ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY. BIOL 3151: Principles of Animal Physiology

Transcription

1 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY BIOL 3151: Principles of Animal Physiology Dr. Tyler Evans Phone: Office Hours: M,W 10:30-12:00 or appointment Website:

2 TODAY S SCHEDULE Course Description Unifying themes in physiology

3 LEARNING OUTCOMES (What I hope you will gain from this course) the primary goal of this course is to give you an understanding of physiology that will be valuable to you, not only in attaining your career objectives but also in understanding processes that govern your daily life. specific learning outcomes are listed on the course syllabus

4 LECTURES lectures will be presented using Powerpoint. each lecture will be posted on Blackboard prior to class. it is important to realize that these Powerpointslides represent only a basic outline of the material covered. Important details that will be covered in exams will be added by the instructor verbally in each lecture. thus attending class and taking detailed notes is the key to success.

5 LECTURES TEXTBOOK AND READINGS the primary source of information for this course will be the lectures the textbook will be used mainly to illustrate or clarify materials presented during lectures however, specific reading assignments may be given throughout the course. you will be notified of reading assignments and if that reading assignment will be covered on the exam

6 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY BIOL 3151: Principles of Animal Physiology TEXTBOOK Principles of Animal Physiology (2nd edition) by Christopher D. Myers and Patricia M. Schulte.

7 LABS you will be performing laboratory exercises designed to help you understand certain fundamental physiological principles. Lab materials will be posted on Blackboard each week LAB LEARNING OUTCOMES provide students with an opportunity to directly observe and discuss the principles discussed in lecture and described in your textbook provide students with hands-on experience in collecting physiological data expose students to the scientific method, hypothesis testing and deductive reasoning interpreting experimental data and integrating information from lecture, labs and the scientific literature develop scientific communication skills, both written and oral stimulate your scientific curiosity

8 LABS ATTENDANCE Your attendance in lab each week is mandatory. In order to get credit for a missed lab, you must: 1. notify the instructor before your lab session 2. provide written documentation (proof) for your absence 3. attend a lab later in the week (this may be impossible for Thursection students, so plan accordingly). Any unexcused absence from a lab will result in 0 credit for the missed lab. As common courtesy, let your lab partners know ahead of time if you will not be in the group that week. You are required to stay for the entire lab session, or until excused by the instructor. You will check out with your lab instructor, showing you have met the lab learning objectives, completed your notebook, and that your computer and lab space have been returned to their original condition.

9 GRADING Your final grade will be determined by three examsand the laboratory component: Midterm Exam #1..20% (April 26) Midterm Exam #2..20% (May 20) Final Exam..30% (June 12) Lab Component....30% (Weekly April 10-June 6) Lab Reports/Assignments...20% Participation/Notebook...10% Problem Sets..5% (BONUS) exams will focus on lecture materials

10 COURSE POLICIES (in accordance with CSUEB guidelines) Academic Dishonesty please review CSUEB s policies and understand what is considered academic dishonesty: Missed Exams make every effort to avoid missing scheduled exams. In case of an emergency or legitimate conflict, you may be eligible to take a specially scheduled make-up exam. However, you must provide verifiable, written documentation for your absence. Any unexcused absence from an exam will result in a score of 0 for that exam. Special Academic Accommodations: if you have a documented disability, accommodations can be arranged for exams and other activities. For more information please visit: Courtesy: Please turn off all audible sounds to any electronic devices (phones, PDAs, etc.) while in lecture and refrain from using your laptops for activities not related to lecture during class time Use of these items is strictly prohibited during all exams, unless special accommodations have been arranged.

11 KEYS TO SUCCESS IN BIOL 3151 Attend lectures and labs Prepare and take thorough notes Study those notes Ask questions!

12 QUESTIONS?

13 TODAY S LECTUTRE INTRODUCTION AND UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY What is animal physiology? study of how animals work -Knut Schmidt Nielsen study of the structure and function of various parts of an animal and how these parts work together to allow animals to perform normal behaviors and respond to the environment Knut Schmidt Nielsen textbook pg 4

14 there are more than a MILLION different species of animals that live on Earth animals display a large diversity of adaptations to deal with the challenges posed by a specific environment

15 Diversity of Environments = Diversity of Animals Temperature: o C Oxygen: Anoxia (no oxygen) to supersaturated Pressure: < 1atm (sea level) to ~ 1200atm (deep ocean) Salinity: Freshwater up to many-fold more concentrated than seawater

16 despite this great diversity, there are many commonalities within physiology and unifying themes that apply to all physiological processes this Unity in Diversity is the result of: organisms are faced with a common set of challenges organisms have to follow the same set of rules

17 1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws 2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges 3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment. 4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many generations textbook pg 10

18 1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws animals are constructed from natural materials and therefore must obey the same chemical and physical laws that apply to everything around us biological materials, like proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, have characteristic physical properties that make them useful for some processes but not others The rigidness of bones are the result of the molecular properties of bone forming cells and the nature of the connections between these cells textbook pg 10

