Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Transcription

1 Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering As per JNTU Hyderabad R16 syllabus M.S.Sukhija Founder & Former Principal Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College Bidar, Karnataka T.K.Nagsarkar Former Professor and Head Department of Electrical Engineering Punjab Engineering College Chandigarh

2 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries. Published in India by Oxford University Press YMCA Library Building, 1 Jai Singh Road, New Delhi , India Oxford University Press 2016 The moral rights of the author/s have been asserted. First published in 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. ISBN-13: ISBN-10: Typeset in Times New Roman by Ideal Publishing Solutions, Delhi Printed in India by Magic International (P) Ltd, Greater Noida Third-party website addresses mentioned in this book are provided by Oxford University Press in good faith and for information only. Oxford University Press disclaims any responsibility for the material contained therein.

3 ROADMAP TO SYLLABUS Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering (As per JNTU Hyderabad R16 syllabus) Syllabus UNIT I Electrical Circuits: R-L-C Parameters, Voltage and Current, Independent and Dependent Sources, Source Transformation V-I relationship for passive elements, Kirchhoff s Laws, Network reduction techniques series, parallel, series-parallel, star-to-delta, delta-to-star transformation, Nodal Analysis Single Phase AC Circuits: R.M.S. and Average values, Form Factor, steady state analysis of series, parallel and series-parallel combinations of R, L and C with sinusoidal excitation, concept of reactance, impedance, susceptance and admittance phase and phase difference, Concept of power factor, j-notation, complex and polar forms of representation. UNIT II Resonance: Series resonance and Parallel resonance circuits, concept of bandwidth and Q factor, Locus Diagrams for RL, RC and RLC Combinations for various parameters. Network Theorems: Thevenin s, Norton s, Maximum Power Transfer, Superposition, Reciprocity, Tellegen s, Millman s and Compensation theorems for DC and AC excitations. UNIT III P-N Junction Diode: Diode equation, Energy Band diagram, Volt-Ampere characteristics, Temperature dependence, Ideal versus practical, Static and dynamic resistances, Equivalent circuit, Load line analysis, Diffusion and Transition Capacitances. Rectiers and ilters: P-N junction as a rectier - alf ave Rectier, Ripple Factor Full ave Rectier, Bridge Rectier, armonic components in Rectier Circuits, Filters Inductor Filters, Capacitor Filters, L - section Filters, - section Filters. UNIT IV Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT): Construction, Principle of Operation, Symbol, Amplifying Action, Common Emitter, Common Base and Common Collector congurations. Transistor Biasing And Stabilization - Operating point, DC and AC load lines, Biasing Fixed Bias, Emitter Feedback Bias, Collector to Emitter feedback bias, Voltage divider bias, Bias stability, Stabilization against variations in VBE and, Bias Compensation using Diodes and Transistors. Transistor Congurations: BT modeling, ybrid model, Determination of h-parameters from transistor characteristics, Analysis of CE, CB and CC congurations using h-parameters, Comparison of CE, CB and CC congurations. UNIT V Junction ield Eect Transistor: Construction, Principle of Operation, Symbol, Pinch-Off Voltage, Volt-Ampere Characteristic, Comparison of BJT and FET, Small Signal Model, Biasing FET. Special Purpose Devices: Breakdown Mechanisms in Semi-Conductor Diodes, Zener diode characteristics, Use of Zener diode as simple regulator, Principle of operation and Characteristics of Tunnel Diode (ith help of Energy band diagram) and Varactor Diode, Principle of Operation of SCR. Chapter/Section in the Book Chapter 1 Introduction to Electrical Engineering Chapter 3 Alternating Quantities (Till Section 3.13) Chapter 3 Alternating Quantities (Section 3.14) Chapter 2 Network Analysis and Network Theorems Chapter 4 Semiconductor Theory and Diode Principles Chapter 5 Basics of Bipolar Junction Transistors Chapter 6 Basics of Field Effect Transistors Chapter 7 Special Purpose Diodes

