Waste to Energy Kalle Hashmi Senior Programme Officer 7 th May 2013

Transcription

1 Waste to Energy Kalle Hashmi Senior Programme Officer 7 th May 2013

2 WASTE APPROACH A hierarchical approach to reduce the amount of waste we produce, and to reuse and recycle the waste produced. The need for a significant change in the way we think about waste. 2

3 THE WASTE HIERARCHY 3

4 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY WASTE The construction industry has placed waste reduction at the bottom of agendas because of complexities over reuse and recycling. 4

5 DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Decisions are made at each stage of the design and construction process which indirectly, or directly, create physical wastes. The process of waste generation is complex when a single product, a building or HVAC system for example, can have a large number of materials and processes to realise the product. Additionally, the issue is made more complex when further creators of waste are added during sub-contract and construction phases 5

6 ORIGIN OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE 6

7 CONSTRUCTION WASTE wastes from specialised work packages such as building services. Such waste not only includes high value direct material wastage such as ductwork and cabling, but also indirect secondary wastage such as packaging. Secondary wastes can contribute percent of waste volumes when services are been installed. 7

8 DESIGNING OUT WASTE Designing out Waste process The simple, three-step process of Identify, Investigate, and Implement enables the Designing out Waste principles to be applied in a structured way on a project. It can be easily applied to all types of project, whether relating to buildings or civil engineering, demolition, new-build or refurbishment. 8

9 IDENTIFY Review the project to identify as many potential opportunities as possible to reduce materials use or the creation of waste in the project, through materials selection and design solutions. Then rationalise the list of opportunities to prioritise those which will provide the biggest reductions and be easiest (and most cost efficient) to implement. This approach ensures that no opportunities are missed, and that only the most significant ones are pursued. 9

10 INVESTIGATE Investigate the top design opportunities further to ascertain their viability. This may include aspects such as compliance with standards, buildability, and impact on safety. It is important to quantify the benefits and impact of each design opportunity so that decisions about which solutions to pursue further are made objectively based on evidence. Key metrics to quantify are waste reduction, cost savings, and carbon reduction. 10

11 IMPLEMENT Once client approval to proceed with the recommended design solutions has been obtained, embed in the design through the plans, specifications, project reports and procurement process. Record details of the solutions in a Site Waste Management Plan either the project SWMP if the client / contractor has started this, or an outline SWMP if they have not. These actions will help to ensure the design solutions are implemented on site. 11

12 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS One of the first applications of systems analysis was military. In order to provide the troops with enough food, ammunition, fuel etc. and at the same time consider actions like taking care of the wounded and fight the enemy, a systems approach had to be used. Today, systems analysis is used in a number of areas. The world of software programming is perhaps one of the most widely used, but also for city planning and designing of factories, systems analysis is helpful. 12

13 INTEGRATED APPROACH Basic functional elements of waste management Generation Reduction Collection Recycling Disposal 13

14 THE CONCEPT OF DESIGNING OUT WASTE source reduction techniques opposed to release reduction techniques. The best management approach to waste is to manage the process so that there is no waste to manage. Begin with the question can the amount of waste being produced be minimised, if not eliminated? 14

15 DESIGN PROCESS There are five key principles that design teams can use during the design process to reduce waste: Design for Reuse and Recovery; Design for Off Site Construction; Design for Materials Optimisation; Design for Waste Efficient Procurement; and Design for Deconstruction and Flexibility. 15

16 ECO DESIGN Types of eco-design as: Type 1 product innovation Type 2 product re-design Type 3 function innovation Type 4 system innovation 16

17 ECO DESIGN WINE BOTTLES - Waste reduction: 11% reduction of the glass used to make each bottle - Reduction of the weight of each bottle from 900g to 800g - Economic saving in transport costs as a result of the lesser weight - Energy saving associated with the production of each bottle - Direct reduction in CO2 emissions: 1,000 tons/year - Anticipation of the new waste minimisation and environmental impact legislation 17

18 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MANUFACTURING Each production process should be examined to minimize the waste of raw materials. In manufacturing operations processes that waste material that cannot be recycled or reused must be redesigned. Even in processes that do produce waste that can be recycled should be examined due to the costs in recycling processes. 18

19 IMPROVING QUALITY Quality control is built into all manufacturing processes but is usually focused on the finished product rather than minimizing waste. Quality management should include the goal of minimizing the waste of raw materials as well as producing a quality product. Improving the overall quality of a company s manufacturing process will reduce waste overall as it will increase the quantity of finished goods that pass quality inspection. 19

