The Dramatic Return of HF-NVIS

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1 The Dramatic Return of HF-NVIS The emergence of automated HF-NVIS as the new Base Layer Fallback mode for Government, Public Safety, and Critical Infrastructure NVIS Communications LLC HF-NVIS Service Providers

2 Fallback as opposed to Failover Primary Operational Mode Failover Modes Fallback Modes Failover preserves the primary operational mode using alternate resources. Fallback replaces the primary mode with simpler modes when the primary mode is not available. Base Layer Fallback is your lowest layer of prepared fallback for when everything else has failed. It should not have components in common with the primary mode.

3 Fallback for regional and wide-area communications Primary systems: - Microwave, repeaters - Internet, PSTN - Hopefully FirstNet - We critically need Base Layer Fallback HF-NVIS Failover Measures Many layers of alternate resources to keep the systems operational Very important! However These systems have many complex layers of infrastructure, and this makes them inherently subject to failure regardless of the their capabilities for failover. HF-NVIS systems have no intervening infrastructure between stations, and this makes them immensely more resilient. Modern, automated HF-NVIS networks are taking their rightful place as the Base Layer Fallback Mode for federal, state, and local government and for critical infrastructures.

4 HF (High Frequency) Radio MF Medium Frequency HF is the radio band between 3 and 30 MHz. HF High Frequency VHF Very High Frequency UHF Ultra High Frequency SHF Super High Frequency.3 MHz 1000 m 3 MHz 100 m 30 MHz 10 m 300 MHz 1 m 3 GHz.1 m 30 GHz.01 m Current and historical radio spectrum users Primarily AM Radio Ham Radio, Shortwave Broadcast Military Land Mobile Radio - Emergency services, business, government Microwave, satellite, cellular, wireless devices, etc. HF now being used for Base Layer Fallback when primary systems fail Base Layer Fallback for Government and Industry Land Mobile Radio - Emergency services, business, government Microwave, satellite, cellular, wireless devices, etc.

5 NVIS (Near Vertical Incident Skywave) The more common long-haul HF HF-NVIS Ionosphere Ionosphere Toward horizon Signal zone Skip zone with no signal Straight up Regional blanket, no skip zones Spectrum re-usable elsewhere Signal toward the horizon High power, often 1KW+ Antennas must be elevated May or may not work Has dead skip zones Spills beyond intended area Makes spectrum re-use difficult Signal straight up Low power, 125W is plenty Antennas stay near the ground Virtually always works Blankets entire region Stays in the regional area Re-assign spectrum elsewhere

6 HF use has faded from public knowledge HF signal paths are complicated Time of day, frequency, sunspots, Historically the operator had to figure this out May be suitable for the military with highly trained operators Not suitable for government or public safety Local government and industry moved to newer technologies Local communications went to VHF and UHF Long range went to T-carrier networks and the Internet

7 The HF-NVIS story is like the Flying Wing Abandoned in 1950s because it was too complicated Came back with computer control as the B2 bomber HF-NVIS is coming back just like this!

8 Think of HF-NVIS as a safety net under our infrastructure-heavy primary systems This net looks pretty makeshift It s because they built it after the bear got stuck in the bridge. We should build our safety net before we get stuck! From an article by BBC News

9 HF-NVIS in Action Primary communications infrastructure in place Las Vegas Los Angeles Reno San Jose Sacramento

10 HF-NVIS in Action Now imagine all this infrastructure gone Las Vegas Los Angeles It would be very unlikely for an earthquake, terrorist attack, or other imaginable threat to take out all infrastructure. Reno But that must be the planning target for Base Layer Fallback! Sacramento San Jose That s what Base Layer Fallback means. It starts with the presumption of zero infrastructure available, then builds a base layer of continuity on top of that situation.

11 HF-NVIS in Action Los Angeles reporting major damage Las Vegas Los Angeles Reno Nevada ready to help if needed San Jose San Jose reporting major damage Sacramento Sacramento requesting regional reports

12 Migration from the Past to Today Products from several vendors The Past Today Large, heavy equipment Marketed for the military Few vendors, very expensive Complicated operation Specially trained operators Limited features Not recognized for fallback use Not known to critical infrastructures Smaller lightweight equipment Marketed for public infrastructure Competing vendors, cost effective Simpler, menu operation Your regular operational staff Many voice/data features The new Baseline Fallback mode Critical infrastructures want it!

