Article. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 2

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1 Zootaxa 2679: (2010) Copyright 2010 Magnolia Press Article ISSN (print edition) ZOOTAXA ISSN (online edition) Two new flea beetle genera: Alasia alpina gen. et sp. nov. from a Costa Rican cloud forest and Pseudostenophyma gen. nov. from Brazil (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) DAVID G. FURTH 1 & KIRA M. ZHAUROVA 2 1 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. furthd@si.edu 2 George Mason University, Fairfax, VA; Current Address: USDA APHIS PPQ WR; Minnie Belle Heep #412, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, kira.zhaurova@aphis.usda.gov Abstract Alasia alpina is described as a new genus and species from high altitude cloud forests in Heredia, Costa Rica. Morphologically it is distinctive by its overall smooth shiny surface, dark-brown to black coloration, elongate body form; very long antennae, long, slender femora, broadly triangular, subconcave frons with shagreened surface, elytra weakly striate, and structure of the genitalia and metafemoral spring. It apparently prefers Melastomataceae host plants in the forest understory. It is most similar to Pseudostenophyma modesta com. nov. from which it differs in morphology, color, size, altitude of occurrence, and habitat. Stenophyma elegans Baly (type species) was discovered not to be congeneric with the other species in that genus S. modesta Weise, resulting in Pseudostenophyma being established as a new generic name for this taxon (P. modesta). Key words: ALAS Project, flea beetle, host plants, Melastomataceae, Gunneraceae, Gentianaceae Resumen Se describe Alasia alpina como un género y especie nuevos de la selva nublada alta en Heredia, Costa Rica. Morfológicamente se distingue por la superficie lisa y brillante, de coloración parda a negra, cuerpo alargado, antenas muy largas y fémures largos y delgados, frente ampliamente triangular, semicóncava y finamente rugosa (shagreened), élitros débilmente estriados, por la genitalia y resorte metafemoral. Aparentemente prefiere como planta hospedera a Melastomataceae del sotobosque. La especie más parecida es Pseudostenophyma modesta com. nov. de la que se distingue en morfología, color, tamaño, elevación, y hábitat. Se descubrió que Stenophyma elegans Baly (especie tipo) no es congenérica con S. modesta Weise, la otra especie en este género, por lo que se describe Pseudostenophyma como un género nuevo, resultando la combinación: P. modesta. Introduction The genus Stenophyma Weise has been known from two species, the type species S. elegans Baly, 1877, and S. modesta Weise, 1921, both described from Brazil. Based only on published data, the geographical distribution of Stenophyma is poorly known. As part of the Arthropods of La Selva project (ALAS) in Costa Rica, S. modesta has recently been recorded for the first time from Central America (Furth et al., 2003) from a lowland tropical rainforest canopy, collected primarily by fogging of Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) O. Ktze. (Fabaceae), Virola koschnyi Warb. (Myristicaceae), as well as a few other trees. Nothing further is known about the distribution or habitat of S. elegans. 32 Accepted by L. Chamorro: 26 Oct. 2010; published: 17 Nov. 2010

2 Methods and material TERMS OF USE Specimens used in this research were collected in large numbers in Costa Rica, Prov. Heredia, 6km ENE, Vara Blanca, at 2000m elevation, N, W, hand collected by the first author between March, Digital images of dissections were obtained using a Visionary Digital Imaging System with a Canon 7D camera and Helicon focus image stacking software. Scanning electron microscopy was done using Phillips XL 30 ESM, with LaB 6. Measurements: Lb (length of body, not including antennae, from vertex to tip of abdomen not distended); Le (length of elytra); We (width of elytra in middle); Lp (length of pronotum in middle); Wp (width of pronotum); IOD (inter-ocular distance, minimum/anterior); Antennal segments 1-11 (N=6 average for each segment). Most measurements include the range for males and females with the average given in brackets afterwards. Specimens measured: 6 males and 6 females (INBIOCR numbers): Alasia alpina males ( , , , , , INB for Lb and Wp only) and females ( , , , , , INB for Lb and Wp only). Pseudostenophyma modesta: males ( , , , , , ) and females ( , , , , , ). Morphological terminology generally follows Konstantinov and Vandenberg (1996), with a few exceptions as noted where Konstantinov (1998), is followed. The paratypes of Alasia alpina will be deposited at the U.S. National Museum of Natural History (Washington, D. C., USA) USNM and the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, (San Jose, Costa Rica) INBio. A pair (male and female) of paratypes will also be deposited at the Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agricola (Maracay) MIZA and the Natural History Museum (London) NHM. Other paratypes may be distributed to other institutions in the future. The specimens measured for both species that are listed above will also be deposited at the USNM. (see species description, Material Examined for the details) Results Initially we determined the taxon found during this transect part of the ALAS project as a new species of Stenophyma and presented it as such as a poster presentation (DO247) at the Entomological Society of America annual meeting in Cincinnati, OH on 28 October, However, subsequently upon examination of the type species of Stenophyma (S. elegans) the first author realized that this Costa Rican taxon did not belong to Stenophyma, but rather to a new genus. Subsequent to this the first author examined the type of S. modesta and realized that this too was not congeneric with the generic type (S. elegans) and, therefore, also needed a new generic name Pseudostenophyma (descried below). Preliminary data indicates Alasia alpina lives at high elevations. The majority of specimens used in this study were collected in large numbers at 2000m between 10 March to 21 April, 2002 in Costa Rica, using sweep net by the first author and K. Nishida or using malaise traps by ALAS parataxonomists. Notably, an overwhelming majority of specimens collected were male; the sample swept by the first author on 22 March 2002 contained 399 males and 35 females. In the field specimens seemed to prefer Melastomataceae as host plants (K. Nishida, in litteris). Alasia Furth and Zhaurova, new genus Type species: Alasia alpina Furth & Zhaurova, new species Description. Body shape elongate narrow. Dorsal punctation generally medium-sized, sparse to moderately dense. Body length: mm. Head: (Figs. 1a c; 4a b): Narrowed posteriorly (at base, in dorsal view); antennal calli distinctly delimited, especially posteriorly; antennae as long as entire body; frons in frontal view wide, broadly TWO NEW FLEA BEETLE GENERA Zootaxa Magnolia Press 33

