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3 Genetic Composition of Populations Five factors alter allele frequencies and bring about evolutionary change Genetic drift Gene flow Mutations Sexual selection Natural selection Very large population No Migration No mutations Random mating No differential reproductive success

4 Genetic Drift Changes in gene frequencies due to chance events in small populations Coin flip 3 heads out of head out of 1000 example of drift Drift tends to reduce variation Bottleneck effect Founder effect

5 Bottleneck sudden change randomly selects alleles Original population Bottlenecking event Surviving population

6 Bottleneck Example - Endangered species Reduction in variation and adaptability Example: cheetah Genetic variation low Susceptibility high

7 Alleles, genotype, and phenotype Each chromosome has one allele of the coat-color gene Coat-color allele B is dominant, so heterozygous hamsters have black coats phenotype genotype BB bb B B B b b b chromosomes homozygous heterozygous homozygous

8 A gene pool Population: 25 individuals BB BB BB BB Gene pool: 50 alleles B B B B B B B B The gene pool for the coat-color gene contains 20 copies of allele B and 30 copies for allele b B B B B b b b b B B B B b b b b B B B B b b b b bb bb bb bb b b b b b b b b bb bb bb bb b b b b b b b b bb b b

9 Genetic drift Step 2 Generation 1 BB BB BB BB BB In each generation, only two randomly chosen individuals breed; their offspring form the entire next generation bb bb bb bb bb frequency of B = 50% frequency of b = 50%

10 Genetic drift Step 3 Generation 1 BB BB BB BB BB In each generation, only two randomly chosen individuals breed; their offspring form the entire next generation bb bb bb bb bb frequency of B = 50% frequency of b = 50% Generation 2 bb bb bb bb bb frequency of B = 25% frequency of b = 75% bb bb bb bb bb

11 Genetic drift Step 4 Generation 1 BB BB BB BB BB In each generation, only two randomly chosen individuals breed; their offspring form the entire next generation bb bb bb bb bb frequency of B = 50% frequency of b = 50% Generation 2 bb bb bb bb bb frequency of B = 25% frequency of b = 75% bb bb bb bb bb Generation 3 bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb frequency of B = 0% frequency of b = 100% bb bb bb bb bb

12 Directional Selection Historical case in England: peppered moth Moths used to mainly be light colored (before the Industrial Revolution) With coal pollution killing light-colored lichens and darkening tree bark, dark-colored moths became much more common

13 Directions of Selection Directional Stabilzing Disruptive

14 What is a Species? Individuals that can produce viable, fertile offspring are same species Biological Species Concept Reproductive isolation Eastern Meadowlark Western Meadowlark

15 Problems in the Biological Species Concept Morphological Body shape, size Ecological How they live

16 Sexual selection Sexual dimorphisms

17 sexual selection

18 Reproductive Isolation Formation of Barriers Premating - Geographic Physical barrier forms between two populations

19 Premating - Habitat Mate and live in different environments Water Land

20 Premating - Temporal Mate at different times of day or year Spring Fall

21 Premating - Behavioral Mates attracted by different behaviors

22 Premating - Mechanical Structural differences prevent mating

23 Postmating Gametic Incompatibility Egg and sperm do not recognize each other

24 Postmating Reduced Hybrid Viability Once hybrid forms, it does not survive Rana pipiens 2. Rana blairi 3. Rana sphenocephala 4. Rana berlandieri

25 Postmating Reduced Hybrid Fertility Hybrid is strong but can not reproduce Liger

26 Adaptive Radiation Galapagos finches Ground and Cactus Finches Tree Finches Vegetarian Tree Finch Warbler Finches Geospiza fuliginosa Geospiza magnirostris Geospiza conirostris Camarhynchus parvulus Camarhynchus pauper Cactospiza pallida Certhidea fusca Geospiza fortis Geospiza scandens Geospiza difficilis Camarhynchus psittacula Cactospiza heliobates Platyspiza crassirostris Certhidea olivacea

27 Sexual selection

28 Founder Effect

29 Gene Flow Movement of individuals in or out of populations

30 The Origin of Species Macroevolution

31 Problems in the Biological Species Concept Paleontological Fossil comparison

32 Problems in the Biological Species Concept Phylogenetic DNA sequence

33 Reproductive Isolation Formation of Barriers Two populations two species Reproductive barrier must form that prevent exchange of genes They become isolated reproductively Short term, barrier can breakdown become one species again Long term, genomes diverge no longer compatible

34 Two Methods of Speciation Reproductive barriers form within or between populations Allopatric speciation - geographic separation restricts gene flow Sympatric speciation - Reproductive barriers must evolve w/in population

35 Allopatric Speciation Part of a mainland population reaches to an isolated island The isolated populations begin to diverge due to genetic drift and natural selection Divergence may eventually become sufficient to cause reproductive isolation

36 Sympatric Speciation Part of a fly population that lives only on hawthorne trees moves to an apple tree Habitat isolation leads to new species The flies living on the apple tree do not encounter the flies living on the hawthorne tree, so the populations diverge

37 Adaptive Radiation Rapid speciation from one common ancestor, filling new ecological niches, minimize competition Hawaiian islands Created blank Far from mainland Diverse islands Species introduction Silversword Alliance

38 The Pace of Evolution Darwin s gradualism slow gradual changes over long periods of time Stephen Jay Gould s punctuated equilibrium rapid evolution over short periods followed by short periods of no change Which is correct? Depends on type of organism and environment Evidence shows larger animals show gradual evolution, while smaller animals more punctuated

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