QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS &COMPUTER FORENSICS CHAPTERS 17 & 18. Unit 15

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1 1 QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS &COMPUTER FORENSICS CHAPTERS 17 & 18 Unit 15

2 What is a Questioned Document? 2 Any object with handwriting or print whose source or authenticity is in doubt is considered a question document.

3 3 Document Examiners.. Examine handwriting to originate its source or its authenticity. Examine typed writings, computer printings, photocopies, inks, papers, forgeries, and decode altered and charred documents. Use microscopes, photographs, chromatography, etc. Many work in federal, local, and state crime labs, but they may also work in private practices.

4 In Document Examination.. 4 The gathering of documents of known authorship or origin is critical to the outcome of the examination. The uniqueness of handwriting makes this type of physical evidence one of the few definitive individual characteristics available.

5 Handwriting What do we know? 5 General Information Two individuals cannot have identical handwriting. Since handwriting is associated with mechanical, physical, and mental functions, it is almost impossible to reproduce exactly. Handwriting can be almost as individual as a person s fingerprint.

6 Handwriting How is it done? 6 Examining and Comparing A positive comparison must be based on a number of common characteristics between known and questioned writings. Collecting exemplars (known writings) are critical in order to make a handwriting comparison. Exemplars should contain some of the same words or combinations of letters that are present in the questioned document(s).

7 12 Factors Used to Authenticate 7 Handwriting The 12 factors examiners use to determine handwriting authenticity: 1. Average amount of space between words and letters 2. Relative height, width and size of letters Height of the uppercase and lowercase letters Width of letters and the space between letters and words Size of letters relative to the available space

8 12 Factors Used to Authenticate 8 Handwriting 3. Line quality observing if the lines are smooth, free-flowing, or shaky and wavering 4. Connecting strokes comparing the strokes between upper and lower case letters, and the strokes between the letters and the words 5. Beginning and ending strokes observing how the writer begins and ends words, numbers, and letters

9 12 Factors Used to Authenticate 9 Handwriting 6. Pen lifts and separations How the writer stops to form new letters and begin words Forgeries may have lifts or separations in unusual places, such as within a letter 7. Shading and pen pressure the differing amounts of pressure used by the writer that make lines light or dark, narrow or wide 8. Baseline habits analyzing if the writer s letters stay straight or move up and down compared to a baseline

10 12 Factors Used to Authenticate 10 Handwriting 9. Slant analyzing the writing slant: left, right, or straight 10. Unusual letter formation such as letters with tails or letters written backwards, etc. 11. Flourishes or embellishments any fancy letters, curls, loops, circles, etc. 12. Letter characteristics Completeness of closed characters such as o, e, and a Dotting of I and j, and crossing of t

11 10 Factors Affecting Handwriting 11 Factors that can affect handwriting samples 1. Writing instrument (pens, pencils, crayons, etc.) 2. Writing surface (paper, wall, napkin, etc.) 3. Underlining surface (smooth or rough) 4. Mood of the writer (undeveloped or shaky handwriting) 5. Writing speed (slow or quick)

12 10 Factors Affecting Handwriting Position of the writer (sitting or standing) 7. Position of the document (flat, vertical, or horizontal surface) 8. Environmental exposure (temperature, humidity, etc.) 9. Consumption of alcohol and/ or drugs 10. Injuries and/ or illnesses

13 Typescript Comparisons 13 Typescript is the result of machine-created documents, such as computer printers, photocopiers, fax machines, and typewriters Defects, missing pieces, or scratches may help to identify the machine where the document originated

14 Typescript Comparisons 14 Computer printers the kind of ink and toner Photocopiers the debris patterns Fax machines have a Transmitting Terminal Identifier (TTI) Typewriters Characteristics of the typeface, characters, and the ribbon

15 Typescript Comparisons 15 As is true for any mechanical device, use of a printing device will result in wear and damage to the machine s moving parts. These changes will occur in a fashion that is both random and irregular, thereby imparting individual characteristics to the printing device.

16 Digital Technology 16 In the cases of photocopiers, fax machines, and computer printers an examiner may be called on to identify the make and model of a machine or to compare a questioned document with test samples from a suspect machine. A side by side comparison is made between the questioned document and the printed exemplars to compare markings produced by the machine.

17 Digital Technology 17 Examiners compare transitory defect marks, fax machine headers, toner, toner application methods, and mechanical and printing characteristics.

18 Altered Documents 18 Documents are often altered after they have been prepared. A forgery is committed to hide the original content of a document. Ways to alter documents: 1. Additions - Adding content to an already prepared document. Infrared luminescence Emits infrared light when exposed to blue-green light Can be used to get results if a different ink is used than the one on the original document

19 Altered Documents Erasures One of the most common alterations. A rubber eraser, sandpaper, razor blade, or knife may be scratched against the paper s surface in an attempt to remove writing or type. This irritates the top fibers of the paper which are visible under a microscope.

20 Altered Documents Obliterations A document may have obliterations which are parts that are blotted or smeared, making the original unreadable. This is usually done with strong oxidizing agents to make the ink become colorless. This is not visible to the naked eye, but can be seen with microscopes, or ultraviolet or infrared lighting.

21 Altered Documents 21 Charred Documents Sometimes documents are accidently or purposely charred in a fire. Infrared photography or reflecting light at different angles can sometimes reveal the document s contents after burning.

22 Other Document Challenges 22 Indentations Most of the time an indented impression is left on a paper below the primary writing The best way to read the impression is by using an ESDA (Electrostatic Detection Apparatus) This charges the paper Pouring toner powder over the charged paper develops the images on the indented paper.

23 Other Document Challenges 23 Paper To identify paper, scientists may use the following characteristics 1. Color 2. Density 3. Watermarks Faint design made in some paper during manufacture, which is visible when held against the light and typically identifies the maker 4. Dyes or bleaches 5. Fluorescence under UV light 6. Raw material the paper is made from 7. Thickness

24 Other Document Challenges 24 Ink Considered a mixture, so it can be broken down into the different chemical components using the following lab tests 1. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) 2. A visible Microspectrophotometer Studying the chemical composition can sometimes determine If a certain pen was used on a questioned document How long the ink has been on the paper Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Microspectrophotometer

25 Other Document Challenges 25 Physical/ Fracture Match of separated documents usually these documents are cut or torn and can be linked to the original source.

26 Examples of Questioned Documents Checks 2. Licenses and Certificates 3. Passports 4. (Counterfeit) Money 5. Receipts 6. Lottery tickets 7. Historical documents 8. Ransom and suicide notes

27 27 Forgery Forgery is an item prepared with the intent to deceive Types 1. Blind forgery made without a model of the signature or the writing being forged 2. Simulated forgery one made by copying a genuine signature 3. Traced forgery one made by tracing a genuine signature

28 Counterfeit Documents 28 A counterfeit document is one made in exact imitation of something important or valuable with the intention of deceit. Columbia The leading manufacturer of counterfeit U.S. currency This counterfeit production supports their growing drug cartel

29 29 Counterfeit Documents The U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing has established some anti-counterfeiting security features including 1. Watermarks 2. Color-shifting inks 3. Fine-line printing and microprinting 4. Enlarged, off-center portraits 5. Poor vision feature 6. Denomination-specific security thread 7. Counterfeit Detection Pen

30 Counterfeit Documents 30 Counterfeit detection pen a security feature that businesses use to help eliminate receiving counterfeit bills. The pen contains iodine, and when it is used on a counterfeit bill it produces a blue-black color. When used on an authentic bill, it produces a pale yellow color that fades over time.

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