ID: A. Ecology Review Answer Section MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
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1 Ecology Review Answer Section MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 1. F The populations of cougars, rabbits, squirrels, birch trees, and ferns in a temperate deciduous forest represent a community. 2. F Polar bears, seals, and walruses have thick coats and fat layers to keep them warm. This is an example of a structural adaptation. 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F The size of a prey population is affected by the number of predators. The prey population increases when there are few predators. 8. F Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which the host is harmed and the parasite benefits. 9. T 10. T 11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. F Decomposers and detrivores use organic waste products and the remains of producers and consumers to enable nutrients to be recycled within an ecosystem. 16. F Secondary consumer biomass is less than producer biomass as a result of the energy lost as it flows from producers to consumers. 17. F Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are recycled throughout the environment by the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 18. F Biomagnification results in pollutants spreading from one organism to another in a food chain, and the concentration of the pollutants increases greatly at higher trophic levels. 19. F Chemicals from pesticides, heavy metals, and PCBs are taken up and stored faster in body tissues than they can be broken down and excreted; therefore, they bioaccumulate in organisms. 20. F The concentration of toxic organic chemicals produced by a red tide would be less in oysters than in humans. 1
2 21. T 22. T 23. T 24. F Pond I is younger than Pond II. 25. T 26. F Only tsunamis are caused by earthquakes. 27. T 28. F Introduced predators can have more impact on a prey population than native predators because the prey may not have adaptations to escape or fight the introduced predators. 29. T 30. F Soil compaction causes increased run-off, which in turn will increase the level of nitrogen in the environment. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. D 11. D 12. C 13. A 14. A 15. D 16. C 17. D 18. B 19. B 20. D 21. C 22. B 23. C 24. A 25. C 2
3 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. B 31. D 32. A 33. C 34. B 35. A 36. D 37. B 38. D 39. D 40. C 41. C 42. C 43. A 44. B 45. B 46. B 47. C 48. D 49. C 50. D 51. D 52. D 53. D 54. A 55. A 56. A 57. A 58. A 59. B 60. D 61. C 62. C 63. D 64. D 65. D 66. B 67. B 68. C 69. A 3
4 70. A 71. C 72. C 73. C 74. D 75. C 76. B 77. D 78. A 79. C 80. D 81. D 82. A 83. D 84. D MATCHING 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. H 11. E 12. F 13. I 14. J 15. A 16. C 17. E 18. D 19. B 20. B 21. D 22. C 4
5 23. A SHORT ANSWER 1. a) They must be able to conserve water. (1 Point) b) Plants must have the following adaptations: (2 Points) i) Spiny cacti have thick, fleshy stems to conserve water. ii) Plants have waxy leaves to prevent water loss. iii) Plants have spiny leaves rather than broad leaves to reduce the leaves surface area and to decrease water evaporation. iv) Plants have extensive roots to absorb water from their surroundings. Animals must have the following adaptations: v) Reptiles have scales to prevent water loss. vi) Animals stay out of the heat during the day and come out at night to feed. vii) Animals live in burrows. 2. a) Abiotic factors in the diagram include sunlight, water, water currents, rocks, and air. These are the non-living physical and chemical components of the ecosystem. Biotic factors in the diagram include the fish, seal, seagull, crayfish, dolphins, and aquatic plants. These are the living components of the ecosystem that interact with the environment. (4 Points) b) Aquatic plants make their own food using energy from the sun through the process of photosynthesis. The aquatic plants also produce oxygen as a result of photosynthesis. (1 Point) 3. Each population prospers when it is alone, as seen in graphs I and II. When the two populations are forced to interact, competition results and Paramecium aurelia wins over Paramecium caudatum. 4. There is a decline in the population size of Paramecium caudatum when Paramecium aurelia is present (as shown by comparing graph II and graph III). 5. Fewer resources (e.g., food) are available due to competition between the two species. 5
6 6. 6
7 Biome Climate and Conditions Plants Animals Tundra - poor soil quality - permafrost - flat terrain, poor drainage - very low temperature for most of the year (summer: 3ϒC to 12ϒC; winter -20ϒC to -30ϒC) - low precipitation (less than 25 cm annually) - mosses - lichens - no trees - short grasses - arctic crocus Boreal Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest Temperate Rainforest Grassland - harsh climate - temperature is below freezing half the year - precipitation is 30 cm to 85 cm annually - soil is very wet - precipitation is 75 cm to 180 cm annually - temperature ranges from -30ϒC to 30ϒC - seasonal changes between summer and winter are very large - fertile soil - precipitation is more than 200 cm annually - temperature ranges from 5ϒC to 25ϒC - found along coastlines - rich, fertile soil - temperate grassland: precipitation is 25 cm to 100 cm annually; temperature ranges from -10ϒC to 30ϒC - tropical grassland: precipitation is 50 cm to 130 cm annually; temperature ranges from 20 C to 30 C - coniferous trees (black spruce, white spruce, balsam fir, cedar, pine) - shade-loving plants (mosses and ferns) - deciduous trees (maple, oak, and birch) - ferns - herbs - mosses - tall trees (spruce, Douglas fir) - mosses - lichens - ferns - fungi - grasses - trees are scarce - caribou - lemmings - arctic foxes - hares - squirrels - chipmunks - snowshoe hares - deer - wolves - moose - seed-eating and insect-eating birds - squirrels - rabbits - skunks - cougars - deer - wolves - bears - chipmunks - insects - birds - tropical grassland: antelopes, giraffes, zebras, lions, cheetahs, leopards - temperate grassland: kangaroos, horses, wolves, coyotes, rabbits, gophers, snakes 7
8 Tropical Rainforest - precipitation is more than 250 cm annually - temperature ranges from 20ϒC to 25ϒC year- round - poor soil quality Desert - precipitation is less than 25 cm annually - temperature ranges from 7ϒC to 38ϒC - hot days and cold nights Permanent Ice - precipitation is less than 50 cm annually - temperature ranges from -30ϒC to 9ϒC - tall trees form dense canopies - vines - orchids - cacti - plants that need to conserve water - lichens - mosses - parrots - sloths - jaguars - snakes - toads - scorpions - lizards - jackrabbits - pocket mice - coyotes - penguins - polar bears - walruses - seals - arctic foxes 7. The moose is the prey, and the wolf is the predator. There is a predator-prey relationship between the two organisms. 8. There is a cyclic rise and fall (series of peaks and valleys) in both the moose and the wolf population. The predator population lags slightly behind the prey population. 9. When the wolf population decreased in the 1960s and 1980s, the moose population increased. The moose population grew when there were few wolves. When the wolf population increased due to an abundant food supply, the moose population decreased as more predators were present to eat the prey. 10. The availability of more food (moose) might have caused the wolf population to increase. 11. a) tropical rainforest temperate rainforest boreal forest tundra permanent ice (5 Points) b) permanent ice tundra boreal forest temperate rainforest tropical rainforest (5 Points) c) tundra permanent ice boreal forest temperate rainforest tropical rainforest (5 Points) 8
9 12. a) Latitude: the distance measured in degrees north or south from the equator. Elevation: the height of a land mass above sea level. (2 Points) b) The amount of precipitation decreases with increasing latitude and increasing elevation. The equator receives the greatest amount of rainfall due to the sun heating moist air, which rises, cools, and falls back down as rain. At the polar region, there is little precipitation because clouds do not form readily. Elevation has a similar effect on precipitation. Temperature decreases with increased latitude and increased elevation. The sun s rays are less intense the farther they are from the equator because they are spread over a larger surface area, which causes the temperature to lower. As elevation increases, the atmosphere gets thinner. Thin atmosphere retains less heat, and therefore the temperature decreases. (2 Points) c) (10 Points) 9
10 13. The following diagram represents an example of what a student might create. 10
11 14. The following diagram represents an example of what a student might create. 15. a) An ecological pyramid shows the relative amount of energy or matter at each trophic level of a food chain or food web. (1 Point) b) A pyramid of energy shows the total amount of energy available from one trophic level to the next. A pyramid of biomass shows the total mass of living matter at each trophic level. Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid. A pyramid of numbers shows the total number of individual organisms at each trophic level. (3 Points) c) Similarities include: (2 Points) i) All three ecological pyramids are divided into sections that represent different trophic levels. ii) All three ecological pyramids show the decreasing amounts of energy, living tissues, or number of organisms at each successive trophic level. 16. Biological processes include photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and decomposition of plants and animals. Human activities include fossil fuel combustion, change in land use (e.g., agriculture, industry, cutting and burning of forests), motorized transportation, urbanization, and mining. 17. Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Main marine sediments and sedimentary rock atmosphere Earth s crust Reservoir 18. Legumes produce sugar for the bacteria, and the bacteria provide the legumes with a supply of ammonium, a form that is usable by plants. 11
