Power Quality Management - Harmonic Distortion and Variable Frequency Drives

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1 Power Quality Management - Harmonic Distortion and Variable Frequency Drives Voltage and Current Harmonic Distortion Cause and Effect 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 1

2 We will focus on Introduction: the ideal vs. distorted waveform Definition of harmonics Effects of harmonic distortion What is a cause for harmonic voltage distortion? Definition and calculation of THD VFDs and harmonics Standards and recommendations Harmonic mitigation techniques Applications 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 2

3 Volts Electricity generation is normally produced at constant frequencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz and can be considered practically sinusoidal. Ideally, an electricity supply should invariably show a perfectly sinusoidal voltage signal at every customer location. In reality however these signals contain many types of disturbances. Introduction Phase, 480V, 60Hz Power Supply V(A,B) V(B,C) V(C,A) Time [sec] Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc.

4 Introduction The deviation of the voltage and current waveforms from sinusoidal is described in terms of the waveform distortion, often expressed as harmonic distortion. In nearly all cases harmonic distortion is produced by a customer s equipment (nonlinear loads) injecting electrical noise into the power system i.e. Variable Frequency Drives. Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc.

5 Definition of Harmonics In a periodic signal the primary, desired frequency is the "Fundamental Frequency. The term harmonics was originated in the field of acoustics, where it was related to the vibration of a string or an air column at a frequency that is a multiple of the base frequency. A harmonic component in an AC power system is defined as a sinusoidal component of a periodic waveform that has a frequency equal to an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency of the system. French mathematician Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier ( ) found that any function of a variable can be expanded in a series of sines of multiples of the variable. 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 7

6 % % of of Fundamental Harmonics - Components of a Distorted Waveform Resultant Distorted Waveform Fundamental - 60 Hz Time domain th Harmonic Hz Hz Harmonic Spectrum Hz 420 Hz Harmonic # Harmonic # Fourier Series Frequency domain f(t) = A o +A 1 sin(wt+q 1 )+A 2 sin(2wt+q 2 )+A 3 sin(3wt+q 3 ) th Harmonic Hz 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 8

7 Why is the harmonic distortion bad? Effect of penetration in the electrical system affecting adjacent installations. Thermal effect on electric rotating machines, transformers, capacitors, and cables (extra losses). Pulsating torques in rotating machines. Neutral conductor overloading. Increased risk of faults from overvoltage conditions developed on power factor correction capacitors and resonant conditions. Unexpected Fuse Operation. Abnormal operation of electronic relays. Abnormal operation of solid-state devices. Lower system power factor preventing effective utilization. 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 10

8 What causes a voltage distortion? Relationship between System Impedance and Voltage Distortion. 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 11

9 Harmonic voltage distortion is caused by the flow of harmonic currents through system impedance. Relationship between System Impedance and Voltage Distortion. UTILITY CUSTOMER/UTILITY VFD1 ZSh ZTh ZCh Ohm s Law: Z Sh Sinusoidal Voltage Source V h = I h x Z h ~ Z Th xfmr Z Ch cable V S V T V L Harmonic Current Source V S = I h x Z Sh <- The voltage will be the least distorted nearest to the source. V T = I h x (Z Sh +Z Th ) <- Voltage Distortion at the Transformer at h V L = I h x (Z Sh +Z Th +Z Ch ) <- more distorted nearer the load, as the harmonic current flows through larger amounts of impedance. Where: Z Sh impedance of the source at harmonic h, Where: Z Z Th impedance of the transformer at harmonic h, h impedance at h th harmonic, IWhile h current of travels h th harmonic, only along the Z Ch power impedance path of the of cables non-linear at harmonic load, voltage h, Vdistortion h voltage affects of h th all harmonic, loads connected to that particular bus or phase. I h Non-linear Load 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 12

10 Total Harmonic Distortion Fundamental Current refers to the current carried in the fundamental frequency, I h1 (60 Hz). current Total Harmonic Distortion refers to the ratio of all harmonic currents to the fundamental current. ithd h max h 2 I I h1 h 2 100% Ratio of the root-sum-square (RSS) value of the harmonic content of the current to the RMS value of the fundamental current. 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 13

