CONTENTS 1 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 1

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1 ANALOG AND SWITCHING CIRCUIT DESIGN USING INTEGRATED AND DISCRETE DEVICES J.WATSON CONTENTS SYMBOLS xxi 1 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Semiconductor Devices Diodes and Zener Diodes The Bipolar Transistor The Field-Effect Transistor The Four-Layer (Shockley) Diode The Thyristor Voltage and Current Sources and Modeling Summary 12 Questions 12 Problems 13 2 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES AND De CHARACTERISTICS OF DIODES AND TRANSISTORS The PN Junction Application of a Reverse Voltage Application of a Forward Voltage The Semiconductor Diode The Junction Transistor Transistor Characteristics The Output Characteristic Leakage Currents Variation of Leakage with Temperature Transistor Fabrication The Ebers-Moli Equations Summary Important Equations 36 References 37 Questions 37 Problems 37 3 SMALL-SIGNAL PARAMETERS AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS 39

2 3 SMALL-SIGNAL PARAMETERS AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS The h-parameter System The h-parameter Equivalent Circuit Variations of h-parameters The Hybrid- Equivalent Circuit The Hybrid-7T Parameters Typical Parameter Values Summary Important Equations 54 References 56 Questions 56 Problems 56 4 THE TRANSISTOR AS AN AMPLIFIER Biasing of Transistors Temperature Variations and Stability Factor Thermal Runaway Gain and Resistance Calculations (Hybrid- Parameter Method) Gain and Resistance Calculations (h-parameter Method) Summary Important Equations 84 Questions 85 Problems 86 5 CIRCUIT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE Frequency Response Low-Frequency Response High-Frequency Response A Simple Design Example Discussion on Single-Stage CE Design Feedback Voltage-Derived Feedback Current-Derived Feedback Output Impedances Current and Power Gain The Degenerate Common-Emitter Stage A Design Example Compound Pairs Stability of Feedback Amplifiers DC Amplification The Difference Amplifier The Difference Amplifier-Dc Analysis Simple Design Example The "Long-Tail" Current Source A Second Stage and CM Feedback Level Shifting and Signal Feedback Further Properties of the Difference Amplifier The Transconductance Multiplier Summary 156 References 156 Questions 157 Problems NOISE Symbols Noise Sources Noise Source Equivalents Bipolar Transistor Noise Formulation Flicker and High-Frequency Noise The Two-Noise-Generator Equivalent Noise Factor Noise Factor Minimization Numerical Considerations The Noise Resistance Formulation Numerical Considerations Feedback Stages "Pink Noise" "Burst" Noise Concluding Comments 187 References 190

3 Questions 191 Problems OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND OTHER MICROCIRCUITS Some Monolithic Design Techniques The 741 Monolithic Operational Amplifier Frequency Response Slewing Rate and Settling Time The Operational Amplifier Equivalent Circuit The Inverting Configuration Example Offset, Drift, Noise and CMA for the Inverting Configuration The Noninverting Configuration Offset, Drift, Noise and CMA for the Noninverting Configuration Comparison of the Inverting and Noninverting Configurations Design Example Basic Applications of the Inverting Configuration Example Basic Applications of the Noninverting Configuration The Difference Amplifier The Instrumentation Amplifier Some Techniques of Low Offset, Bias and Drift Design Chopper Amplifier Techniques Supply-Insensitive Current and Voltage Sources A Design Example Current Amplifiers Noise in Operational Amplifiers Noise Calculation Example 274 References 276 Questions 277 Problems FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT CIRCUITS Frequency-Selective Amplifiers Sinusoidal Oscillators Waveform Generators The Voltage-Controlled Oscillator The Phase-Locked Loop 304 References 306 Questions 307 Problems POWER AMPLI FIERS Operating Boundaries Class A Operation Simple Design Example Class B Operation Push-Pull Operation Distortion Heat Dissipation Simple Design Example Transient Operation The Output Transformer² The Driver Stage Servo-Motor Drives Transformerless Complementary Power Amplifiers Simple Design Example Quasi-Complementary Power Amplifiers Power Microcircuits Summary of Power Amplifiers 351 References 353 Questions 353 Problems THE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH Switching Speed Transistor Choppers for De Amplifiers The Pulse-Width Modulated Power Amplifier Regenerative Switching The Multivibrator 372