12 19. Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction from the Sun to producers and then to various consumers (primary and secondary consumers). Energy flows through food chains and food webs from one trophic level to the next. Matter (such as nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus) is recycled within and between ecosystems. These nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through the different nutrient cycles that consist of biological and chemical processes. 20. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen, while cellular respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide. The carbon these two processes use is repeatedly cycled through both processes. 21. Bioaccumulation is the build-up of a harmful chemical or contaminant (e.g., pesticide, heavy metal, PCBs) within an individual organism as the organism repeatedly ingests the chemical over a period of time. Biomagnification occurs when the harmful chemical or contaminant accumulates and becomes more concentrated in a series of organisms at different trophic levels in a food chain. Higher trophic levels in a food chain have more concentrations of the harmful substances than the lower trophic levels, and this may reduce the number of top consumers. 22. a) Both omnivores and herbivores eat producers. (2 Points) b) A food chain is a sequence of organisms in which each organism feeds on the next, while a food web is a bunch of interconnected food chains. They both show organisms at different trophic levels and how energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. (2 Points) c) Decomposition is the breaking down of organic wastes and dead organisms, while biodegradation involves the action of living organisms, such as bacteria, that break down dead organic matter. (2 Points) d) Energy flows from one trophic level to the next as an organism is consumed in a food chain. Energy is lost through heat from one trophic level to another in a food pyramid. (2 Points) e) Ammonium (NH 4+ ) is converted into nitrate (NO 3- ) by nitrifying bacteria in nitrification, while nitrate (NO 3- ) is converted into nitrogen gas (N 2 ) by denitrifying bacteria in denitrification. (2 Points) 12
13 23. Natural Event Tsunami Drought Flooding Cause Description Possible Impact on Ecosystem - large earthquakes - huge, rapidly moving - washes away/destroys - underwater volcanic ocean wave plants and animals eruption - destroys habitats - disrupts food webs - changes composition of soil with salt water brought - below-average amount of precipitation - volume exceeds ability of water body to contain it - heavy rainfall - increased run-off - tsunami - water is scarce for animals and plants - very dry conditions - excess water that occurs in coastal areas, rivers, and lakes onto land - destroys habitat - causes animals and plants to die - triggers crop failures and livestock deaths - causes soil erosion - triggers soil pollution - affects the spread of diseases 24. a) Deforestation causes erosion because few plants are left to hold the soil in place. (1 Point) b) Soil compaction reduces the movement of air, water, and soil organisms between soil particles. As a result, run-off occurs. (1 Point) c) Overexploitation can result in extinction because all resources are depleted. (1 Point) d) Ecological succession leads to the development of a climax community. (1 Point) e) Adaptive radiation is driven by natural selection. (1 Point) f) Introduced species can affect native species through competition, predation, disease, parasitism, and habitat alteration. (1 Point) 25. Differences include: i) Primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces after a volcanic eruption or on the bare rock exposed after a glacier s retreat. ii) Primary succession occurs in an area where the previous ecosystem has been removed and where no soil exists, such as on bare rock. iii) Secondary succession occurs as a result of an environmental disturbance (e.g., a forest fire) at an area that already has soil. iv) Secondary succession usually occurs much faster than primary succession. Similarities include: i) Both primary succession and secondary succession require pioneer species. ii) Both primary succession and secondary succession lead to the development of a climax or mature community. 26. In ecological succession, plant species tend to dominate since they exert the most influence on the environmental conditions of the area and provide the basis of the food chain for the ecosystem. The animal species that can live in that area are normally those that depend on the plant community. 13
14 27. The diagram represents secondary succession. 28. a) The two pioneer species are crabgrass and horseweed. (2 Points) b) Two of the dominant plant species are oak trees and hickory trees. (2 Points) 29. Some of the animals that would live in the climax community are squirrels, rabbits, skunks, cougars, deer, wolves, bears, and amphibians. 30. Early successional stages (as opposed to late successional stages) have: i) lower biomass ii) fewer total species iii) fewer primary consumers iv) more fugitive species 31. Since the common resources (food and shelter) are limited, competition will result between the different birds. Competition is quite intense between birds of the same species because the requirements for food and nesting sites are so similar. Over time, natural selection will cause the birds to develop adaptations that allow them to avoid or reduce competition for these resources. The birds will adapt to different environments and diets with different adaptations, allowing them to become specialized to exploit different niches. As a result, different species will inhabit different niches. Some will be adapted to a particular niche on the ground, and others will be adapted to trees. Each species will eat different food sources, thus reducing competition. 