3 triangular, evidently expanded ventrally, in lateral view vertex and frons forming a 90 angle, frons strongly concave; vertex with medium-sized, sparse punctuation; eyes large, round, prominent, but total width (eye to eye) across head not apparently greater than pronotal anterior width, distance between inner eye margins broad (see measurements in species description); dorsal punctures sparse, medium-sized; labrum bearing four fine setiferous punctures on dorsal surface, two on each side. Pronotum: (Figs. 1a; 4c): Evidently narrowed at base (posteriorly); antero-lateral callosities (sensu Konstantinov 1998) not distinctly angled, only with slight sub-quadrate enlargement with setiferous pore; distinct pre-basal transverse impression, especially medially, not distinctly delimited laterally; dorsal punctation medium-sized, sparse, unevenly distributed. Elytra: (Figs. 1a b, 4c): Parallel-sided; base distinctly wider than base of pronotum; humeri prominent; postbasal transverse depressed area creating basal, raised elytral bossae (calli); punctation confused medially but with some evident striae in middle and laterally, epipleura parallel-sided, equal width from near base to just before tapered apex, mostly smooth. Two baso-lateral patches of microspines on underside of each elytron adjacent to epipleuron (Fig. 4d), i.e., binding patches (sensu Samuelson 1994). Venter: Procoxal cavities open (Fig. 1d). [see description below of the type species for characters of the thoracic and abdominal sternites] Legs: Moderately long with spindle-shaped femora, metafemora swollen distinctly more so than pro or mesofemora, but not greatly swollen or fat. Metafemoral spring (Fig. 3c) with dorsal lobe only gently arched - more or less straight, extended as extended arm significantly beyond ventral lobe, extended arm about 25% of total spring length, extended arm gradually depressed apically, basal angle of ventral lobe, dorsal edge of ventral lobe descending only gradually towards apex, sclerotized recurve flange evident; spring belongs to the Phyllotreta Morpho-group (Furth & Suzuki 1998). Metatibiae with distinct sclerotised apical spine, pro and meso-tarsi with very small apical spur (almost not evident); Metatibial apex not unusually expanded or laterally compressed, with dorsal margins of extreme apex with stout spines, a distance subequal to length of tarsomere 2. First metatarsomere relatively long, almost as long as tarsomeres 2 5 combined; male first protarsal segment only slightly swollen; claws appendiculate. Remarks. Alasia is most similar to Pseudostenophyma Furth (described below) because of elongate somewhat parallel-sided elytra, shape of head in lateral view (90 angle of vertex/frons and frons concave), antennae as long as entire body, prominent, large round eyes, pronotal pre-basal transverse impression, procoxal cavities open, presence of frontal calli and elytral bossae (calli); male with first protarsal segment not distinctly swollen. However, Pseudostenophyma differs from Alasia in the following characters: frons narrow in shape, parallel-sided, ventrally tapered in frontal view; anterolateral callosities of pronotum distinctly angled; pronotal prebasal transverse impression evidently delimited laterally by short, longitudinal, sub-lateral carinae; pronotum quadrate or rectangular in shape, not evidently narrowed basally, with sides straight and parallel-sided; eyes larger, IOD smaller; gena laterally below eye narrower; dorsal punctation of head, pronotum more coarse, dense; elytral punctuation striate; antennal segment 3 significantly shorter than 4; pro and mesotibial apical spines very apparent; metafemoral spring shape differs (see descriptions); head shape broader basally/posteriorly. The genus Nasigona Jacoby is morphologically rather similar to Alasia but differs in having closed procoxal cavities, elytral pubescence, no elytral bossae, different pronotal shape, not narrowed basally and not having angled lateral margins, smaller eyes, considerably finer dorsal punctation throughout. Leptophysa Baly is also somewhat similar to Alasia, but differs by having pubescent elytra, no elytral bossae, pronotum laterally with straight parallel lateral margins not evidently narrowing at base, procoxal cavities closed, antennae not reaching to the apex of elytra, pronotal pre-basal transverse impression clearly delimited sublaterally by short longitudinal carina, head in lateral view with frons and vertex not at a sharp 90 angle and frons not strongly concave, eyes not bulging, Etymology. Named for the Project ALAS (Arthropods of La Selva) at La Selva Biological Station, Heredia, Costa Rica, as a random combination of letters to be treated as feminine. 34 Zootaxa Magnolia Press FURTH & ZHAUROVA

