Personality. Sisman LHHS Psychology. Definition

Transcription

1 Personality Sisman LHHS Psychology Definition An individual's unique thoughts, feelings and behavior that persist over time and different situations Describes how individuals remain consistent in their thoughts, feelings and behaviors Explains how people differ in their personalities Six Psychological Perspectives Psychodynamic Humanistic Constitution (or type) Trait Social-cognitive Behavioral

2 Psychodynamic: Sigmund Freud Focused on the power of inner forces as motivators to shape personality Psychoanalysis Free association Dream analysis Hypnosis (association with jean martin charcot) Psychodynamic: Sigmund Freud Association with Josef Breuer Catharsis --> expression of the strangulated affect Symptoms have emotional logic Emotionally-abrasive experience in childhood (psychic determinism) Psychodynamic: Sigmund Freud Drives and instincts: Eros Libido thanatos

3 Psychodynamic: Sigmund Freud Psychosexual stages of development Oral stage (0-1) Anal stage (1-3) Phallic stage (3-6) Oedipus complex Electra complex Psychodynamic: Sigmund Freud Psychosexual stages of development Latency period (6-puberty) Genital stage (puberty on) Regression Fixation Psychodynamic: Sigmund Freud Levels of the mind or personality Id--pleasure principle Ego--reality principle Superego--idealistic principle

4 Psychodynamic: Sigmund Freud Defense mechanisms--designed to preserve ego integrity Repression Suppression Denial Rationalization Displacement Psychodynamic: Sigmund Freud Defense mechanisms Sublimation (compensation) Projection Reaction formation Fantasy Regression Fixation Psychodynamic: Sigmund Freud Neo-freudians

5 Psychodynamic: Freud v. Jung Psychodynamic: Carl Jung Levels of the mind or personality Conscious ego Personal unconscious Collective unconscious Archetypes Psychodynamic: Carl Jung Archetypes Hero Mother Shadow Trickster/magician Child-god

6 Psychodynamic: Carl Jung Archetypes Anima Animus persona Psychodynamic: Carl Jung Mandala symbolism Synchronicity Psychodynamic: Carl Jung Personality types & temperaments Polar opposites

7 Psychodynamic: alfred adler Compensation Inferiority complex Fictional finalisms Psychodynamic: karen horney Basic anxiety Neurotic trends Compliant type Aggressive type Detached type Psychodynamic: Erik Erikson Eight Stages of psychosocial development Trust v. mistrust (0-1) Autonomy v. doubt (1-3) Initiative v. guilt (3-6) Industry v. inferiority (6-12) Identity v. role-consusion (adolescence)

8 Psychodynamic: Erik Erikson Eight Stages of psychosocial development Intimacy v. isolation (young adulthood) Generativity v. stagnation (middle adulthood) Integrity v. despair (later adulthood) Humanistic Perspective Focus on the here and now Unconditional positive regard Self-actualization Emphasis on the whole person Humanisitic: William James Concept of self Four parts of self Material self Social self Spiritual self Pure ego

9 Humanisitic: Carl Rogers Combined Adler and James Actualizing tendency Self-actualizing tendency Real self v. ideal self Fully-functioning person Humanisitic: Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of needs Humanisitic: Abraham Maslow Few achieve self-actualization Individuals with lower needs Self-centered Reject their impulses Seek common goals Immediate gratification View others on how they can be used

10 Humanisitic: Abraham Maslow Individuals with higher needs Concerned with the world at large Accept their impulses Seek unique goals Long-term gratification Accepting of others Constitution or Type Perspective Connection between body type and personality Constitution: Hippocrates Four basic fluids (humors) Black bile Blood Phlegm Yellow bile

11 Constitution: William Sheldon Three somatotypes (body types) Endomorphs Mesomorphs Ectomorphs Constitution: William Sheldon Three temperaments or personality types Viscerotonia Somatotonia cerebrotonia Trait Perspective Describes doesn t infer personality Multiple dimensions Types of traits: Cardinal traits Central traits Secondary traits

12 Trait: Gordon Allport & H.S. Odbert Identified 17, 953 traits from dictionary 4500 words were stable or enduring traits 200 basic unique traits Trait: Raymond Cattell Traits tended to cluster Used factor analysis 16 to 25 basic trait clusters Trait: Tupes & Christal Big five traits Extroversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional stability Culture or intelligence

13 Social-Cultural Perspective Environment influences the individual Behavior changes by individual influences the environment Reciprocal determinism Social-Cultural: walter mischel Apparent consistency in behavior Look to validate our assumptions (confirmation bias) Some traits are consistent (e.g. intelligence) Social-Cultural: Albert Bandura Observational learning Vicarious (second-hand) learning Internal expectancies

14 Social-Cultural: Julian Rotter Internal expectancies influenced by one s locus of control Two types Internal locus of control External locus of control Behavioral Perspective: B.F. Skinner & John Watson Behaviors a result of past conditioning Can only record observable fact Childhood helps to develop reinforcement contingencies References Baucum, D. (1996). Psychology. New York: Barron s Educational Series, Inc. Fogiel, M. (Ed.) (1994). Advanced Placement Examination in Psychology, New Jersey: Research and Education Association. Fogiel, M. (Ed.) (1994). REA's Problem Solvers: Psychology, New Jersey: Research and Education Association. Leal, L. (1998). The Essentials of Psychology I, New Jersey: Research and Education Association. Leal, L. (1998). The Essentials of Psychology II, New Jersey: Research and Education Association. Monte, C.F. (2002). Beneath the mask (6e). New Jersey: Wiley, John and Sons, Inc. Morris, C. G. (1990). Exploring Psychology: An Introduction 4/e, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Morris, C. G. (1990). Psychology: An Introduction 7/e, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Morris, C.G. and Maisto, A.A. (1999). Psychology: An introduction. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Myers, David G. (1999). Exploring Psychology 4/e, New York: Worth Publishers. Weber, Ann L. (1991). Introduction to Psychololgy, New York: HarperCollins Publishers. Wisner, Jerry. (1999). General Psychology Syllabus Homepage, Florida Community College at Jacksonville. <