13 Automatic Link Establishment (ALE) A peer-to-peer HF network Completely inside the radios No infrastructure between them Periodic testing (sounding) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 A set of authorized HF frequencies that the radios scan Site 1 testing On F1, On F2, On F3,... Site 1 Site 2 recording signal strength recording signal strength Site 3 Site 4 recording signal strength

14 Automatic Link Establishment (ALE) Place calls by unique radio ID User picks a contact The radios pick the best frequency The receiving radio(s) ring like a telephone. F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 A set of authorized HF frequencies that the radios scan Site 1 calls Site 2 on the best frequency Site 1 Site 2 Site 2 stops scanning, connects, then rings like a telephone Site 3 Site 4

15 Perspective for emergency planners Normal Operations Satellite Cellular Microwave Internet Landlines VHF/UHF EOCs across the State

16 Perspective for emergency planners Plan for normal operations being compromised Build your own HF Fallback Net for selected staff personnel EOCs across the State

17 Perspective for emergency planners Interface directly to disaster communications organizations EOCs across the State (Licensing restrictions apply)

18 Organizations across many lines of business are building their HF-NVIS networks Governmental Agencies Federal State Local Critical Infrastructures Power Authorities Gas/Oil pipelines Airports Hospitals And not just for fallback: They are using HF-NVIS for primary communications in areas that do not have communications infrastructure

19 Organizations own their own regional systems Base Stations Mobile Stations /Data stations Backpack Stations

20 They want to provide their own communications pathways, off the grid from public communications infrastructure This is similar to them going off the electrical grid because they know it is not reliable We remember the terrorist attack in Morgan Hill, CA that left thousands without cell phone or landline service Did you know that they also fired hundreds of rounds into the electrical transformers?

21 They want gateways to other infrastructure Voice, , phone, SMS, fax Gateways Gateways VHF/UHF VHF/UHF Internet Internet Phone patch Phone patch FAX FAX

22 A statewide, regional airport system Major/regional airports are depended upon by business, government, and millions of people Subject to weather threats ranging from tropical storms to ice storms Requires 24/7 communications throughout the state Installed HF-NVIS base stations with data features at airports. Have mobile and portable radios if needed Used so far in two real situations: 1. A tropical storm affected the state. The airports established regular check-ins using HF-NVIS. Fortunately no airport damage, The HF-NVIS network performed as expected. 2. An ice storm affected several airports. One airport experienced a power failure. HF-NVIS was used to notify administration and the other airports.

23 A major, multi-state electric power grid Power stations over a wide geographic area Hundreds of distribution stations Thousands of miles of power lines Crews in remote areas with no communications infrastructure Millions of customers over several states Critical need for protection from all risks to the grid - natural or intentional Immediate fallback communications required They can t wait for the power to come back on, they have to make it come back on. Need reliable primary communications for mobile crews in remote areas Building an HF-NVIS network with , inbound/outbound telephone interconnects, secure mode when needed, and data capability for line status reports

24 A State National Guard An Army and Air Guard component distributed across a geographically large state Communications among all their sites and also to the National Guard Command Center in VA Communications with other federal, state, and local organizations They are replacing their old HF voice-only gear with modern voice/data/telephone interconnect ALE systems They intend to use standard power (125W) with NVIS antennas for operations within the state They want to use high power (500W) with beam antennas for communications with agencies across the nation. They are installing modern, high/low power switchable radios with switchable antenna systems They are also acquiring mobile and man-pack systems

25 A large law enforcement agency Huge geographical area, some parts are heavily populated, other parts are empty desert Populated areas have communications, desolate areas may have none. Have to operate anywhere in the county with or without infrastructure They need reliable fallback communications if primary systems fail. They also need reliable primary communications when operating in areas away from communications infrastructure They need direct links to state OES and to other federal, state, and local agencies They are building an HF-NVIS base/mobile network with voice, data, inbound/outbound telephone interconnects, and VHF/UHF interconnects

26 Our nation s rich future for HF-NVIS: The National Fallback Network A nationwide network of interconnected HF-NVIS cells providing automatic routing of HF and data across the nation

27 Be part of the emergence of HF-NVIS as the new Base Layer Fallback mode for Government, Public Safety, and Critical Infrastructure. Thank You NVIS Communications LLC

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