twoyear payback Freezer best applications Reach-In Freezer Energy Savings (Relative to Base Model) Technology Electricity Savings (%) Cost Premium ($) Annual Savings ($) ( at $.0782/kWh) Payback (years) High-Efficiency Compressors 16% $24 $ Non-Electric Anti-sweat 14% $67 $ ECM/Variable Speed Compressor 19% $160 $ Condenser Fan ECM Motor 2.7% $24 $ Evaporator Fan ECM Motor 2.3% $24 $9 2.6 Hot Gas Defrost 6.3 % $83 $ Thicker Insulation 3.8% $84 $ Liquid-Suction Heat Exchanger 3.4% $75 $ Note: Savings not additive due to interactions between measures, ECM = electrically commutated motor. Source: ADL 1996 Source: DOE, Energy Savings Potential for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment * Source: EPA 45

46 Newer technologies can save up to half of refrigeration unit energy usage and improve customer service FPL Refrigeration incentive BENEFITS Benefits of new technology that controls frost and sweat on refrigerator or freezer doors Cuts refrigeration and heating costs by up to 50 percent or more Helps prevent equipment damage Ensures customers can see products inside the case INCENTIVE Rebates up to $75 per kw reduction available for: Anti-sweat heater controls Freezer doors with hot gas reclaim Glass doors with no or low electric heat 46

47 47 Restaurants

48 Cooling, lighting and cooking / refrigeration are typically responsible for the majority of restaurant energy usage Restaurant consumption patterns Average restaurant annual electricity intensity is kwh/ft 2 /yr End use intensity is four times higher than large office building Highest cooling electricity intensity at kwh/ft 2 /yr High lighting intensity at kwh/ft 2 /yr Cooking and refrigeration each represents 20 percent of total end use intensity 48

49 HVAC load increases greatly during peak weekday hours Restaurant usage trends Evening and weekend energy consumption is very high 49

50 Adjusting exhaust hood ventilation rates based on actual need can produce fast and significant savings Variable volume controls regulate fan speed Sensor control Variable speed exhaust hood control Optical sensor (smoke) Temperature sensor Carbon monoxide sensor (safety) Paybacks <1 year are possible Source: DOE 50

51 Restaurants can save up to 60 percent with qualified ENERGY STAR appliances Sample savings from ENERGY STAR appliances Equipment Type Maximum Savings Holding Cabinets 60% Steam Cookers 50% Refrigerators/Freezers 35% Fryers 30% Dishwashers 25% Ovens 20% Ice Machines 15% Griddles 10% * Source: EPA 51

52 Once you ve completed your benchmarking and determined next steps, use FPL incentive programs to help pay for qualified upgrades Business Air Conditioning (HVAC) Includes ERVs, chillers, TES, DCV and DX Business Refrigeration Eliminates electric heating elements from display case and freezer doors Business Water Heating Includes heat pump water heaters and heat recovery units Business Efficient Lighting Applicable for high-efficiency lighting Business Building Envelope FPL incentive programs Includes window treatment, insulation and reflective roof measures Business Custom Incentives Applicable to energy-saving innovations that trim at least 25 kilowatts from FPL s summer peak For detailed information on FPL rebate programs, visit: 52

53 Many resources and tools are available to help improve your energy management FPL 53 Business Energy Evaluation Summary Look at your energy profile and identify key focus areas Call BEE or contact your FPL account manager if you have one FPL Programs and Rebates shtml ENERGY STAR Provides a national energy performance rating system called the Portfolio Manager Allows you to compare your performance to similar facilities Currently available for office buildings, K-12 schools, grocery stores, hotels, and hospitals

54 Other helpful links are listed below Summary Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) DOE commercial lighting solutions tool Food service technology center 54

55 55 Appendix

56 Use cooling load hours to estimate HVAC portion of bill HVAC monthly billing Appendix A Cooling plus ventilation intensity is about 7.4 kwh/ft 2 /yr Establish lowest cooling load hour month electrical consumption as baseline to estimate your HVAC portion of bill Most other end uses such as lighting and office equipment are fairly constant over the year Almost all of the month-to-month increase in energy consumption is due to HVAC Cooling Load Hours * Source: EPA 56