4 Alasia alpina Furth and Zhaurova, new species Figures: 1a c; 2a c; 3a c; 4a d; 5a d; 6a c. Description. Body surface shiny, dark-brown to almost black, elongate, slender. Color of frons, antennal calli, antennal segments 1 3, most of legs lighter - yellow to light brown; extreme apex of elytra often lighter; apical 30 50% of femora and all of tarsi evidently darkened (Figs. 1a b). Male (x7): Body Length (Lb): Range: [average = 3.17] mm. Elytral Length (Le): [2.33] mm. Female (x7): Lb: [3.88] mm. Le: [2.94] mm. Head: (Figs. 1a c, 4a b): Antennal calli sub-triangular, smooth, dorsally-oriented, as long as wide, small area immediately above/posterior to calli smooth; frons broad, subtriangular in frontal view, in lateral view slanted downwards sharply, sub-concave; anterofrontal and frontal ridges (sensu Konstantinov 1998) not apparent; surface of frons distinctly shagreened; genae in lateral view very broad, significantly broader than eye width in same view, genae in frontal view broad, almost as broad as head width, including eyes, in same view, widening towards mouth, in lateral view ca. one half eye width; lower edge of frons with 4 fine (two sub-lateral pair), setiferous punctures; frons dorsally prominent and protruding between antennal sockets; vertex with rather sparse, medium-sized punctation dorsally; supra-antennal sulcus well developed; several fine setiferous punctures along dorsal eye margin. Inter-ocular distance about 1.2 times the length of first antennal segment; inter-antennal distance approximately equal to distance between eye and antennal socket; eyes bulging, round; IOD (male) = mm [0.368mm], IOD (female) = mm [0.46mm]; penultimate segment of maxillary palpi swollen, sub-globose, last segment bearing a patch of five ingrown sensillae. Antennae long, filiform, usually equal to length of body; first segment swollen, 2.3 times longer than second; segment 2 shortest, swollen; 3 6 longest, narrow; segment length measurements (average): male: , female: Pronotum: (Figs. 1a, 4c): Appearing basally (posteriorly) constricted, basal margin more or less straight, laterally rounded and thinly margined. Wp (male maximum/middle width) = mm [0.764mm average]; Wp (female maximum/middle width) = mm [0.904mm]; Wpb (male basal width) = mm [0.669mm]; Wpb (female basal width) = mm [0.813mm]; Wpa (male anterior width) = mm [0.726mm]; Wpa (female anterior width) = mm [0.87mm]; Lp (male) = mm [0.505mm]; Lp (female) = mm [0.576mm]; antero-laterally somewhat thickened and more or less rounded, but not beveled (sensu Scherer 1962, 1983) or acutely angled; punctation coarse, dense, unevenly distributed, midline of basal half without punctures. sub-basal transverse impression evident, but weak, depressed especially in middle, ending sublaterally; postero-lateral longitudinal impressions not evident. Elytra: (Figs. 1a b, 4c d): Le (male) = mm [2.33mm]; Le (female): mm [2.936mm]. We (male) = mm [1.293mm]; We (female): mm [1.61mm]. Elytra glabrous; base of elytra times broader than base of pronotum, extreme apex lighter brown, with punctures appearing less evident; dorsal punctures medium-dense, coarse, striate, but more confused medially near suture, more evident laterally; humeral calli strong, impunctate; basal bossae (calli) evident just postero-medial to humeri; epipleura long, originating at humeri, extending as parallel-sided, equal width, tapering just before apex; 8 10 setiferous punctures near apex. Ventral surface of elytra with two patches of sensillae near baso-lateral margin, the anterior patch larger and oval, posterior patch smaller and narrow-elongate. Venter: Prosternal process very narrow, short (Fig. 1d); mesosternal process tapered, apically truncate but wider than prosternal process; metasternum somewhat inflated, with sparse longer pubescence except along median; abdominal sternites/ventrites with moderately dense pubescence; first abdominal sternite with broadly pointed process projecting anteriorly between the transverse metacoxae; ultimate abdominal sternite of male with black median line and with medial lobe. Legs: (Figs. 1a b): Femora long, slender, proximal portion light-brown to yellow, apically darkened; tibiae light-brown to yellow; tarsi evidently darkened. Genitalia: (Figs. 2a c, 3a b): Aedeagus with apex evenly rounded apically, four sclerotized groups of spines visible in internal sac; spermathecal ductus with apparent single coil; receptacle sub-parallel-sided with lateral margins slightly invaginated sub-basally giving appearance of base slightly enlarged, pump distinctly TWO NEW FLEA BEETLE GENERA Zootaxa Magnolia Press 35