32. a) The human activities could include any two of the following: urbanization or urban development, clear-cutting large areas of forest, deforestation, road construction, agriculture, industry, and forestry. (2 Points) b) The two ways in which destruction of habitats affects plants and animals could include any of the following: reduces the number of plants and animals living in an ecosystem, reduces biodiversity, causes plants and animals to become endangered species, reduces the availability of food sources, affects wildlife movement, and affects plant and animal reproduction. (2 Points) c) Two ways to prevent further habitat loss or lessen the impact of habitat loss could include any of the following: replant logged forests with native tree species, implement sustainable land use approaches, redevelop industrial areas or buildings, implement less harmful road-building practices, use forest management practices that allow more trees to remain uncut, and provide productive grazing lands. (2 Points) PROBLEM 1. a) The constructed climatograph should look something similar to that on page 23 of the BC Science 10 student textbook. (5 Points) b) The climate is mild and wet. There is little variation in the temperature from summer to winter and an abundance of precipitation. (2 Points) c) The biome temperate rainforest is represented by this set of data. (1 Points) d) You would expect to find the biome in British Columbia, Canada; New Zealand; Chile; along the coastlines that are backed by mountains. (1 Point) 14
15 2. A tropical rainforest has infertile soil and will not support many years of agriculture after clearcutting. After the rainforest has been cleared for farming, it is difficult for the forest to regrow and re-establish itself on that land. A tropical rainforest has the greatest biodiversity of all the biomes. The abundance of one particular species is rare, and therefore makes the species more vulnerable to extinction. 3. Elevation influences both precipitation and temperature. These two factors vary considerably from a mountain s base to its peak. Variations in precipitation and temperature at different elevations on a mountain determine the distinct characteristics of its plant and animal communities. The variation in precipitation and temperature on a mountain will produce several different biomes. For example, the base of the mountain may resemble a tropical rainforest because of warm temperature and an abundance of rainfall. The peak of the mountain, however, may be like a tundra biome because temperature drops as elevation increases. Halfway up the mountain, you may pass through a temperate deciduous forest and a boreal forest before reaching the peak. 4. a) Adaptations are characteristics that enable organisms to better survive and reproduce. (1 Points) b) A structural adaptation is a physical feature of an organism s body that has a specific function which contributes to the survival of the organism. A physiological adaptation is a physical or chemical event that occurs within the body of an organism that enables it to survive. A behavioural adaptation refers to what an organism does to survive in the unique conditions of its environment. (3 Points) 5. Structural adaptation: Pine trees are cone-shaped, and therefore shed snow easily so that the branches do not break with the weight of the snow. The waxy needles of pine trees resist water loss and allow snow to slide off of them easily. Snowshoe hares have thick, white coats in the winter and brown coats in the summer. A change in coat colour allows the hares to camouflage themselves from their predators. Physiological adaptation: Wolves have thick fur and maintain a constant body temperature to keep themselves warm in the winter. Moose have thick insulating coats and large bodies that enable them to retain their body heat during the winter. Behavioural adaptation: Insect-eating birds migrate south in the fall to find food. Small mammals burrow in the winter to stay warm. Bears hibernate during the winter. 6. a) Competition would increase between the coyotes and foxes for squirrels and mice. (1 Point) b) Competition would increase because the coyotes would compete with one another over the limited supply of squirrels and mice. (1 Point) 7. The competition between the coyotes would probably be more intense because they occupy the same niche and have limited common resources and requirements (e.g., food and habitat). The competition between the coyotes and foxes would be less intense because foxes have other prey that they can eat. 8. a) calories (1 Point) b) 5500 calories (1 Point) c) 550 calories (1 Point) d) 495 calories (1 Point) e) 55 calories (1 Point) 9. If there were no decomposers or detrivores, essential nutrients would remain in animal wastes and dead organisms. 15