4 Preface Engineering institutions have been continually modernizing and updating their curricula to keep pace with the technological advancements and meet the demands of the needs of the light current engineering industries (electronics, communication, instrumentation, controls, computers, etc.) and to enhance the employability of their graduates, several universities replaced their traditional Basic Electrical Engineering (common to all disciplines) with Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The present text, Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering, has been written with the objective of meeting the needs of both the faculty and students of Jawaharlal The present text has been designed and developed to ensure that the fundamentals of this course are well understood by students of all disciplines of engineering. Simultaneously, fundamentals of important topics, in major subject areas, have been discussed to provide a foundation for the study of advanced topics, by students of various current engineering disciplines in their subsequent programmes of study. cal and Electronics Engineering offered by JNTU. About the Book At the outset, the authors would like to state that a lot of effort was made to get right the contents of this title and to ensure that it meets the syllabi requirements of JNTU offering an introductory course of Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering in their graduate engineering programmes. will help students to overcome their initial apprehensions and initiate a life-long affair with electrical and electronics engineering. Written in a simple, yet lucid style, the book presents a clear and concise exposition of the principles and applications of electrical and electronics engineering. concepts and build a strong foundation in the subject. Keeping in mind the needs Key Features An in-depth and all-inclusive treatment of the various aspects of electrical and electronics engineering. scope of the chapter. Chapter-end recapitulation provides a summary of the main topics studied for quick revision. the theory.

5 vi Preface To provide a better understanding of the principles and their applications, included. Numerous chapter-end objective type questions and problems (with answers) stimulate the readers interests and assist the students to meet the challenges of examinations. Content and Coverage The book consists of seven chapters with three devoted to heavy current (electrical) engineering and the remaining four to electronics. Chapter 1, Introduction to Electrical Engineering, discusses the basics of electricity, electrical quantities, elements, and various associated laws governing the principles of electrical engineering. Chapter 2, Network Analysis and Network Theorems, deals with the basics of network theory, independent and dependent current and voltage sources and their conversions, types of networks and their analyses, and network theorems and their applications. Chapter 3, Alternating Quantities, discusses generation of ac voltage, representation of alternating quantities, phasor algebra, single-phase series and parallel circuits, power and power factor, and series and parallel resonance. Chapter 4, Semiconductor Theory and Diode Principles, provides an introduction to semiconductor theory, semiconductor materials, conduction process and types of semiconductors, PN junction, reverse saturation, and drift and diffusion currents. It also covers PN junction diode, its static V I character- The chapter also discusses the Chapter 5, Basics of Bipolar Junction Transistors, deals with the categories and fabrication of transistors, operation, input and output characteristics, Bias stability is also described in the chapter. Chapter 6, Basics of Field Effect Transistors, presents the structure of a JFET, methods to bias an FET are also included. Chapter 7, Special Purpose Devices, explains the breakdown mechanisms in diodes and discusses three special type of diodes tunnel diode, varactor diode, and Shockley diode along with the operation principle of an SCR. Acknowledgements The authors thankfully acknowledge the invaluable inputs made by the faculty members from various technical institutes under the aegis of JNTU-H along with the ever active members of the editorial department of OUP, in bringing out this impressive title. M.S. Sukhija T.K. Nagsarkar

6 Contents Preface v 1. Introduction to Electrical Engineering Core of Electricity and Electronics Atomic Structure and Electric Charge Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators Electric Current Electromotive Force Electric Power Ohm s Law Basic Circuit Components Resistors Inductors Capacitors Kirchhoff s Laws Network Analysis and Network Theorems Introduction Network Sources Ideal Independent Voltage Sources Ideal Independent Current Source Dependent Sources Practical Voltage and Current Sources Source Conversion Resistive Networks Series Resistors and the Voltage Divider Rule Parallel Resistors and the Current Divider Rule Inductive Networks Inductances in Series Inductances in Parallel Capacitive Networks Capacitances in Series Capacitances in Parallel Series-parallel Circuits Star delta or Y Transformation Star Resistances in Terms of Delta Resistances Delta Resistances in Terms of Star Resistances Node Voltage Analysis Method Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources Mesh Current Analysis Method Mesh Analysis with Current Sources Nodal and Mesh Analyses with Dependent Sources Node-Voltage versus Mesh-Current Techniques 60

