by Ralph Buehler, Virginia Tech, Alexandria, VA 2 nd international TEMPO Conference on Sustainable Transport, Oslo, 31 Jan 1 Feb 2011

Transcription

1 Making Urban Transport Sustainable: Insights from Germany by Ralph Buehler, Virginia Tech, Alexandria, VA 2 nd international TEMPO Conference on Sustainable Transport, Oslo, 31 Jan 1 Feb 2011

2 Outline Background Germany Sustainability of the Urban Transport System Determinants of Travel Behavior Transport Policies in Germany Federal Level Local Level Case Study of Freiburg Conclusion/Lessons

3 Some Context About Germany Federal system of government, tradition of local self-government Strong economy, high standard of living Important automobile industry Highest level of car ownership in the world Most adults have a driver s license Extensive road network Much urban &suburban (re)development since World War II Autobahn (A-5) in First Autobahn, 1931, (Source: BMVBS, 2007) Source: Buehler, R., Pucher, J., Kunert, U Making Transportation Sustainable: Insights from Germany, Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, Metropolitan Policy Program.

4 Cycling, walking, and public transport share of trips in Europe and USA Cycling Walking Public Transport Percent of Trips USA ('08) Belgium ('99) France ('08) UK ('08) Norway ('01) Denmark ('08) Germany ('08)Netherlands ('08) Source: Data collected by author from recent national travel surveys.

5 Relationship between Share of Urban Trips by Transit, Bicycle, and Foot and Per Capita Annual CO 2 Emissions from Road and Rail Transport in Australia, Canada, the USA and EU Countries, ,000 USA 5,000 Annual Tons of CO2 per capita 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0,000 Transport CO 2 Emissions per Capita Canada Australia Ireland Denmark Belgium Norway UK France Walk, Bike, Transit Share of Trips Finland Germany Austria Sweden Spain Netherlands R² = 0.74 Percent of trips by public transport, bicycle, and foot Source: Buehler, R., Pucher, J Sustainable Transport in Germany: Lessons from Germany s Environmental Capital, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Vol. 5, pp

6 More sustainable ground passenger transportation in Germany than USA ~3 times more CO 2 emissions per capita in USA ~3 times more energy use per capita in USA 2.3 times higher traffic fatalities per capita in USA U.S. households spend more for transport (19% vs.14%) Higher annual per capita government expenditures for roads and public transport ($625 vs. $460) Over two times larger share of U.S. population considered obese Source: own picture Source: own picture Source: Buehler, R., Pucher, J., Kunert, U Making Transportation Sustainable: Insights from Germany, Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, Metropolitan Policy Program.

7 Trends in Population Proportions of Walking and Cycling 30 Minutes per Day in the USA and Germany ,2 21.2* USA 2001 USA 2009 Germany 2002 Germany 2008 Percent of Population * 7,0 7.8* 6,6 5 0,9 1,0 0 Walking 30 min per day Cycling 30 min per day * statistically significant change within the country during the period 2001/2002 to 2008/2009 (P<0.05) Note. Respondents 5 years and older Source: Pucher, J., Buehler, R., Merom, D., Baumann, A. forthcoming. Walking and Cycling in the United States, : Evidence from the National Household Travel Surveys, American Journal of Public Health, Vol.101 and unpublished manuscript..

8 Determinants of travel behavior Socioeconomic and demographic factors Land use/spatial development patterns Transportation policies Land-use planning and policy Culture/preferences

9 At all income levels Germans drive for a lower share of trips than Americans Germany 82 USA Share of All Trips Lowest Income Quartile Mid-Quartiles Highest income Quartile Source: Buehler, R Determinants of Mode Choice: A Comparison of Germany and the USA, Transport Geography, in press.

10 Americans with limited car access drive as much as Germans with easy car access USA Germany Car travel distance in km < Cars per household member at driving age Source: Buehler, R Transport Policies, Automobile Use, and Sustainable Transportation: A Comparison of Germany and the USA, Journal of Planning Education and Research, Vol. 30, 2010, pp

11 Americans drive more than Germans at every population density ~60% of Americans live here USA Germany Daily Travel Distance ~60% of Germans live here 0 < < < < < People per km2 Source: Buehler, R Transport Policies, Automobile Use, and Sustainable Transportation: A Comparison of Germany and the USA, Journal of Planning Education and Research, Vol. 30, 2010, pp

12 Americans drive for most short trips USA Germany Percent of trips ,5 9 Car Bike Car Bike Car Bike <1.6 <3.2 <4.8 Source: Buehler, R Determinants of Mode Choice: A Comparison of Germany and the USA, Transport Geography, in press.