20 MANUFACTURING WASTE 20

21 USE OF SCRAP MATERIAL As well as minimizing the waste of raw materials in manufacturing processes, the use reuse of waste material can be expanded. Improvements in the technology of reclaiming waste material has meant that companies that previously discarded waste products now have the ability to reuse that material. As the recycling technology becomes more available the costs will inevitably fall helping more businesses with waste issues. 21

22 PACKAGING Buy products with less packaging Reduce all forms of packaging waste: Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining strength. Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return program. Switch to reusable transport containers. Purchase products in bulk. 22

23 RECYCLING Recycling often reduces the use of energy and is thus a method for indirect energy recovery from waste. The Swedish Environmental protection Agency's studies regarding material flows in society show that increased recycling can yield great profits, mainly by reducing energy use. Reclamation of metals, for example, saves not only natural resources, but also energy. 23

24 RECYCLING Recycling aluminum cans saves 95 percent of the energy used to make aluminum cans from virgin ore. Used aluminum cans are recycled and returned to a store shelf as a new can in as few as 60 days. That means a consumer could purchase basically the same recycled aluminum can from a retailer's shelf nearly every 9 weeks or 6 times a year. Using recycled aluminum beverage cans to produce new cans allows the aluminum can industry to make up to 20 times more cans for the same amount of energy. 24

25 RECYCLING A ton of glass produced from raw materials creates 174 Kg of mining waste, using 50% recycled glass, cuts it by about 75%. You save over a ton of resources for every ton of glass recycled 604 Kg of sand, 197 Kg Of soda ash, 197 Kg Of limestone and 69 Kg Of feldspar. Napoleon had dinnerware made of aluminum. At this time, less important guests had to use gold and silver 25

26 ZERO WASTE SOCIETIES 26

27 EUROPEAN WASTE REDUCTION TROPHY 27

28 FRANCE Setting up a special in store labelling More than 300 stickers identifying products that yield little waste were put on the store s shelves. The aim of this operation was to make consumer think about each product s sustainability. Isn t this product over-packaged? What kind of similar product could be more sustainable? Is it recyclable, local...? 28

29 MALTA REUSE MAP This project, which is funded by the Italian government in cooperation with the University of Malta, is to create a sustainable market for reclaimed building materials in Malta, and to provide an instrument which could promote the creativity of people through the use of dismissed materials while raising awareness about how this can also reduce waste. 29

30 WASTE MONSTER FRANCE 30

31 SCHOOLS FOR LESS FOOD WASTE Schools for less food waste Sweden: (Food waste reduction) In Sweden, 23 schools were invited to take part in a competition during which the amount of food waste produced by was weighted during one week. Then, the amount of food waste measured in each establishment has been divided by the number of schoolchild in order to obtain a ratio of food wasted for each school. In the end, the best school, Råda skola, from Hagfors municipality has been rewarded. 31

32 SPAIN This action subsidised by the Town Hall of Donostia-San Sebastina aimed to promote the use of reusable nappies and therefore, reduce the amount of a part of municipal waste. Participant families paid 20% of the cost of the nappies and they get a kit, composed of 20 absorbents, 10 protectors like panties (which equals as nappies for 3-4 days), 6 extra absorbents, and a pocket of cellulosic sheets (200 units). 32

33 Eurest Portugal (Portugal) The campaign's goal was to encourage the fight against food waste/ leftovers combined with a social action. The campaign aims to raise awareness among Eurest consumers on the importance of reducing waste in our daily life. The dynamics of the campaign was based on the Consumer incentive to take on its meal tray only the amount of food strictly necessary to meet its nutritional needs and/or appetite. If at the end of the meal, the tray was shown empty, the consumer receives a poker chip equivalent to 10g of nonperishable foods that are donated to charity institutions. 33

34 WHAT IS MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is household waste and some commercial wastes e.g. from offices, schools, shops etc. that may be collected by the local authority or a commercial company. 34

35 WASTE GENERAL BY SOURCE & COMPOSITION 35

36 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SYSTEM APPROACH 36

37 ACTORS The households who generate large amounts of mixed waste and are paying a fee for the waste management. The households may also work as consumers of the services and the products generated by the waste management, e.g. district heating and recycled paper. The companies, like the households, generate different types of wastes. Household waste is heterogeneous from each source but quite homogenous for different sources. Business and industrial waste is more homogenous from each source but varies more between different sources. The private waste companies also are managers or entrepreneurs of different services in the waste management sector. Examples are companies who collect waste and run different treatment facilities. The municipality which is responsible for the waste management on behalf of the citizens. Municipal authorities in this field are offices for fresh water supply, sewage collection, waste treatment, energy supply, traffic control, environmental protection etc. 37

