Overfishing. Marine Biology Honors Presentation Maddie Rita

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1 Overfishing Marine Biology Honors Presentation Maddie Rita

2 Definition In basic terms, overfishing exactly what it sounds like: the practice of removing too many fish from an ecosystem. The remaining adults are too few to breed and replenish the species to its original population. Over time, this type of depletion results in extinction.

3 Sources of Impact Although pollution and a combination of related issues (addressed by other Honors students) have also diminished fish populations, human demand is the sole, direct source driving overfishing and the subsequent issues it causes.

4 Why is this happening? Since the industrial revolution, the human population has exploded. The need to feed so many more mouths, coupled with the introduction of 20th century technology, has made huge, commercialized harvests the new fishing standard. Worldwide, and especially in developing countries, (where population growth is strongest), fish represents an important source of dietary protein. Therefore, many governments subsidize commercial fleets.

5 Fish populations simply cannot support the current demand. In fact, our excessive harvests are only decreasing their ranks: 52% of fish stocks are fully exploited 20% are moderately exploited 17% are overexploited 7% are depleted 1% is recovering from depletion (Overfishing Basics)

6 Example: (Threat)

7 Why is this happening? (contd.) Many large, predatory species are already gone. These have longer life spans; thus, they take longer to reach sexual maturity, and are more vulnerable to extinction by overfishing. When one species vanishes, fleets, "fish down the food chain," catching smaller species and further upsetting predator to prey ratios. Since waters close to shore are often more regulated and/or more polluted, fleets continue to venture further and deeper, increasing fuel and operation costs. In order to offset this, fisheries try to catch virtually anything of value.

8 Destructive Methods are Used Bottom Trawling Large, weighted nets are dragged along the seafloor. Trawls act like bulldozers, destroying corals and other bottom dwellers, and stirring plumes of sediment and debris.

9 (contd.) Cyanide Fishing Cyanide is used to temporarily stun tropical fish, which are then easy to gather. Only about 50% survive for sale as pets. Other species, especially filter feeders, are poisoned by residual cyanide.

10 Biotic Effects of Overfishing One of the greatest, and most obvious, impacts is the removal of whole fish populations. But in-demand fish are not the only marine species impacted. Every year, millions of tons of nontarget species are involuntarily harvested and then discarded. Known as bycatch, this waste includes marine mammals, seabirds, and non-desired fish. This is especially an issue with trawling, which collects up to 90% bycatch per catch. With lack of predators, the lowest levels of some food chains (plankton etc.) are overly prosperous.

11 Abiotic Effects of Overfishing Sediment raised by bottom trawling reintroduces previously-settled pollutants into the ecosystem. Cyanide and other chemicals wipe out fragile environments, especially reefs. Dumped bycatch = large amounts of organic waste, increasing ammonia levels.

12 Extended Example The North Atlantic cod industry was healthy and prosperous for hundreds of years. But with the introduction of industrialized fishing techniques in the 1950's, the cod population began to shrink rapidly. In 1992, no new cod arrived at the start of the season. The industry collapsed in the course of that one year. 30,000 jobs lost. Cod population still has not recovered.

13 Laws Many attempts to address this issue legislatively have been unpopular with national governments because a higher degree of regulation is costly and timeconsumptive. Example: At the 2010 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, restrictions were proposed to protect bluefin tuna, which is on the brink of extinction. These efforts failed (perhaps because of the fact that bluefin tuna is a 7.2 billion dollar industry)(threat)

14 Responses Some ideas, however, have been minimally implemented, and could aid the situation if implemented further. At the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, the Johannesburg Plan introduced the concept of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).

15 Marine Protected Areas Fishing is highly regulated, or completely forbidden, in MPAs. Currently, only 1% of the world's oceans are in MPAs. MPAs could allow some fish populations to safely breed and recover. But there must be many more Marine Protected Areas in order for this to effectively take place.

16

17 (contd.) Environmentalists also stress the importance of pressuring governments to: Establish further MPAs. Limit or eliminate subsidies. New fishing techniques that reduce the amount of bycatch are also needed.

18 (contd.) Consumers can play a crucial role by purchasing sustainable seafood and avoiding endangered species. Reducing demand will reduce overfishing.

19 In Conclusion... The impact on some marine species is already irreparable. Many others can only be saved by aggressive and comprehensive measures. If we continue overfishing at the current pace, scientists estimate that all of the world's fisheries will collapse by 2050.

20 Works Cited Brimblecombe, Peter, and Mary Ann Cunningham. "Overfishing." Environmental Encyclopedia.3rd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, Print. Lerner, K. Lee. "Commercial Fisheries." Environmental Science: In Context. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, Print. Lerner, K. Lee. "Overfishing." Environmental Science: In Conext. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, Print. "Overfishing: A Threat to Marine Biodiversity." UN News Center. UN, n.d. Web. 22 Nov < "Overfishing Basics." Overfishing: A Global Disaster. Overfishing.org, n.d. Web. 22 Nov < "Overfishing." The Ocean. National Geographic, n.d. Web. 22 Nov < "Threat 1: Overfishing." Overfishing. Save Our Seas Foundation, Web. 22 Nov < "Too Many People Chase Too Few Fish." Ocean Planet: perils-overfishing. NASA, Web. 22 Nov <

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