7 viii Contents 2.12 Network Theorems Superposition Theorem Thevenin s Theorem Norton s Theorem Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Alternating Quantities Introduction Generation of ac Voltage Relationship Between Frequency, Speed, and Number of Poles Root Mean Square and Average Values of Alternating Current and Voltage Root Mean Square or Effective Values Average Value Form Factor and Peak Factor Phasor Representation of Alternating Quantities Phasor Representation of Quantities with a Phase Difference Addition and Subtraction of Phasor Quantities The j Operator and Phasor Algebra Resolution of Phasors The j Operator Representation of Phasors in the Complex Plane Phasor Algebra Analysis of ac Circuits with Single Basic Network Element Resistive Circuit Purely Inductive Circuits Purely Capacitive Circuit Single-phase Series Circuits Resistance and Inductance in Series Resistance and Capacitance in Series Resistance, Inductance, and Capacitance in Series Impedances in Series Single-phase Parallel Circuits Resistance and Inductance in Parallel Resistance and Capacitance in Parallel Resistance, Inductance, and Capacitance in Parallel Impedances in Parallel Series Parallel Combination of Impedances Power in ac Circuits Power in Resistive Circuits Power in a Purely Inductive Circuit Power in Purely Capacitive Circuits Power in a Circuit with Resistance and Reactance Need for Power Factor Improvement Resonance in ac Circuits Resonance in Series Circuits Resonance in Parallel Circuits Locus Diagrams for RL, RC, and RLC Star Delta or Y- Transformation 167

8 Contents ix 3.16 Nodal Voltage and Mesh Current Analysis of ac Networks Network Theorems for ac Networks Superposition Theorem Thevenin s Theorem Norton s Theorem Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Reciprocity Theorem Compensation Theorem Tellegen s Theorem Millman s Theorem Semiconductor Theory and Diode Principles Introduction to Semiconductor Theory Semiconductors Intrinsic Semiconductor Electron Hole Pair Generation Conduction in Intrinsic Semiconductors Extrinsic Semiconductors N-type Semiconductors P-type Semiconductors Comparison of N- and P-type Semiconductors The P N Junction Drift and Diffusion Currents The P N Junction Diode Reverse Bias Forward Bias Static V-I characteristic Diode Categories and Their Applications Signal Diodes Zener Diode Light Emitting Diode Schottky Diode Laser Diodes Photo Diodes PIN Diode Power Diodes Construction Forward Biasing Reverse Biasing Smoothing of dc Output Voltage Inductor Filter Capacitor Filter L- section or LC Filter 244

9 x Contents 5. Basics of Bipolar Junction Transistors Introduction Bipolar Junction Transistor Fabrication of an NPN BJT Operation of NPN Transistor Input and Output Characteristics of Bipolar Junction Transistor Load Line and Location of Operating Point Biasing of a Transistor Fixed Bias Circuits Biasing with Feedback Resistor Voltage Divider Bias Network Transistor Applications Transistor as a Switch Bias stability Bias Compensation Basics of Field Effect Transistors Introduction Junction Field Effect Transistor Theory of Operation of JFET Output Characteristics Transfer Characteristics JFET Applications JFET as a Switch Comparison of a BJT and a JFET Biasing an FET Fixed bias Self bias Potential Divider Bias MOS Field Effect Transist Special Purpose Diodes Introduction Breakdown Mechanisms In Semi-Conductor Diodes Zener Effect Avalanche Effect Tunnel Diode Varactor Diode Shockley Diode Constructional Features of SCR Principle of Operation of SCR 341 About the Authors 345