57 Use baseline consumption in winter months to estimate HVAC portion of bill HVAC monthly billing Appendix A Monthly Electricity Consumption, kwh (1,000s) Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Actual ,500 Base Example: 750,000 kwh = 9.4 kwh/ft 2 /yr 80,000 ft 2 Subtracting winter months baseline energy consumption from actual will give a good estimate of HVAC energy consumption Use 80 percent of January and February energy consumption as a baseline * Source: EPA 57

58 Use equipment capacity rating and cooling load hours to estimate HVAC portion of bill HVAC equipment capacity Appendix B An alternative to baselining energy consumption is using nameplate capacity, efficiency, and weather data to estimate HVAC energy consumption Cooling load hours (CLH) Jacksonville 2,120 CLH Miami 3,260 CLH Equipment efficiency Rooftop unit 1.3 kw/ton FLV Chiller 0.8 kw/ton FLV FLV (kw/ton) COP EER Example: Load (tons) x FLV x CLH = HVAC consumption = 200 tons x 1.3 kw/ton x 2,120 hours = 550,000 kwh Intensity = 550,000 kwh = 6.9 kwh/ft 2 /yr 80, ,000 ft 2 kwh 80,000 ft 2 * Source: EPA 58

59 A 10 to 20 percent energy savings from a new rooftop unit is a reasonable assumption HVAC savings estimate Appendix B Use Full Load Value (kw/ton) efficiency ratings to estimate energy savings from upgrading to new HVAC equipment Existing: Rooftop unit 1.3 kw/ton FLV (9.0 EER) Proposed: Rooftop unit 1.1 kw/ton FLV (10.9 EER) Example: Load (tons) x FLV x CLH = HVAC consumption Existing = 200 tons x 1.3 kw/ton x 2,120 hours = 551,200 kwh Proposed = 200 tons x 1.1 kw/ton x 2,120 hours = 466,400 kwh Annual energy savings = 84,800 kwh * Source: EPA 59

60 Include both energy and demand charge savings from an HVAC upgrade HVAC savings estimate Appendix B There may be demand savings as well as energy savings from upgrading to new HVAC equipment Existing: Rooftop unit 1.3 kw/ton FLV (9.0 EER) Proposed: Rooftop unit 1.1 kw/ton FLV (10.9 EER) Demand savings = 0.2 kw/ton Energy savings ($) = 84,800 kwh x $0.07/kWh = $5,940 per year Demand savings ($) = (0.2 kw/ton) x 200 tons x $9/kW x 12 x 70% = $3,020 per year Total savings ($) = $8,960 per year * Source: EPA 60

61 A walk-through lighting inventory can be used to estimate lighting intensity Determining lighting energy saving opportunities Appendix C Average large office lighting electricity intensity is 4.37 kwh/ft 2 /yr A 4-step procedure to estimate actual lighting intensity 1. Identify # lamps/lamp type 2. Use wattage table 3. Estimate annual burn time 4. Measure floor area F34T12 Wattage # Lamps 4 ft 8 ft F32T8 Wattage # Lamps 4 ft 8 ft Example: 40 4-lamp 4-foot T12 fixtures 12 hours/day, 5 day/week burn time (3,120 hrs annually) 3,520 sqft floor area Energy consumption = 40 x 144 watts x 3120 hours 1,000W/kW = 18,000 kwh Electricity intensity (T12) = 18,000 kwh/3,520 sqft = 5.11 kwh/sqft * Source: EPA 61 Electricity intensity (T8) = 3.47 kwh/sqft

62 A VFD pump application can save 60 dollars per day Sample savings from VFD motors Appendix D Estimating VFD energy savings Assume a 50 HP (41.4 kw) motor operating at reduced speeds Full load energy consumption = 41.4 kw x 23 hr = 953 kwh VT/VH Power vs Speed Speed Power 100% 100% 90% 73% VFD energy consumption = 352 kwh Savings = 600 kwh VFD Pwr vs 80% 51% 70% 34% 60% 22% 50% 13% 40% 6% 30% 3% 20% 1% Speed Power kw Hours kw-hr 100% 105% % 42% % 30% % 13% Totals % 0.1% 62