13 Individuals make the travel choices that ultimately determine the sustainability of transport Governments provide the crucial policy framework that influences travel choices

14 Framework: Federal Policies in Germany Taxes and regulation make car use more expensive Flexible funds for walking and cycling Dedicated funding for transit investments Regulations that guide land-use planning and require cooperation among levels of government Strategic leadership in transport and land-use planning Most policies that make transport more sustainable are developed on the local level In the following: Federal framework plus local policy examples from Freiburg, Germany s Environmental Capital

15 Case Study Freiburg 220,000 inhabitants, 120,000 jobs, 30,000 students Gateway to Black Forest Region (620,000 pop.) Economy and population have grown faster than German average Strong environmental policy since 1970s Germany s Environmental Capital Important Eco-Industry (10,000 jobs, 500m GDP) Green Party mayor Source: City of Freiburg Thanks to Bernhard Gutzmer, Uwe Schade, Wulf Daseking (all city of Freiburg), Andreas Hildebrandt (VAG Freiburg)

16 Stagnating levels of motorization in Freiburg (cars & light trucks per 1,000) Cars and Light trucks per 1,000 population Freiburg Germany USA Sources: (BMVBS, ; City of Freiburg, 2009b; FHWA, ) See also: Buehler, R., Pucher, J Sustainable Transport in Germany: Lessons from Germany s Environmental Capital, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Vol. 5, pp

17 Declining share of trips by car Percent of Trips Car Public Transport Bike Walk Sources: (City of Freiburg, 2007; University of Dortmund, 2001) See also: Buehler, R., Pucher, J Sustainable Transport in Germany: Lessons from Germany s Environmental Capital, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Vol. 5, pp

18 Freiburg: sustainability trends VKT Car use declined by 7% from 1990 to 2005 local roads only: -13% Per-capita CO 2 emissions from transport: -13% to a level that is only 29% of U.S. average Bicycle safety: Freiburg: 1.2; Germany: 1.7, USA: 5.8 fatalities per 10 million km cycled Transit operating budget subsidy per year: Freiburg10%, Germany 25%, USA 65% Source: Buehler, R., Pucher, J Sustainable Transport in Germany: Lessons from Germany s Environmental Capital, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Vol. 5, pp

19 1950s 1960s Today Source: City of Freiburg

20 COST OF AUTOMOBILE OWNERSHIP AND USE

21 Unleaded Gasoline Prices per Liter in the USA and Germany, (in U.S. dollars, using PPP) $6,0 5,57 5,85 $5,0 5,08 4,57 US Dollars Adjusted for PPP $4,0 $3,0 $2,0 $1,0 2,94 2,93 2,60 2,68 2,64 2,32 1,35 1,32 1,32 1,30 1,31 1,34 3,10 3,21 1,41 1,42 3,07 1,25 3,30 1,36 3,87 3,92 1,70 1,66 4,02 1,57 4,22 1,79 2,07 2,39 2,69 2,91 Germany United States $0, Source: IEA, 2008 See also: Buehler, R., Pucher, J., Kunert, U Making Transportation Sustainable: Insights from Germany, Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, Metropolitan Policy Program.

22 Environmental tax reform in Germany, ,3 Billion Euros ,3 8,8 11,5 14, Source: UBA (2005 a and b), Schlegelmilch (2005) Gasoline tax increased by 75 U.S. cents per gallon over 5 years % Reduction of Social Security Tax Relative to Expected Level 0,0% -0,2% -0,4% -0,6% -0,8% -1,0% -1,2% -1,4% -1,6% ,6% -1,0% -1,3% -1,8% Source: UBA (2005 a and b), Schlegelmilch (2005) -1,5% -1,7% See also: Buehler, R., Pucher, J., Kunert, U Making Transportation Sustainable: Insights from Germany, Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, Metropolitan Policy Program.

23 Highway user taxes and fees as share of road expenditures by all levels of government in Germany and the United States 3,0 Germany United States 2,6 2,6 2,5 2,2 2,0 1,5 1,4 Road Expentiure = Highway User Taxes and Fees 1,0 0,9 0,7 0,6 0,9 0,7 0,7 0,5 0, Source: Buehler, R., Pucher, J., Kunert, U Making Transportation Sustainable: Insights from Germany, Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, Metropolitan Policy Program.

24 Freiburg: Traffic Calming of Neighborhoods (Source: City of Freiburg)

25 City Center Pedestrian Zone since 1973 (Source: City of Freiburg & own pictures)

26 Freiburg: Parking Management Current Planned (Source: City of Freiburg)

27 Source: City of Freiburg Muensterplatz 1960s

28 Source: City of Freiburg Muensterplatz 2000

29 MAKING PUBLIC TRANSPORT IRRESISTIBLE

30 Share of All Trips by Public Transport in Selected German Cities, % 27 % Percent of All Trips by Public Transport 25 % 20 % 15 % 10 % 5 % 10 % 10 % 11 % 14 % 15 % 15 % 17 % 18 % 18 % 18 % 18 % 18 % 20 % 21 % 23 % 0 % Note: city population size in 1,000 inhabitants in parenthesis Source: Buehler, R., Pucher, J Making Public Transport Financially Sustainable, Transport Policy, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp

31 Regional Public Transportation Authorities Integrate public transport fares and timetables Seamless transfers across operators and public transport modes Steep discounts for monthly/annual tickets; students and elderly Goal: improving service and connectivity State Wide public transport tickets About 30 Euros for up to 5 people Source:

32 Trend in Annual Transit Trips in Selected Verkehrsverbunds" in Germany, (in percent relative to 1991)* =100% Freiburg Stuttgart Rhein-Sieg Rhein-Ruhr Hamburg Berlin GERMAN AVERAGE Frankfurt München *Note Verkehrsverbund Frankfurt relative to 1998 and Verkehrsverbund Berlin relative to 1992 Source: Buehler, R., Pucher, J Making Public Transport Financially Sustainable, Transport Policy, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp

33 Trend in Farebox Revenue as Share of Transit Operating Expenditure in Germany and the USA, % 75 77% 70 69% 65 61% 60 Percentage % West Germany Germany 45 East Germany 40 43% USA 35 37% 33% Source: Buehler, R., Pucher, J Making Public Transport Financially Sustainable, Transport Policy, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp

34 Freiburg: Regional coordination of services and ticketing Transferable Environmental Protection since1984 Regional monthly transit ticket since 1991 Regional Transit Authority (75 towns, 187 operators, 3050km of routes) Annual ticket: 450 Euros Students pay 69 Euros for 6 months RegioMobilCard includes car sharing Signal priority for light rail Financial efficiency increased (Source: City of Freiburg)

35 Freiburg: Expanding light rail (Source: City of Freiburg)

36 Modern, attractive, convenient trams, buses, metros, and suburban rail trains Source: City of Berlin Source: City of Berlin Source: author s pictures if not indicated differently

37 Freiburg: Integration of modes Heavy Rail Train Station Bus Station Light Rail Bike Parking Garage (Source: Google Maps)

38 Multi-modal coordination Source: author s picture, City of Muenster, Pucher

39 PROMOTING BICYCLING

40 German cycling boom since the 1970s 40 % 35 % mid/late 1970s late 1990s/early2000s 35 % 30 % 25 % 27 % 29 % 21 % 20 % 15 % 16 % 13 % 13 % 16 % 16 % 15 % 10 % 9 % 8 % 10 % 6 % 6 % 6 % 5 % 4 % 2 % 0 % Stuttgart Nuremberg Gemany Cologne Munich Karlsruhe Bremen Freiburg Muenster Sources: Broeg and Erl, Mobilitaet und Verkehrsmittelwahl. Muenchen: Socialdata, 2003; Deutsches Institut fuer Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Mobilitaet in Deutschland, 2002, Stadt Koeln Berlin: Bundesministerium fuer Verkehr, 2004.

41 Federal involvement in bicycling Recent national bicycling plan (2002) Flexible funding mechanisms (GVFG) Construction of bike paths along federal roads 1.1 billion to doubling the extent of bikeways along federal highways from 1980 to 2000 Technical expertise (BAST) (Source: BMVBS)

42 Cycling training and testing course in Berlin Most German children take cycling lessons by the 3 rd or 4 th grade and must pass a policeadministered cycling safety test! (Source: own pictures)

43 (Source: Fahrschule24.net)

44 Freiburg: Regional Bike Network (Source: City of Freiburg)

45 Freiburg: Bike Parking (Source: Swearingen White and own pictures)

46 Bicycle Infrastructure: Lanes, Streets, Paths, Boxes (Source: City of Freiburg, Swearingen White, and own pictures)

47 INTEGRATE TRANSPORT AND LAND USE PLANNING

48 Reciprocal land-use planning in Germany Federal Level State Level Regional Level Specialized Planning (e.g. Transport, Energy, Water) Municipal Level Top Down Bottom Up Source: Buehler, R Transport Policies, Travel Behavior, and Sustainability: A Comparison of Germany and the U.S. Doctoral Dissertation; E.J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University.

49 Freiburg: Complementary Goals of most Recent Transport and Land Use Plans Goals of Transport Planning Minimize car travel Move car trips to other modes Make car travel as environmentally friendly as possible Goals of Land-Use Planning: Improve quality of life City of Short Distances Strengthening Freiburg as regional center Preservation of City See also: Buehler, R., Pucher, J Sustainable Transport in Germany: Lessons from Germany s Environmental Capital, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Vol. 5, pp

50 Freiburg:Public Transport and Land Use (Source: City of Freiburg)

51 Accommodating growth within the city limits (Source: City of Freiburg)

52 Vauban & Rieselfeld Neighborhoods (Source: Berkeley and own pictures)

53 Lessons for Implementing Sustainable Transport Policies Expand Transit Complete Bike Network Traffic Calming Bundling Car Traffic Parking Management Integrated Land-Use and Transportation Planning (Source: City of Freiburg)

54 Lessons from Germany and Freiburg Implement controversial policies in stages Plans should be adaptable over time to changing conditions Policies must be multi-modal and include both incentives and disincentives Fully integrate transport and land-use planning Local citizen involvement is an integral part of policy development and implementation Support from higher levels of government is crucial to making local policies work Sustainable transport policies must be long term, with policies sustained over time, for lasting impact

55 Thank you! Ralph Buehler Urban Affairs and Planning School of Public and International Affairs Virginia Tech, Alexandria Center