5 FIGURE 1. Alasia alpina: a) dorsal habitus view; b) lateral habitus view; c) frontal view; d) procoxal cavities. 36 Zootaxa Magnolia Press FURTH & ZHAUROVA

6 FIGURE 2. Alasia alpina, male aedeagus: a) ventral view; b) lateral view; c) dorsal view. and sharply narrower; vaginal palpi distinctly bifurcate apically, darkened in apical one third, except lighter in extreme apex, with 3 4 apical and subapical setae on each side; tignum very slender, apically narrowed. Host plants. (Figs. 5a d, 6a c): Monochaetum spp., Miconia tonduzii Cogn. and Miconia sp. (Melastomataceae); Gunnera insignis (Oerst.) A. DC. (Gunneraceae) [identified by Jorge Gomez-Laurito, Escuela de Biologia, University of Costa Rica], and Macrocarpaea sp. (Gentianaceae) (K. Nishida, in litteris). All photos by K. Nishida, taken at the ALAS Project Vara Blanca site (ca. 2000m), from 9 12 April Type locality. Refugio Vara Blanca in Braulio Carrillo National Park: COSTA RICA: Prov. Heredia: 6km ENE Vara Blanca, m, 10 11'N 84 07'W; INBio-OET-ALAS transect. Material examined. HOLOTYPE: Male INBio barcode number INB COSTA RICA: Heredia: 6 km. ENE Vara Blanca, 2000m, N, W, 22 March 2002, leg. D. G. Furth, sweep net, swept from Melastomataceae deposited at INBio. TWO NEW FLEA BEETLE GENERA Zootaxa Magnolia Press 37

7 FIGURE 3. Alasia alpina: a) female spermatheca; b) female vaginal palpi; c) metafemoral spring. PARATYPES { } = repository: COSTA RICA: Heredia: 6 km. ENE Vara Blanca, 2000m, N, W, leg. D. G. Furth, sweep net: 16 March 2002 [Males: INB {USNM}; { USNM}, INBio}; { USNM, INBio}; { USNM, INBio}; +3682(measured) {USNM}. Females: {USNM}]; 18 March 2002 [Male: (measured) {USNM}]; 19 March 2002, all sweep net except as noted [Male: (measured), MV lite {USNM}; (measured), MV lite {USNM}; (measured), MV lite {USNM}; (measured) {USNM}; (measured) {USNM}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {+3729 USNM, INBio}; {INBio}; {+3739 USNM, INBio}; {USNM}; {USNM}; {+3758 USNM, INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {USNM}; + Female: {USNM}; {INBio}]; 20 March 2002 [Male: {+3905 USNM, INBio}; {USNM}; {USNM}; {INBio}]; 21 March 2002 [Males: {USNM}; {USNM}], [Males: , leg. K. Nishida, tested negative on Gunnera { USNM, INBio}]; 22 March 2002, swept from Melastomataceae [Males: {USNM}; {USNM}; {USNM}; { USNM, INBio}. Females: {USNM}]. There are 344 males and 24 females from 22 March 2002, in ethanol and, therefore, have not yet been individually assigned ALAS Project/INBio barcode labels; of these 172 males and 12 females will be deposited at INBio and 170 males and 10 females at USNM. A male and female each will be deposited at MIZA and NHM. 6km ENE Vara Blanca, m, 10 11'N 84 07'W, INBio-OET-ALAS transect - 10 Marzo 2002 [Males: IB {INBio}; {+1301 USNM, INBio}]; 14 Marzo 2002 [Males: {INBio}; {INBio}]; 16 Marzo [Males: {INBio}]; 22 Marzo 2002 [Males: {USNM}; {INBio}; {+1468 USNM, INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {USNM}. Female: {INBio}]; 9 Abril 2002 [Males: (mating pair) {INBio}; {USNM}; {USNM}; {INBio}; {INBio}; (mating pair) {USNM}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {USNM}. Females: (measured) {USNM}; {USNM}; (measured) USNM}; {USNM}; {INBio}; {INBio}; (measured) (USNM}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {+1707 USNM, INBio}; {USNM}; {USNM}]; 13 Abril 2002 [Female: {INBio}]; 16 Abril [Males: {INBio}]; 21 Abril 2002 [Males: {INBio}; (mating pair) {USNM}; {USNM}; (mating pair) {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; 38 Zootaxa Magnolia Press FURTH & ZHAUROVA

