Cognitive neuroscience of thought
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1 2006 Summer School, Sofia, Bulgaria Cognitive Neuroscience of Thought Kalina Christoff Plato Aristotle Cognitive Neuroscience of Thought Pointing skyward Pointing to the earth History, evolution, and methods The Abstract Ideas Forms Universals The School of Athens, Raphael (1509) The Concrete Experiences Perceptions Particulars The modern study of thought Emphasis on mental processes and mechanisms Strives to determine the building blocks or elemental processes of thought e.g., monitoring, manipulation, evaluation, integration, retrieval (all still hotly debated) Empirically oriented Cognitive neuroscience of thought Uses an empirical approach grounded in the neuroscience field Aims to determine the basic psychological processes that comprise human thought Combines two parallel levels of scientific investigation Borrows additional from a range of disciplines e.g., computational modeling, anthropology, comparative primatology, etc The prefrontal cortex 2006 Summer School, Sofia, Bulgaria 1
2 Evolution of Prefrontal Cortex Primate Evolution Cat Dog Humans Baboons Chimpanzees Macaques Bonobos Gorillas Orangutans Rhesus monkey Human Old World Monkeys Humans & Apes Frontal cortex: absolute size Human: cm cm 3 The human frontal cortex is not larger than expected for a primate brain of human size Great apes: 50.4 cm cm 3 (chimp to orangutan) Lesser apes: 13.2 cm 3 16 cm 3 (gibbons) Monkeys: 13.3 cm 3 and 15.1 cm 3 (rhesus, cebus) Semendeferi et al., Summer School, Sofia, Bulgaria 2
3 Uniquely human abilities Cognitive - exploration and exploitation of the environment Social - interactions with others, emotions, social hierarchies Self-awareness and self-consciousness Uniquely human abilities are most likely due to 1. differences in individual frontal cortical areas 2. richer interconnectivity Uniquely human abilities are most likely due to Brodmann s areas Cytoarchitectonic classification 1. differences in individual frontal cortical areas 2. richer interconnectivity 2006 Summer School, Sofia, Bulgaria 3
4 Brodmann Areas (BA) BA4 - motor cortex, precentral gyrus Cell typology (cytoarchitectonics) BA6 - lateral premotor cortex BA8 - supplementary motor area BA44 - Broca s area BA47 & 45 - ventrolateral PFC BA9 & BA46 -dorsolateral PFC BA10 - frontopolar cortex BA11 - orbitofrontal cortex BA24 & 32 - cingulate cortex Cytoarchitectonic differences Brodmann s area 10 Source: Petrides & Pandya (1994) Brodmann s area 10 Uniquely human abilities are most likely due to 1. differences in individual frontal cortical areas 2. richer interconnectivity 2006 Summer School, Sofia, Bulgaria 4
5 Grey Level Index Long-range connections (projection & commissural) Short-range connections (short arcuate fibers) The ratio of grey matter to white matter in particular brain region Lower gray level index means higher proportion of white matter richer intrinsic and extrinsic connectivity in this region Extrinsic (between areas) Intrinsic (within an area) Methods for Observing Neural Activity EEG - Electroencephalography EEG (Electroencephalography) MEG (Magnetoencephalography) PET (Positron Emission Tomography) fmri (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) 2006 Summer School, Sofia, Bulgaria 5
6 PET Positron Emission Tomography Cognitive subtraction fmri Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging abstract vs concrete thought 5th Anniversary, CIHR 2006 Summer School, Sofia, Bulgaria 6
7 Static magnetic fields Units: Tesla - SI Unit of magnetic flux density Gauss - old measure 1 Tesla = 10,000 Gauss Earth Controlled zone Fridge magnet loudspeaker MRI system B 0.6G 0.06mT 5G 0.5mT 20G 2mT 50G 5mT 30,000G 3T Artefacts Metal objects distort magnetic field and give rise to image artefacts Hair grip Metal dental work fmri vs. PET Advantages of PET Chemical specificity Not subject to magnetic artifacts Better understood Quiet -- verbal responses allowed Motion not as devastating to analysis Advantages of fmri Cheaper, more accessible Better spatial and temporal resolution Noninvasive (repeated experiments possible) Can collect both structural and functional images Discussion groups Discuss ideas for experiments (addressing topics raised in class - or others). Discuss ideas and methods for meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies. To receive credit: write a 5-page paper, proposing an experiment to study a question related to one of the topics covered in the lectures Summer School, Sofia, Bulgaria 7
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