POWER QUALITY MONITORING GHASSAN DIB
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1 POWER QUALITY MONITORING GHASSAN DIB 1
2 Table of Content Introduction Power Quality Parameters Consequences of Poor Power Quality System Proposed Conclusion 2
3 Introduction What is Power Quality? Power Quality as a term is often defined as the electrical network's (grid's) ability to supply a clean and stable power flow acting as a perfect power supply that is always available, has a pure noise-free sinusoidal wave shape, and is always within voltage and frequency tolerances. However, deviations from these ideal conditions are frequent in most networks as the number of loads imposing disturbances is increasing rapidly. [1] 3
4 Introduction Poor Power Quality Poor power quality is a problem for a wide number of business sectors and its cost is high and rising as the number of disturbances is increasing and modern production equipment is becoming more sensitive to these disturbances. Ironically, it is often the equipment itself that generates the disturbances. [1] U.S. companies waste an estimated $26 billion on electrical power related issues each year. In EU the waste is around 10 billion euros yearly and the spending of contra measures is less than 5% of that number. 4
5 Introduction Causes of Poor Power Quality Power Quality problems can be traced to three origins Upstream supply, internal distribution, or internal loads. [2] Internal Distribution 80% of all power quality problems occur in a company s distribution and grounding/bonding systems. Corroded connections, defective conduit, defective electrical devices, improper wiring, overloading circuits and improper bonding Internal Loads Everything from variable speed drives, microprocessor based devices, and loads such as lighting and battery chargers contribute to the resulting quality of electrical power in a circuit. Internal loads can cause poor power factor, harmonics and power quality events such as sags, swells, and transients. 5
6 Power Quality Parameters The most commonly occurring behaviours that cause excessive losses and disturbances can be summed up as follows, to give an idea of where poor power quality arises: Reactive power Harmonics Network unbalance Transients (fast disturbances) Voltage variations (dips, sags, swells, brown-outs) Flicker Oscillations (resonances) 6
7 Power Quality Parameters A list from the IEC Standard: Power frequency Magnitude of the supply voltage Flicker Supply voltage dips and swells Voltage interruptions Transient voltages Supply voltage unbalance5 Voltage harmonics Voltage interharmonics Mains signalling voltage on the supply voltage Rapid voltage changes Measurement of underdeviation and overdeviation parameters 7
8 Power Quality Parameters Reactive power: The phase angle between the current and voltage waveforms in an AC system. Used to develop magnetic field in motors, causes low power factor. Low reactive power loads up the supply system unnecessary. The ratio between the active power and the apparent power if often referred to as the displacement power factor or cos Ø, and gives a measure of how efficient the utilization of the electrical energy is. If the cos Ø of the installation is lower than this value, a penalty will be imposed by the government. 8
9 Power Quality Parameters Reactive power (Remedy): If the load is inductive and is relatively steady state, a common practice is to install contactor switched capacitor banks. A power factor controller compares the reactive power present in the network with the target value (e.g. target cos = 0.95) and will switch on capacitor steps to reach this target 9
10 Power Quality Parameters Harmonics: Multiples of the supply frequency, i.e. the fifth harmonic would be 250 Hz if the supply frequency is 50 Hz. Caused by e.g. power electronic loads such as variable speed drives and UPS systems Harmonic pollution causes extra stress on the networks and makes installations run less efficiently. The harmonic pollution is often characterized by the Total Harmonic Distortion or THD which is by definition equal to the ratio of the RMS harmonic content to the fundamental. Typical 5%, for voltage only, 3%. 10
11 Power Quality Parameters Harmonics: Historically passive filters have been and are still being proposed to mitigate harmonic pollution. Active filtering (based on power electronics solutions in LV and MV applications 11
12 Power Quality Parameters Harmonics In general, lower frequency harmonics are more serious than higher frequency, because there is more energy in the lower frequencies. However, high frequency harmonic distortion can cause problems with communication and control equipment. 12