8 +2002 {USNM}; {INBio}; {USNM}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {USNM}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {USNM}. Females: {INBio}; (measured) {USNM}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; (measured) {USNM}; +3184(measured) {USNM}; +3185(measured) {USNM}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {INBio}; {USNM}]. Distribution. Costa Rica Remarks. Pseudostenophyma modesta differs from Alasia alpina by the following characters: Color yellow to light-brown (Figs. 7a c). Area posterior to antennal calli punctate (Figs. 7a, 11a), with no median margin. Punctures on vertex more numerous and coarse (Figs. 7a, 11a). Frons narrower, subparallel-sided, not as broadly triangular; surface smooth (Fig. 7c). Eyes larger; IOD distance smaller, 0.8 times the length of 1st antennal segment (Figs. 7a c, 11a). Base of pronotum wider, almost as wide as the base of elytra (Figs. 7a, 11b); surface slightly rugose; punctures more dense, coarse; anterolateral callosities distinctly angled (Figs. 7a, 11b). Elytral punctures coarser; distinctly striate, including near suture. Basal bossae (calli) more apparently convex; humeral calli slightly weaker. (Figs. 7a b, 11b). Aedeagus shape different, narrowing basally in lateral view; apex of median lobe bifid in dorsal view; no spines visible on internal sac (Figs. 9a c). Spermathecal duct with 2 full coils (Fig. 10a). Vaginal palpi wider posteriorly; pubescence very sparse or absent at apex (Fig. 10b). FIGURE 4. Alasia alpina: head [SEM] a) vertex; b) frons; c) pronotum & elytra; d) elytral patches. TWO NEW FLEA BEETLE GENERA Zootaxa Magnolia Press 39

9 FIGURE 5. Alasia alpina, feeding on: a) Monochaetum sp. a (Melastomataceae); b) Monochaetum sp. (Melastomataceae); c) Miconia tonduzii Cogn. (Melastomataceae); d) Miconia sp. (Melastomataceae). Photos: K. Nishida. Currently no other species are known from this new genus. Other similar genera are discussed above. A search of the USNM collections yielded two specimens from Monte Verde, Costa Rica that differ from Vara Blanca specimens only by elytral coloration. Indications from other museum specimens are that there may be additional new species from Ecuador and Colombia. Further study is required for positive identification. Etymology. The specific name alpina refers to the fact that all known specimens of this new species are found at rather high elevation and, therefore, are considered as alpine. Pseudostenophyma Furth, new genus Type species. Stenophyma modesta Weise, 1921, 137: Male: Brasil: Rio Purus. Amazon, Roman, Hyutanahã, 2/215. Hõglãnd [hand-written]. Stenophyma modesta m. [hand-written] (Swedish Museum of Natural History) Herein designated as the Lectotype. Male: Brasil: Rio Autaz, Amazon, Roman (Swedish Museum of Natural History) Herein designated as the Paralectotype. These Lectotype and 40 Zootaxa Magnolia Press FURTH & ZHAUROVA

10 Paralectotype designations are being made because no primary type was mentioned in the original description by Weise (1921), thus they are syntypes. Therefore, the designation of a primary type specimen establishes a single specimen as the unique bearer of this name and the standard for its application in the future, thus avoiding any confusion. FIGURE 6. Alasia alpina feeding on: a) Gunnera insignis (Oerst.) A. DC. (Gunneraceae); b) Gunnera insignis (Oerst.) A. DC. (Gunneraceae); c) Macrocarpaea sp. (Gentianaceae). Photos: K. Nishida. Description. Body shape elongate, narrow. Dorsum with coarse, dense punctation. Body length: mm. Head: (Figs. 7a c; 11a b): Broadly connected to pronotum at base (posteriorly); vertex with coarse, dense punctation; frons narrow, smooth, narrowing ventrally, concave in lateral view, ca. at a 90 angle to vertex in lateral view; antennal calli evident, delimited posteriorly; eyes large, round, prominent, but total eye to eye width not apparently greater than pronotal anterior width; IOD narrow; antennae almost as long or longer than body, antennal segments 2 and 3 shortest, 4 distinctly longest; labrum bearing four fine setiferous punctures on dorsal surface, two on each side. Pronotum: Quadrate/rectangular, not distinctly narrowed basally (posteriorly); laterally straight-sided, parallel; anterolateral callosities distinctly angled; punctation coarse, dense; pre-basal transverse impression deep, laterally delimited by apparent short, longitudinal, sublateral carinae. TWO NEW FLEA BEETLE GENERA Zootaxa Magnolia Press 41