11 Standard Variable Frequency Drive DIODE BRIDGE (PWM) IGBT S = FAST KNIFE SWITCHES IGBT = Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor CONTROL VOLTAGE & FREQUENCY 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 14

12 Current [Amps] VFD, 6-Pulse Rectifier Current Waveform VFD input current time [msec] 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 15

13 % Fund.. VFD, 6-Pulse Rectifier and Harmonics For simple diode bridge rectifiers: h = n p ± 1 h = harmonic number p = # of pulses in rectification scheme n = any integer (1, 2, 3, etc.) i a 60 When, p = 6 h = n 6 ± 1 h = -- 5,7,--,11,13,--,17, harmonic Current Waveform and Spectrum 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 16

14 Harmonic distortion limits IEEE Standard IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Power Systems. IEEE Standard C IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Transformer Capability When Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents. 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 17

15 IEEE Standard 519 General Overview Introduced in 1981 (Latest revision 1992) Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems o o Sets limits for voltage and current distortion at Point of Common Coupling. Recognizes responsibility of both User and Utility. Widely adopted in N. America Becoming more common globally 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 18

16 IEEE Standard , Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems Definition of Terms Point of Common Coupling (PCC) A point of metering, or any point as long as both the utility and the consumer can either access the point for direct measurement of the harmonic indices meaningful to both or can estimate the harmonic indices at point of interference. ZCh2 ZSh ZTh ZCh1 ZCh3 UTILITY XFMR CUSTOMER/UTILITY XFMR ZCh4 Within an industrial plant the PCC is the point between the nonlinear load and the other loads. VFD1 MOTOR1 VFD2 MOTOR2 MOTOR3 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 19

17 IEEE Standard , Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems Definition of Terms Point of Common Coupling (PCC) A point of metering, or any point as long as both the utility and the consumer can either access the point for direct measurement of the harmonic indices meaningful to both or can estimate the harmonic indices at point of interference. ZCh2 ZSh ZTh ZCh1 ZCh3 UTILITY XFMR CUSTOMER/UTILITY XFMR Rarely convenient to measure on Utility Side. ZCh4 Within an industrial plant the PCC is the point between the nonlinear load and the other loads. VFD1 MOTOR1 VFD2 MOTOR2 MOTOR3 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 20

18 IEEE Standard , Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems Definition of Terms The harmonic current limits are based on the size of the load with respect to the size of the power system to which the load is connected. Short-Circuit Ratio (I SC /I L ): Ratio of the short-circuit current (I SC ) available at the PCC to the maximum fundamental load current (I L ). ZSh ZTh UTILITY XFMR I SC CUSTOMER/UTILITY XFMR Maximum Load Current (I L ): I L ZCh1 Recommended to be the average current of the maximum demand for the preceding 12 months. VFD1 ZCh2 ZCh3 VFD2 ZCh4 MOTOR3 MOTOR1 MOTOR2 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 21

19 IEEE Standard , Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems Recommended Current Distortion Limits Table 10.3, p72 Current Distortion Limits for General Distribution Systems (120 V Through 69,000 V) Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in Percent of I L Individual Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics) I SC /I L <11 11 h<17 17 h<23 23 h<35 35 h TDD <20* < < < > Where: I SC = maximum short-circuit current at PCC. I L = maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency component) at PCC. TDD = Total Demand Distortion (harmonic current distortion calculated in % of maximum demand load current) THD = Total Harmonic Distortion (calculated based on actual load) 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 22

20 IEEE Standard , Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems Recommended Voltage Distortion Limits Table 10.2, p70 Low-Voltage System Classification and Distortion Limits Special Applications 1 General System Dedicated System 2 Notch Depth 10% 20% 50% THD (voltage) 3% 5% 10% Notch Area (A N ) NOTE: The Value A N for other than 480 V systems should be multiplied by V/480 1 Special applications include hospitals and airports. 2 A dedicated system is exclusively dedicated to the converter load. 3 In volt-microseconds at rated voltage and current. 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 23