4 The Multivibrator Simple Design Example The Bistable Circuit The Monostable Circuit Practical Aspects of Regenerative Switches Other Forms of Regenerative Switching Circuits The Totem-Pole Power Buffer The Schmitt Trigger Comparators The Type 555 Monolithic Timer Module Inductively-Coupled Regenerative Circuits Transistor Inverters Simple Design Example Further Notes on the Transistor Inverter The Two- Transformer Inverter Power Switching Capacitive Load 413 References 417 Questions 417 Problems THE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR-DISCRETE AND INTEGRATED The Junction FET The Equivalent Circuit Typical FET Parameters and their Variations Biasing the FET Simple Bias Design Example The Common-Source Amplifier Stage Design Example (Continued) The Common-Drain or Source-Follower Stage The Degenerate cs Stage The Source Bypass Capacitor The Bootstrap Follower Distortion in FET Stages Noise in Junction FETS The Junction FET Difference Amplifier The BiFET Operational Amplifier The Voltage-Controlled Resistor The FET as a Chopper The FET Analog Gate The Current limiter The Insulated Gate FET or IGFET IGFET Models and Parameters Application of the IGFET The IGFET Current Mirror and Difference Amplifier Active Loads and Complementarity An IGFET/Bipolar Operational Amplifier The Sample-and-Hold Circuit Further IGFET Applications Integrated Circuits The Power IGFET Modern IGFET Developments Charge Control Devices 495 References 499 Questions 500 Problems TRIGGERS, THYRISTORS AND TRIACS The Unijunction Transistor The Four-Layer or Shockley Diode The Diac The Programmable Unijunction Transistor Other Four-Layer Switching Devices The Thyristor or Silicon Control/ed Rectifier Thyristor Firing Requirements DC Thyristor Circuits The dv/dt and di/dt Problems Triggering AC Thyristor Circuits The Triac Ful/-Wave dv/dt and di/dt Problems Trigger Circuit Isolation Gate Turn-off Devices 535

5 12.5 Gate Turn-off Devices Summary 536 References 537 Questions 537 Problems SEMICONDUCTOR TRANSDUCERS Temperature Transducers The Thermistor Photoconductivity The Bolometer The Junction Photocell The Photovoltaic Effect Thermoelectricity Characterization of Photoelectric Devices Some Notes on Irradiation and Illumination Characterization of Photoconductive Cells Characteristics of Junction Photocells Applications of Semiconductor Photocells The Charge-Storage Mode of Operation Position-Sensitive Cells The Phototransistor The Photo-FET The Light-Emitting Diode Characterization of Photoemitters The Photocoupler Semiconductor Pressure Transducers Semiconductor Gas Sensors Summary 590 References 590 Questions 591 Problems POWER SUPPLIES Linear Mode Power Supplies Voltage Regulator Circuits The Switch-Mode Power Supply Programmable Power Supplies Battery Power Sources Primary Cells Secondary Cells Cell Capacity and Charging Rate Summary 622 References 623 Questions 624 Problems CAO, ASICs AND THE ANALOG-DIGITAL INTERFACE Computer-Aided Design Application Specific Integrated Circuits The Analog-Digital Interface The Analog-to-Digital Converter AOC Techniques The Digital-to-Analog Converter Postscript 652 References 652 Questions 652 APPENDIX I DECIBELS AND ROLL-OFFS 653 A.I.1 Decibel Notation 653 A.I.2 The RC Circuit 655 A.I.3 The Single-Lag, Single-Lead Characteristic 657 APPENDIX Il FOUR-POLE PARAMETERS 659 APPENDIX III NOISE BANDWIDTH AND NOISE FACTOR MINIMIZATION 662 A.II1.1 Noise Bandwidth 662 A.II1.2 Noise Factor Minimization 664

6 ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 667 INDEX 673 TOP