11 Elytra: Parallel-sided; base somewhat wider than base of pronotum; humeri prominent; elytral bossae distinct; punctation coarse, strongly striate throughout; epipleurae parallel-sided, equal width tapered subapically laterad of elytral apex. Two basolateral patches of microspines on underside of each elytron (Fig. 11c). Venter: Procoxal cavities open (Fig. 8c). Legs: Metafemora distinctly swollen, much more so than pro- or mesofemora; metafemoral spring (Fig. 10c) with dorsal lobe rather strongly arched dorsally at base with extended arm strongly depressed at apex, extended arm about 17% of total spring length, basal angle of ventral lobe obtuse, dorsal edge of ventral lobe descending sharply towards apex, recurve flange evident, most similar in shape to the Phyllotreta spring Morpho-group (Furth & Suzuki 1998), but differs significantly from Alasia (above); tibiae with evident apical spines; metatibial apex not unusually expanded or laterally compressed, dorsal margins with only a short distance with stout spines (subequal to length of tarsomere 2); metatarsus with first tarsomere distinctly longer than in pro or mesotarsi, first metatarsomere relatively long, almost as long as tarsomeres 2 5 combined; first foretarsal segment not swollen in males; claws appendiculate. Remarks. Pseudostenophyma is similar to Alasia in general body shape, antennal length, lateral view of frons, but differs in IOD; narrow gena laterally below eye; pronotal shape, pronotal anterolateral angles; distinctly striate elytral punctation throughout; male and female genitalia, and metafemoral spring form (see also Remarks for Alasia alpina above). It is also clearly very different from Stenophyma elegans (Fig. 12a c) [see Remarks section for S. elegans]. Pseudostenophyma modesta (Weise, 1921), new combination Figures: 7a c; 8a c; 9a c; 10a c; 11a c. Stenophyma modesta Weise 1921: 137 Stenophyma modesta Weise; Heikertinger & Csiki, 1940: 347 Stenophyma modesta Weise; Furth et al. 2003: 16 Lectotype. Male: Brasil: Rio Purus. Amazon, Roman, Hyutanahã, 2/215. Hõglãnd [hand-written]. Stenophyma modesta m. [hand-written] (Swedish Museum of Natural History) Paralectotype: Male: Brasil: Rio Autaz, Amazon, Roman (Swedish Museum of Natural History). Description. Color entirely yellow to light brown (Figs. 7a c), but rarely with darkening along elytral suture and even laterally on elytra and narrowly on pronotal lateral margins (Figs. 8a b). Elongate slender. Male (x6): Lb: [average =2.77] mm; Le: [1.99] mm. Female (x6): Lb: [2.96] mm. Le: [2.16] mm. Head: (Figs. 7a c, 8a b, 11a): Antennal calli apparent, subtriangular with smooth surface, area immediately posterior smooth, raised; antennae long, approximately as long as body; segment length measurements (average): male: , female: ; segment 1 very long, segment 2 smallest, segment 3 considerably longer than 2, 4 and 5 subequal, very long, distinctly longer than others, each approximately equal to segments 1 3 combined; frons in lateral view somewhat concave, in frontal view flattened, surface smooth, anterofrontal and frontal ridges (sensu Konstantinov 1998) not apparent; genae in lateral view under eye dorso-ventrally considerably narrower (ca. one third) than eye width in same view and tapering ventrally near mouth; in frontal view frons and clypeuslabrum tapering ventrally towards mouth; eyes large, round, bulging; IOD (male) mm, IOD (female) mm; antennal calli apparent, triangular in shape, smooth; vertex with coarse, moderately dense punctation; maxillary palpi pointed apically with penultimate segment somewhat swollen but not more than basal segment; Pronotum: (Figs. 7a b, 8a b, 11b): Sub-quadrate shape; anterolateral callosities strongly angled; lateral margins straight/parallel, not constricted basally; basal margin straight; transverse pre-basal impression distinct, delimited sub-laterally by short longitudinal carinae; punctation coarse, moderately dense; WP (male): mm; WP (female): mm. LP (male): mm; LP (female): mm. 42 Zootaxa Magnolia Press FURTH & ZHAUROVA

12 FIGURE 7. Pseudostenophyma modesta: a) dorsal habitus view; b) lateral habitus view; c) frontal view. TWO NEW FLEA BEETLE GENERA Zootaxa Magnolia Press 43

13 FIGURE 8. Pseudostenophyma modesta, dark form: a) dorsal habitus view; b) lateral habitus view; c) procoxal cavities. 44 Zootaxa Magnolia Press FURTH & ZHAUROVA

14 FIGURE 9. Pseudostenophyma modesta, male aedeagus: a) ventral view; b) lateral view; c) dorsal view. Elytra: (Figs. 7a b, 8a b, 11b): Le (male): mm; Le (female): mm. We (male): mm; We (female): mm. Striate with coarse punctures, striae distinct across elytra; striae interstices smooth surface; humeri distinct; basal bossae (calli) evident just postero-medial to humeri; epipleura long, originating near humeri, extending as parallel-sided, equal width, tapering just before apex. Venter: prosternum without extension between coxae (Fig. 8c); procoxae sub-conical; mesocoxae subspherical; metasternum slightly inflated in lateral view with sparse long setae laterally. abdominal sternites with sparse pubescence. Legs: (Fig. 7a b, 8a b): Femora long, slender metatibial apex not unusually expanded or laterally compressed; Genitalia: (Figs. 9a c, 10a b): Aedeagus in ventral view apically slightly tapered and rounded, in lateral view internal sac separating dorsum and venter, in dorsal view apex truncate with slight invagination of apical margin; spermathecal ductus with apparent double coils, receptacle slightly larger basally, gradually narrowing apically to pump; vaginal palpi unicolorous, apically tapered, not evidently bifurcate, with one subapical seta on each side; tignum very slender, apically narrowed. TWO NEW FLEA BEETLE GENERA Zootaxa Magnolia Press 45