19 1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws electrical laws are involved in many physiological processes electrical potentials are a fundamental physiological currency just like we use electricity to power many machines, animals use to power cells cells create a charge difference across membranes by moving ions and molecules to create an electrical gradient that power physiological processes Nerve cell Muscle fiber Muscles and nerve cells use electrical signals and changes in membrane potentials to drive muscle contraction textbook pg 11

20 1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws differences in body size have a profound effect on physiology heat is produced by tissue metabolism and therefore the metabolic rate of an animal depends on body size alarger animal has more difficulty shedding metabolic heat than does a small animal A mouse will lose heat much more quickly than an elephant, which has important consequences for thermal biology textbook pg 11

21 2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges most organisms are faced with environmental variation, which in turn influence physiological processes multicellular animals can be classified according to the strategies they use to cope with changing conditions: 1. CONFORMERS: allow internal conditions to change with variation in external conditions 2. REGULATORS: maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of conditions in the external environment textbook pg 12

22 2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges CONFORMERS e.g. seasonal rainbow trout body temperatures SUMMER: High body temperature WINTER: Low body temperature

23 2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges REGULATORS e.g. human body temperatures your body temperature is likely to be 37 C whether you are sunning yourself on the beach or outside on a cold day your body has mechanisms to maintain its internal temperature (within limits)

24 2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges CONFORMERS REGULATORS

25 2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges CONFORMERS vs. REGULATORS each strategy has its costs and benefits physiological processes require energy so conforming is much less expensive than regulating environmental changes have deleterious effects on physiology, so regulating provides a much more stable environment textbook pg 12

26 2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges HOMEOSTASIS Refers to coordinated physiological processes that collectively work to maintain internal conditions in the face of environmental change A common way to maintain homeostasis is through the use of FEEDBACK LOOPS Feedback loops can be POSITIVE or NEGATIVE textbook pg 13

27 2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP response sends a signal back to the stimulus to reduce intensity of stimulus During early digestion, in coming food causes the stomach to swell and this change in volume triggers a negative feedback loop that reduces hunger textbook pg 13

28 2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP Maximize changes in the regulated response, rather than reducing the response When a toxin is detected in the stomach, a positive feedback loop is triggered to induce forceful contractions that induce vomiting textbook pg 13

29 3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic makeup (genotype) and its interaction with its environment. Phenotype is a product of genotype and its interaction with the environment GENOTYPE: genetic makeup PHENOTYPE: morphology, biochemistry, physiology, and behavior PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY: single genotype generates more than one phenotype depending on environmental conditions textbook pg 13

30 3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic makeup (genotype) and its interaction with its environment. phenotypic plasticity is an important mechanism to regulate physiology to function under certain conditions for example if identical twins were raised in different environments, one twin might grow larger than the other due to differences in diet textbook pg 14

31 3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic makeup (genotype) and its interaction with its environment. e.g. Height and Nutrition Poor nutrition responsible for differences in stature between children in the U.K.

32 3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic makeup (genotype) and its interaction with its environment. Phenotypic plasticity occurs as when animals remodel their physiological machinery in response to external conditions two terms given to ways in which animals may adjust physiology: i. Acclimation ii. Acclimatization textbook pg 14

33 3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic makeup (genotype) and its interaction with its environment. i. Acclimation Process of physiological change occurring in a controlled environment (usually a laboratory) e.g. holding animals under identical conditions except for temperature change for extended periods of time (weeks) 15 C 5 C

34 3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic makeup (genotype) and its interaction with its environment. ii. Acclimatizaton Process of physiological change occurring in the wild e.g. sampling animals in their natural environment at different times of the year Comparing trout sampled in summer with those sampled in winter

35 4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many generations Evolutionary Changes (i.e. Adaptation) Physiological change occurring by the process of natural selection (i.e. evolution) occurs over the course of many generations rather than within the lifetime of an organism e.g. pesticide resistance in mosquitos textbook pg 15

36 4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many generations. i. Adaptation e.g. pesticide resistance in mosquitos pesticides target the enzymes acetylcholinesterase some mosquito have a mutation in the acetylcholinesterasegene that makes in resistant to pesticide because pesticide resistant mosquitos survive better, their numbers expand over time textbook pg 15

37 LECTURE SUMMARY Concept of UNITY IN DIVERSITY: despite this great diversity, there are many commonalities within physiology and unifying themes that apply to all physiological processes Four unifying themes in physiology: 1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws e.g. Muscles and neurons obey laws governing electricity 2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges conformers vs. regulators negative and Positive Feedback Loops homeostasis 3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment. phenotypic plasticity acclimation acclimatization 4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many generations adaptation

38 LECTURE SUMMARY the SUMMARY(pg16) and CONCEPT CHECK (pg 17) sections at the end of Chapter 1 in your textbook provides a good overview of today s lecture

39 NEXT LECTURE Basic Principles of Chemistry and Biochemistry in Physiology (Chapter 2)