21 IEEE Standard , Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems Current Distortion Criteria Intended to limit for the harmonic current injection from individual customers, so they will not cause unacceptable voltage distortion levels. Current harmonics will distort voltage in proportion to impedance of power system. Short circuit current, I SC is a measure of system impedance. Higher I SC means lower impedance, therefore lower voltage distortion. Short circuit ratio, I SC /I L allows for higher distortion levels at lighter loads. As the size of the user load decreases with respect to the size of the system, the % of harmonic current that the user is allowed to inject into the utility increases. 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 24

22 Effect of a Stiff Source, I SC /I L > Hp VFD vthd = 2 % ithd = 127 % 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 25

23 Effect of a Weak Source, I SC /I L = Hp VFD vthd = 16 % ithd = 25 % 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 26

24 Load Level contribution to Harmonics A load s maximum contribution to harmonic distortion is at rated load. Harmonic current in Amps at full load is highest even if ithd might be higher at lighter loads. IEEE Std 519 uses TDD (Total Demand Distortion) for this purpose. If IEEE Std 519 limits can be met at full load, then both voltage distortion and harmonic overheating would be satisfied at all load levels. More practical to use a load s rated current as the Demand Current. 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 27

25 WHAT METHODS ARE USED TODAY TO MITIGATE HARMONIC CURRENTS GENERATED BY PWM VFD S? 1.) DO NOTHING. 2.) ADD AC LINE REACTORS OR DC LINK CHOKES 3.) TUNED TRAP FILTER 4.) LOW PASS FILTERS 5.) 18-PULSE VFD S 6.) VFD/CW ACTIVE FRONT ENDS (AFE). 7.) VFD WITH PARALLEL ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTER 8.) MIRUS LINEATOR AUHF. 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 28

26 LINEATOR Advanced Universal Harmonic Filter with 600V-480V AUTOXFMR 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 35

27 APPLICATIONS 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 36

28 Case Study, Current Distortion McQuay 400Hp VFD Chiller with Mirus Lineator A /20/2011 1:33: PM (ms) 3 ms/div 7/20/2011 1:33: PM Competitive 500Hp VFD chiller with 5% AC Line reactor A /20/2011 1:39: PM (ms) 3 ms/div 7/20/2011 1:39: PM A1 W aveform Arms, 7.69 %THD A1 W aveform Arms, %THD % THD at 65% Load = 5% TDD % THD at 65% Load = 27.8% TDD /20/2011-1:33: PM 7/20/2011-1:39: PM 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 37

29 Case Study, Voltage Distortion result McQuay 400Hp VFD chiller with Mirus Lineator. Competitive 500Hp VFD chiller with 5% AC Line reactor V V /20/2011 1:33: PM (ms) 3 ms/div 7/20/2011 1:33: PM 8/23/ :54: AM (ms) 3 ms/div 8/23/ :54: AM U1 W aveform Vrms, 0.86 %THD U1 W aveform Vrms, 3.55 %THD /20/2011-1:33: PM 8/23/ :54: AM 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 38

30 Summary By drawing non-sinusoidal current, VFD s generate harmonics. The flow of harmonic currents through the power system impedance creates voltage distortion. Excessive voltage distortion will cause equipment malfunction. IEEE Std 519 harmonic limits can be met by application of appropriately designed harmonic treatment. Harmonic treatment method must perform in Real World conditions and when supplied by generator. 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 39

31 How to Ensure your VFD Installation Meets IEEE 519 Limits Perform harmonic survey to determine existing conditions Obtain harmonic spectrum of load from manufacturer Use modeling software to analyze various treatment methods and system conditions Analyze impact on Generator or UPS Anticipate effect of future system or load changes Or Specify LINEATOR FOR ALL LARGER VFD APPLICATION 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 40

32 Thank you 23/09/2011 Marek Farbis, Mirus International Inc. 41

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