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1 Final Exam Review Activity hysics 100 December 15, 016 rofessor Menningen Section I. Answer True (+) or False (O) Name: 1. Molecules at 00 ºC K have twice the average kinetic energy than molecules at 100 ºC K.. A heat engine can do mechanical work using the thermal energy in ice water if the exhaust temperature is at the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. 3. The mechanical energy speed of a pendulum is greatest at the midpoint and smallest at the endpoints of the motion. 4. Heat can flow spontaneously (by itself) only from a hot source to a cold sink. 5. Iron-56 has the largest binding energy per nucleon of any known isotope. 6. A step-down step-up transformer is used to decrease the current flowing from an electric power plant. 7. The electric potential of charges is commonly measured in watts volts. 8. One important requirement of a solar energy heating system is that it is able to store energy for nighttime use and for cloudy days. 9. Bituminous coal contains less more sulfur than anthracite. 10. A global increase in temperature might produce an enhancement a suppression of ocean circulation that would increase decrease the rate at which warm water is delivered to some areas such as Europe. Section II. Answer the following questions by circling the appropriate letter. 11. Given that ice has a specific heat that is one-half that of water, does it take more thermal energy to raise the temperature of 5 grams of water or 5 grams of ice by 6 C? a. ice b. water Q mct c. It takes the same thermal energy for each one. 1. If a 60-kg sprinter can accelerate from a standing start to a speed of 10 m/s in.0 seconds, what average power is generated? a. 600 W 1 1 W KE mv 60 kg 10 m/s 3000 J b W 1500 W t t t.0 s.0 s c W d W 13. Assume that two cars have the same mass, but that the red car has twice the speed of the blue car. We then know that the red car has kinetic energy as the blue car. a. four times as much b. one fourth as much 1 KE c. twice as much mv d. one half as much
2 14. If a system has no change in thermal energy, we can say that a. the work done on the system was equal to the heat released. b. no work was done on the system. c. the system lost no heat. d. any flow of heat energy produced no temperature change. 15. Which of the following is NOT a unit of energy? a. calorie b. newton meter c. kilowatt hour d. watt 16. The fissioning of 35 U can produce a chain reaction because it a. releases two or three neutrons. b. is unstable to radioactive decay. c. converts mass into energy. d. emits photons 17. The potential difference across the terminals of a battery that is connected to a circuit is a measure of the a. energy supplied by the battery each second. b. work per charge done by the battery. c. amount of charge flowing through a wire each second. d. resistance to the flow of charge through the circuit. 18. A radioactive substance decays at the rate of 0.70% per minute. What is the half-life? [Hint: remember the video on exponential growth!] a. 1.4 min b. 70 min min c. 100 min rate 0.70% /min d. 693 min 19. What is a disadvantage of using an inexpensive extension cord (with a small-diameter wire) to operate a high power air conditioner? a. A large voltage drop across the wire will supply too much voltage to the air conditioner and damage the unit. b. The large current required by the air conditioner will heat the extension cord wire and cause a fire hazard. c. The thin wire will generate large magnetic fields that can be a health hazard. d. The thin wire draws extra current from the outlet and will increase the cost of operating the unit. 0. How would nuclear energy be best derived from plutonium-39? a. It would be impossible b. Spontaneous radioactive decay c. Nuclear fusion d. Nuclear fission
3 1. One example of a positive (warming) feedback to global climatic warming is that a. the melting of the polar icecaps will cause the Earth to reflect more light into space. b. the extra plant growth will result in additional carbon absorption. c. the warming of the oceans will cause them to release more CO. d. the additional water vapor will produce more clouds that efficiently absorb sunlight.. Which of the following is NOT a viable solution to the "acid rain" problem? a. Install flue-gas chemical desulfurization units for scrubbing exhaust gases. b. Arrange for power plants to burn fuel with a lower sulfur content. c. Use an electrostatic precipitator to remove the SO before it is released in the exhaust of power plants. d. Use fluidized bed combustion in power plants to remove SO as soon as it is formed. 