15 FIGURE 10. Pseudostenophyma modesta: a) female spermatheca; b) female vaginal palpi; c) metafemoral spring. FIGURE 11. Pseudostenophyma modesta: a) head, vertex [SEM]; b) head, pronotum, elytra [SEM]; c) elytral patches [SEM]. 46 Zootaxa Magnolia Press FURTH & ZHAUROVA

16 Host plants. Unknown. However, in Costa Rica, the ALAS Project Phases I IV collected specimens through fogging of Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) O. Ktze. (Fabaceae), Virola koschnyi Warb. (Myristicaceae), as well as a few other trees. The ALAS Project Phase V ( ) collected specimens using several techniques, including trapping by Malaise, flight intercept, sweep net, yellow pan, fogging from dates ranging from 9 February through 21 April and from elevations ranging from meters (Furth, unpublished). Type locality. Brazil: Amazonas, Rio Purus: Hyutanahã, 2 Feb. 1915; Rio Autáz, Oct. Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas); Costa Rica; Heredia Province, La Selva Biological Station, 10 26'N 84 01'W (Furth et al., 2003) Remarks. Somewhat similar to Alasia alpina, but differs as mentioned in Remarks for that species. Differs from A. alpina, especially by head in frontal view with frons narrower and tapered ventrally toward mouth; eye size; pronotal anterolateral angles; pronotal lateral margins; pronotal pre-basal impression; prosternite projection; elytral punctation/striae; metafemoral spring shape. Etymology. The new name for this genus just indicates that this is not the same as the true Stenophyma as discovered when examining the holotype of S. elegans Baly (see below). Stenophyma Baly, 1877 Type species: Stenophyma elegans Baly, 1877:176, by monotypy Stenophyma elegans Baly, 1877:176 Figures: 12a c Stenophyma elegans Baly: 176; Heikertinger & Csiki 1940:347 Stenophyma Baly: 176; Seeno & Wilcox 1982: 138 Holotype. Male: Type, H. T. [circular label with red rim, typical NHM type label]; Bresil [hand-written on small rectangular green label]; 327 [printed? on square blue label]; Stenophyma elegans Baly, Brazil [handwritten on large rectangular green label, typical from Baly collection]. Type specimen was not removed from original card, i.e., observations and measurements were made from original position. Description. Elongate narrow; overall color yellow to light brown; basal ca. 20% of elytra and 75% of lateral margins darker brown. Lb = 3.78mm Head: Eyes round, bulging, very prominent, eye to eye width distinctly wider than pronotum; IOD = 0.42mm; vertex smooth, impunctate; frons very short, not concave, not angled from vertex in lateral view, i.e., in same plane; antennal calli flat but evident, triangular; longitudinal frontal ridge raised, evident; gena below eye very narrow; maxillary palpomeres not evidently swollen; antennae distinctly longer than body; segments 1 3 yellow, 4 11 dark brown and somewhat thickened; segmental lengths: [only left antenna complete; right antenna with only segments 1 6]. Pronotum: Rectangular; lateral margins more or less straight/parallel-sided, slightly narrower at base, distinctly narrower than elytral base; pre-basal transverse impression deep, straight, laterally fading into base before postero-lateral angles; antero-lateral callosities only slightly thickened at setal pore, not at all angled; surface smooth, impunctate. WP (middle) = 0.92mm; WP (anterior) = 0.94mm; WP (base) = 0.90; LP = 0.78mm. Elytra: Parallel-sided; dorsally flattened, elytral bossae (calli) not apparent; distinctly striate throughout with fine, dark punctures, striae ending sub-apically leaving apex smooth; epipleura yellow/light brown, mostly equally wide/parallel-sided until sub-apex, except evidently widened below humerus, with weakly punctured, median, undulating, longitudinal stria. Le = 2.75mm; We = 1.50mm. Venter: Procoxal cavities closed; apical sternite (male) typically concave with median, longitudinal, thin, dark line; metasternum rather flat, not inflated. TWO NEW FLEA BEETLE GENERA Zootaxa Magnolia Press 47

17 FIGURE 12. Stenophyma elegans: a) dorsal habitus view; b) lateral habitus view; c) frontal view. Legs: Metafemur distinctly swollen; all tibiae with evident apical spine; first tarsomere of proleg slightly swollen (no female for comparison); all tibiae with evident apical spines; metatibiae in lateral view with apical 25% expanded, laterally compressed, with row of stout spines on inner and outer margins; metatarsus 48 Zootaxa Magnolia Press FURTH & ZHAUROVA

