before OSI! The OSI reference model! After OSI! 7-Layer StacK! Data Communications 1! lecturer:! Gorry Fairhurst!
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1 Data Communications 1! before OSI! The OSI reference model! lecturer:! Gorry Fairhurst! web site: Communications using proprietary protocols! ties users to particular vendor products! Communications between networks difficult! requiring expensive gateways! Communications were expensive! but computers were more expensiv 7-Layer StacK!! No common framework!! Vendor-specific solutions!! Communications between different networks required complex gateways! After OSI! The OSI reference model introduced the notion of! a protocol layer.! Layers group related functions.! Each layer provides a service to the layers above.! The service (moving data) is providing using layer below! The OSI reference model introduced the notion of a protocol layer.! Layers group related functions.! Each layer provides a service to the layers above.! The service (moving data) is providing using the layer below!
2 L1-3! L4-7! 3!Network Layer!! Network routing! Network Addressing! Fragmentation & Reassembly! 2!(Data) Link Laye! Data framing! Link (LAN) Addressing! Management! Error control! 1!Physical Layer!! Mechanical interfac Signaling and interface control! Electrical interfac Network Communication functions! 7!Application Layer!! Application services! Reliability! Library functions! 6!Presentation Layer!! Data-oriented communication tasks! Transfer syntax! Data transformation! 5!Session Layer!! Application-oriented communication! Dialogue and synchronisation control! 4!Transport Laye!! End-to-end communication!! Connection management, segmentation!! Resequencing (ordering out-of-sequence Packets)!! Error control (retransmission of missing Packets)!! Flow control (setting the correct rate for the receiver)!! Congestion Control (setting the correct rate for the network layer)! Application functions! Middlewar Reduced complexity! Benefits of OSI! Breaks network communications into smaller, simpler parts.! Standardizing interfaces! Internet Protocol (IP)! This allows multiple vendor development and support.! Facilitates modular engineering! Allows different types of hardware and software to talk to each other (interoperability).! Accelerating Evolution! Update of individual components without affecting other components!
3 ES & IS! Intermediate Systems! Two types of systems! Intermediate Systems! Network service moves IP packets around! End Systems! Implement middleware (software libraries)! Transport Layer that controls end-to-end communication! Intermediate Systems implement only lower layers! Layer 1: Repeater/Hub! Layer2: Bridge/Switch! Layer 3: Route Protocol ExchANges! HOP-BY-HOP! Intermediate Systems (L1-L3)! Work hop by hop with their neighbou End Systems (L4-L7)! Work end-to-end with their pee Sende IS! IS! IS! Network layer works ho-by-hop between ES! Receive M! i! d! d! l! N! t! w! o! k! w! a! s! v! i! c!
4 Sende IS! End-to-END! Receive Transport layer provides an end-to-end service between ES! M! i! w! d! a! d! l! FTP Across a Network! N! t! w! o! k! s! v! i! c! Peer-to-Pee Sende IS! Receive Communication appears to be peer-to-peer! SERVICE ACCESS POINTS! Protocol Laye Each entity (instance of a protocol) sends and receives data! via the Service Access Points SAPs using service primitives!
5 the Servic Protocol Laye Protocol Laye The communication servic resembles a pipe along which PDUʼs flow!
6 PDU Encapsulation! PDU DEcapsulation! The packets / frames sent by a layer are called PDU s! OSI introduced the notion of a protocol layer providing a service! Each layer provides a service to the layers above.! The service (moving data) is providing using the layer below! The packets / frames sent by a lower-layer service.!
7 Fragmentation! L2 Maximum Transmission UNIT! Ethernet (L2) specifies a MTU of 1500 B! Packets 1500 B sent without fragmentation! IP Specifies a maximum packet size of 64 KB! Some links support only 1500 B (Ethernet)! Some (e.g. Core Internet links support 16 KB) - but not all! Fragmentation needed when PDU would be too large for service of layer below! Fragmentation! IP packets (L3 PDUs) >> Ethernet Frames (L2 SDUs)! Could discard over-sized PDUs (as an error)! Could fragment big packets into smaller frames! Fragmentation! Fragmentation adds PCI of the Layer to identify the fragments! Each sent as a separate PDU! SDU split into two or more fragments! Each sent separately!
8 Reassembly! Reassembly is the inverse function of fragmentation! Separate series of PDUs received! Requires the PCI of the Layer to identify the fragments! Reassembly occurs within same layer as fragmentation! Requires the receiver to queue/buffer fragments! Original PDU reformed! EXAMPLE! 1) Assume the equipment X is a 100 Mbps Ethernet hub.!!(a) Using the OSI reference model, sketch the protocol stack!!(b) Sketch the Ethernet MAC frame header received by the serve 2) Repeat above for equipment X being an Ethernet switch.! 3) Repeat above for equipment X being a network layer route
9 Hub! MAC Frame heade Client! X! Serve Switch! Route Client! X! Serve Client! X! Serve
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