3. Which of the following is NOT a common refinery product? a. ethanol b. paraffins c. jet fuel d. asphalt 4. Which of the following would NOT make a good thermal energy storage system? a. a 50 m 3 volume of air b. a 400 gallon tank of water c. a 0 ton slab of concrete d. a 10 ton bin of rocks 5. The United States can increase its coal reserves by a. decreasing the rate at which it consumes coal b. mining more coal from the known deposits c. building larger containers in which to store extra coal d. finding an inexpensive way to remove coal from very deep deposits. Section III. Answer the following questions by writing a symbolic expression, showing work leading to the answer, and boxing the answer with units. A. A pendulum bob changes height by a total of 71.0 cm from one end of its swing to its lowest point. What is the speed of the pendulum bob at the lowest point? mgh mv mgh mv 1 1 A A B B mgh 0 mgh mv 1 A B B g h h v 10 m/s 0.71 m m/s A B B
4 B. When an ideal gas was compressed, its thermal energy increased by 0 J and it gave off 170 J of heat. How much work was done on the gas? E W Q on system to system W E Qto 0 J 170 J 390 J C. A typical coal-fired electric power plant has an efficiency of 36.0%, while a nuclear power plant is 31.0% efficient. How many joules of thermal energy are required by each plant to generate one joule of electrical energy? How much heat does each plant exhaust as waste? W W e QH and QC QH W Q e H Coal lant C H C H Nuclear lant W 1.0 J W 1.0 J QH.78 J QH 3.3 J e e Q Q W J Q Q W J Q C 1.78 J Q.3 J C Coal lant Nuclear lant Fuel QH (J) Waste QC (J) D. The common exit sign in a public building uses two 15 W incandescent bulbs. These could be replaced with light emitting diodes (LEDs) at 1.9 W per sign. If there are 45 million signs in use in the United States, what savings in electricity use for an entire year (8,760 hours) could be secured with this changeover? Use $0.10/kWh as the cost of electricity. 15 W 1.9 W 8.1 W kw per sign E t kw 8760 h 46 kwh per sign 6 1 savings signs 46 kwh/sign $0.10 kwh 9 $ billion dollars
5 E. ower is generated at 4 kv at a generating plant located 109 km from a town that requires 50 MW of power at 1 kv. The voltage will be stepped up from 4 kv to some voltage V by a perfect transformer, transmitted over wires, and then stepped down to 1 kv by another perfect transformer. The two transmission lines in between the two transformers each have a resistance of 0.10 Ω/km. What should be the output voltage V of the transformer at the generating plant in order for the overall transmission efficiency to be 98.5%? Find the answer by completing the following steps. a) First determine how much power must be generated at the plant in order to deliver the required power at the town. (Enter your answer to the nearest MW.) e transmission delivered generated 50.0 MW MW delivered generated etransmission b) The difference between these two powers is the amount of power that is converted to heat by the resistance of the transmission wires. How much power is lost to the heating of the transmission lines? (Do not round off your value from part a) MW MW heating generated delivered c) The next step is to find the total resistance of the two wires. R 0.10 /km 109 km 1.8 d) Determine the amount of current flowing through the wires that corresponds to the power lost to heating during transmission. I R I heating heating R W 187 A 1.8 e) Finally, use the generated power at the plant, together with the amount of current flowing through the wires, to find the required output voltage V of the transformer at the generating plant. 6 generated W 5 generated VI V.7 10 V I 187 A 5 1 kv V.710 V 7 kv 1000 V
6 F. If the ratio of 14 C to 1 C in a piece of parchment is only 1/56 of the atmospheric ratio, how old is the parchment? The half-life of 14 C is 5715 years. N N x 8 eight half-lives have transpired 56 1 x t x y 45,70 y 45,700 y G. A 750-MWe coal-fired power plant has an overall efficiency of 36%. How many tons of SO will be emitted into the air during the continuous operation of this plant for one day? (a) At what rate fuel = QH /t does this power plant require fuel? W t W t 750 MW e 7639 MW Q t t e 0.36 H Q H (b) How many joules of fuel energy does it require in one day? Q 6 J 86,400 s 14 H d J s d (c) Each ton of coal releases J of energy. How many tons of coal does this plant burn each day? 14 QH J/d N rate J/ton 5,000 ton/d H. Stevens oint has an average insolation of 15.5 MJ/m /d. If you buy a 8.0 m.0 m solar array that is 18% efficient, how many kwh can it generate in a month (30 days)? eia J/m /d 16 m J/d 1 kwh E t J J/d 30 d J 37 kwh 6
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