18 with first tarsomere very long, distinctly longer than all remaining metatarsomeres combined, pro and meso first tarsomeres distinctly shorter; claws appendiculate. Host. Unknown. Genitalia: Not dissected. Type locality. Brazil. Distribution. Brazil. Remarks. Stenophyma elegans is the type species of this now monotypic genus. The type specimen is housed in the Natural History Museum (London). It is distinctly different from Alasia and Pseudostenophyma by lateral view of head (vertex/frons angle); enhanced prominence of eyes; antennal segment proportions; lack of distinct elytral bossae (calli); pronotal surface; pronotal shape; pronotal prebasal transverse impression; metatibial apex shape/spines. Somewhat reminiscent also of Glenidion Clark and Huarinillasa Bechyné Discussion The description of Alasia alpina adds an interesting component through its alpine or high tropical cloud forest habitat in contrast to the significantly lower altitude and apparent canopy habitat of P. modesta. Besides its overall dark color in comparison to the yellow color of P. modesta, it has a significant number of morphological differences in shape and surface of the frons, antennal calli, pronotum and genitalia. Although the authors were not able to definitely establish the hosts of this new species, K. Nishida (University of Costa Rica, personal observation and in litteris) was able to observe and test some and confirmed it as being most prevalent with severe damage on Monochaetum spp. (Melastomataceae) (Figs. 5a b), Miconia spp. (Melastomataceae) (Figs. 5c d); Gunnera insignis (Oerst.) A. DC. (Gunneraceae) (Figs. 6a b), and even evidence of some feeding on Macrocarpaea sp. (Gentianaceae) (Fig. 6c). This diversity in host plants is somewhat unusual for Flea Beetles (Alticinae) that at the species level are primarily oliphagous or even monophagous (Furth, 1979, 1980, 1998). With more investigation of Alasia alpina it may be revealed that this species is actually polyphagous or possibly restricted to these three plant families, possibly dictated by some host secondary chemicals that are either attractants or feeding stimuli for this species. Preliminary investigation of some museum collections indicates that other species of Alasia may exist in similar alpine habitats of Costa Rica as well as possibly in some Andean countries of South America. Further field and museum research is planned. Acknowledgements Field work for the senior author was part of Project ALAS supported by the National Science Foundation grant number NSF DEB : to R. Colwell and J. Longino. We thank Jack Longino (Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA) and the Costa Rican ALAS Project staff for help in the field as well as collecting and preparing some of the specimens. We thank Kenji Nishida (University of Costa Rica) for help collecting some specimens and for the photos of live specimens of A. alpina and for observations documenting its host plants. We are grateful to Scott D. Whittaker (SEM Manager, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C.) for help with the SEM work, to Karie Darrow (Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C.) and Lucrecia Rodriguez (Systematic Entomology Lab, USDA, Washington, D. C.) for help with the digital photos, and to Alexander Konstantinov (SEL, USDA, Washington, D. C.) for access to collections. We also thank Bert Viklund (Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm) for the loan of types of Stenophyma modesta Weise, Sharon Shute (The Natural History Museum, London) for the loan of the type of Stenophyma elegans Baly, Angel Solis (Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, San Jose, INBio) for the loan of specimens, and Vilma Savini (Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola, Maracay, MIZA) for comments about the taxa. TWO NEW FLEA BEETLE GENERA Zootaxa Magnolia Press 49

19 References Baly, J. S. (1877) Descriptions of new genera and of uncharacterized species of Halticinae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1877, 2, Furth, D. G. (1979) Zoogeography and host plant ecology of the Alticinae of Israel, especially Phyllotreta: with descriptions of three new species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Israel Journal of Zoology 28, 1, Furth, D. G. (1980) Wing polymorphism, host plant ecology, and biogeography of Longitarsus in Israel (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 13, Furth, D. G. (1998) Revision of the New World Blepharida (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 21, Furth, D. G., Longino, J. & Paniagua, M. (2003) Survey and quantitative assessment of flea beetle diversity in a Costa Rican rainforest (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). In: Furth, D. G., Ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the Chrysomelidae. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, pp Furth, D. G. & Suzuki, K. (1998) Studies on Oriental and Australian Alticinae genera, based on the comparative morphology of the metafemoral spring, genitalia, and hind wing venation. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Chrysomelidae. M. Biondi. M. Daccordi and D. Furth (Eds.). Atti Museo Regionale Scienze Naturali Torino 1998: Heikertinger, F. & Csiki, E. (1940) Coleopterorum Catalogus, Halticinae, II, 25 (169): Konstantinov, A. S. (1998) Revision of the Palearctic species of Aphthona Chevrolat and cladistic classification of the Aphthonini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Memoirs on Entomology, International 11, Konstantinov, A. S. & Vandenberg, N. J. (1996) Handbook of Palearctic Flea Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Contributions on Entomology, International, 1, 3, Associated Publishers, Gainesville. Samuelson, G. A. (1994) An elytron to body meshing mechanism of possible significance in the higher classification of Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera). In: D. G. Furth (ed.) Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Chrysomelidae, Beijing, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. pp Scherer, G. (1962) Bestimmungsschlussel der neotropischen Alticinen-Genera. Entomologishe Arbeiten au dem Museum G. Frey, 13, Scherer, G. (1983) Diagnostic key for the Neotropical alticine genera Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae. Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey 31/32,1 89. [English translation of Scherer 1962] Seeno, T. N. & Wilcox, J. A. (1982) Leaf beetle genera Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae. Entomography 1: Weise, J. (1921) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der schwedischen entomologischen Reise des Herrn Dr. A. Roman in Amazonas Arkiv för Zoologi, 14, 1, Zootaxa Magnolia Press FURTH & ZHAUROVA