13 Power Quality Parameters Network (Load) unbalance: Different line voltages. Caused by single-phase loads, phase to phase loads and unbalanced three-phase loads like welding equipment. Load imbalance, especially in office building applications, as the unbalanced loads may result in excessive voltage imbalance causing stress on other loads connected to the same network, and leading to an increase of neutral current and neutral to earth voltage buildup. This can also cause damage to direct online motors by creating a reverse torque. 13
14 Power Quality Parameters Transients (fast disturbances): Rapid change in the sine wave that occurs in both voltage and current waveforms. Caused by switching devices, start- and stop of high power equipment. They can vary widely from twice the normal voltage to several thousand volts and last from less than a microsecond up to a few hundredths of a second. 14
15 Power Quality Parameters Transients (fast disturbances): Transients are caused by a rapid release of energy stored in an inductive or capacitive source in the electrical system, or from an external source such as lightning. While the duration of transients is unnoticeable to a human observer, their effect on power quality is still considerable. A single lightning strike can result in a transient large enough to destroy electronic devices. 15
16 Power Quality Parameters Voltage variations (dips, sags, swells, brown-outs): The line voltage is higher or lower than the nominal voltage for a shorter period. Caused by e.g. network faults, switching of capacitive loads and excessive loading. 16
17 Power Quality Parameters Flicker: Random or repetitive variations in the voltage. Caused by e.g. mills, EAF operation (arc furnaces), welding equipment and shredders. Flicker is defined as 'Impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation induced by a light stimulus whose luminance or spectral distribution fluctuates with time'. Or in other words, voltage fluctuations on the supply network cause change of the luminance of lamps, which in turn can create the visual phenomenon called flicker. Above a certain threshold it becomes annoying to people present in a room where the flicker exists. The degree of annoyance grows very rapidly with the amplitude of the fluctuation. 17
18 Power Quality Parameters Oscillations (resonances): The flow of electrical energy, e.g. between the magnetic field of an inductor and the electric field of a capacitor, changes direction periodically. 18
19 Consequences of Poor PQ Some common direct impacts of poor power quality are: Reduced production speed Charges for reactive power (Penalties imposed by utilities) Consumption Lost production Equipment damage or reduced life time Idling personnel Premature equipment aging Data loss Start up costs 19
20 Consequences of Poor PQ In addition to the direct impacts above, poor power quality often induces consequential business costs like: Postponed revenues Negative impact on cash flow Loss of goodwill from customers Loss of market share 20
21 System Proposed Ø 21
22 System Proposed 22
23 System Proposed 23
24 Standards The new IEC CLASS A standard takes the guesswork out of selecting a power quality instrument. The standard IEC CLASS A defines the measurement methods for each power quality parameter to obtain reliable, repeatable and comparable results. It also defines the accuracy, bandwidth, and minimum set of parameters. Going forward, manufacturers can begin designing to Class A standards, giving technicians a level playing field to choose from and increasing their measurement accuracy, reliability, and efficiency on the job. IEC Class A standardizes measurements of: Power frequency Supply voltage magnitude Flicker, harmonics, and inter-harmonics (by reference) Dips/sags and swells Interruptions Supply voltage unbalance Mains signaling Rapid voltage changes It does not standardize measurements of high frequency transients or currentrelated phenomena. 24
25 Benefits Additional Benefits Building are feed from more than one power source; example EDL, Own Generator, and Local Generator. Thus it important to spot variation in power quality from these different source so that we take correct decisions; Retire own generator for a new one or fix it, get power from a different local generator and maybe run the institution on local power dropping the EDL (?). 25
26 Benefits Additional Benefits Continuous monitoring of power consumption and later analysis can lead to identifying operating behaviours causing increased kwh consumption and reverting them or replacing the method of doing some things to reduce consumption. 26
27 References [1]. [2]. 27
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