38 ACTORS The energy companies. Because of the importance of energy supply they are often dominating in the discussion. The agriculture that is the end user of the products generated in nutrient recycling from organic waste. Agriculture has a strong connection to the food industry and hence to the consumers, predominantly the households. The material companies defined as the companies acting on a market for recycled materials. 38

39 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS following examples: Collection (front loader, pack-packer, vacuum truck etc.) Treatment option (product recycling, material recycling, incineration, gasification, biological treatment, landfilling) Use of products (new paper, new plastic, different fuels, nutrients to soil) 39

40 PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY 40

41 GERMANY ELECTRONIC WASTE 41

42 ELECTRONIC WASTE 100 grams of gold in each ton of e-waste. 42

43 THE QUESTION IS? HOW TO MANAGE MSW WHICH CANNOT BE REUSED, RECYCLED OR RE-PROCESSED (RESIDUAL WASTE) 43

44 ONE SOLUTION IS CONVERT RESIDUAL WASTE TO ENERGY TO GENERATE: Electricity, district heating (hot water), steam for industrial processes, desalinated seawater and/ or even district cooling. 44

45 MSW TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS Mechanical and Biological Treatment (MBT) Mechanical Heat Treatment (MHT) Advanced Thermal Treatment (ATT) principally gasification and pyrolysis Anaerobic digestion Incineration 45

46 THAT LEAVES INCINERATION PROCESSES THAT COMBUST WASTE & RECOVER ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ELECTRICITY AND/OR HEAT GENERATION 46

47 THE CASE FOR INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY IS THE INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY WELL ESTABLISHED & WELL TESTED? The first municipal solid waste incinerator was installed in England (Nottingham) in

48 GLOBAL INSTALLED CAPACITY TOTAL NO OF WASTE TO ENERGY INCINERATORS 1011 CAPACITY 250 million tonnes 48

49 EUROPEAN UNION: CURRENT INCINERATION CAPACITY (2012) 406 INCINERATORS OPERATING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY 54 MILLION TONS GERMANY, FRANCE & ITALY ACCOUNTED FOR 63% OF ALL INCINERATORS & 64% OF ALL WASTE INCINERATED 49

50 EU: Total waste incinerated (in thousands of tons) and number of incinerators in 2010, per country 50

51 CHINA: CURRENT INCINERATION CAPACITY 300 incinerators, capable of handling 300,000 tonnes of MSW a day 51

52 WHAT IS THE INCINERATION SYSTEM EFFICIENCY & WHAT ARE THE OUTPUTS? 52

53 WASTE TO ENERGY OUTPUT (Example) ONE TONNE OF MSW WASTE 2/3 MWh power 53

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58 ECONOMY OF INCINERATORS? 58

59 EU: WASTE TREATMENT COSTS WITH OR WITHOUT ENERGY RECOVERY 59

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64 INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO 64

65 MSW disposal by region,

66 Waste generation and waste incineration per capita in Europe in 2010, per countries 66

67 Waste treatment in the European Union by countries (2010) 67

68 THE FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION IS? WHY SHOULD UAE PURSUE WASTE TO ENERGY UNITS & WHICH PATH SHOULD UAE PURSUE? 68

69 THE IRENA THINKING IS RECOVER SURPLUS HEAT HEAT GENERATED AS BY-PRODUCT OF OTHER PROCESSES & CONVERT IT INTO COOLING 69

70 FUNDAMENTAL IDEA CREATE DISTRICT COOLING NETWORKS BASED ON WASTE HEAT FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATION, INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES, POWER GENERATION, REFINERIES & LPG FACILITIES. 70

71 PRIMARY ENERGY FACTOR OF DIFFERENT COOLING SYSTEMS 71

72 Performance of different cooling solutions 72

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77 THE KEY MESSAGE APPROXIMATELY 40 TWh ELECTRICITY IS USED ANNUALLY FOR COOLING CORRESPONDING TO APPROXIMATELY 180 TWh OF COOLING. 225 TWh OF WASTE HEAT CAN REPLACE IT ALMOST COMPLETELY; WHICH WE BELIEVE IS AVAILABLE IN THE UAE REGION. 77

78 FOR THE UAE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT IS GREAT BUT GREATER STILL IS LOW PRIMARY ENERGY INPUT INTO BUILT ENVIRONMENT 78

79 DOES THE INCINERATION FACILITY HAS TO LOOK UGLY? ONLY IF YOU WANT IT THAT WAY OTHERWISE NO 79

80 AUSTRIA INCINERATION PLANTS 80

81 ISLE OF MAN INCINERATION PLANT 81

82 MARCHWOOD HAMPSHIRE INCINERATION PLANT 82

83 DENMARK INCINERATOR 83

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85 THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION 85

86 QUESTIONS? 86