16 10. Each trophic level contains a fraction of the energy that is available in the level below it. The higher the trophic level, the less stored energy there is available; therefore, more energy is available at the producer level when herbivores feed on plants than at the consumer level when carnivores feed on animals. 11. A student s explanation would include the following: i) The nitrogen fertilizer was carried into the pond by run-off and leaching. ii) This would result in a huge growth of algae (i.e., algae bloom). iii) The algae would cover a large portion of the pond water s surface and deprive the plants below of sunlight. These plants would die due to lack of sunlight. iv) The algae would use up all the available oxygen, and fish in the water would suffocate due to the lack of oxygen. 12. The following diagram represents what a student might create. 13. a) Both detrivores and carnivores are consumers. They obtain their energy and nutrients by eating the bodies of other organisms. The term producer does not belong. (2 Points) b) Both carbon and nitrogen are cycled between living organisms and the atmosphere, while phosphorus enters the environment from sedimentary rock. The term phosphorus does not belong. (2 Points) c) Both ammonium and nitrate are forms of nitrogen usable by plants. The term nitrogen gas (N 2 ) does not belong. (2 Points) d) Both cadmium and lead are heavy metals that can bioaccumulate and are toxic to organisms. The term DDT does not belong. (2 Points) 16
17 14. a) The following pyramids represent what a student might create. (9 Points) b) All three ecological pyramids have broad bases and narrow tips. (2 Points) 15. a) Changes in the carbon cycle are contributing to changes in temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns all over the world. Plants and animals may not survive in their altered habitats. (1 Point) b) Too much nitrogen can cause grasses that thrive in high nitrogen environments to grow quickly and outcompete tree seedlings. Too much nitrogen can also result in eutrophication and algae blooms, resulting in the death of aquatic species. (1 Point) c) Too much phosphorus can have a negative effect on fish that are sensitive to phosphorus overload and can, therefore, result in fish death. (1 Point) 16. The explanations could include any two of the following: i) It has a high reproduction rate (e.g., produces up to seeds per plant). ii) It is well adapted for surviving drought. iii) It alters the habitat for native birds and butterflies so that the habitat is not suitable for these organisms. iv) It fixes nitrogen in the soil, creating an overload of nitrogen that interferes with the growth of some native species. 17
18 17. The two examples could include the following: i) Draining bogs affects the volume and timing of water flowing through nearby waterways and ground water. This change in water flow, in turn, affects the growth of the plants in the waterways and the animals that depend on them. This will reduce the number of plant and animal species and, therefore, reduce the biodiversity of the area. ii) Draining bogs releases carbon dioxide and methane into the environment, which contributes to climate change. 18. The logged area of the forest will have a more negative effect on the ecosystem. This is because: i) Logging displaces wildlife (e.g., If a tree is cut, it will not grow back. All the organisms that lived in that tree must find new homes; some birds will take a long time to rebuild their nests). ii) Many animals and plants will lose their habitats as well as their sources of food. iii) Soil erosion will occur as the soil is exposed to heavy rainfall (when trees are cut, the rain will wash particles in the soil away because no tree roots are there to hold the soil particles in place). Erosion can also wash away nutrients in the topsoil. iv) Soil degradation will occur. v) Grazing or plowing after deforestation can cause permanent changes to local soils and micro-climates that, in turn, prevent the regrowth of trees. vi) Logging will result in poorer soil quality. vii) Loss of shade will occur with the absence of trees and, therefore, the area will become hotter and drier. Meanwhile, the area that was destroyed by the forest fire will undergo secondary succession because the burnt trees are still present. With a forest fire, the soil remains (still containing worms, micro-organisms, insects, and seeds), so new plants begin to grow within weeks or months. The seeds in the soil are brought by animals and wind to become the pioneer species. This will eventually lead to a climax community characterized by a stable complex mature community. 19. Forests act as carbon reservoirs or sinks; they absorb a huge amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis. Forests also produce a great amount of oxygen for the atmosphere during photosynthesis. 20. When forests are logged and not replaced, the carbon sink is removed. There is an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because there will be no more trees to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis. An increase in carbon dioxide levels will contribute to climate change. Deforestation will decrease biodiversity because many animals and plants will lose their habitats and food sources. 21. Using predators for pest control is more environmentally friendly than using pesticides. Introducing natural predators is usually harmless and beneficial. Predators are specific and will hunt and kill only the target pest. Predators can then be removed when the pests are gone. Pesticides, on the other hand, might kill other organisms unintentionally. They can also bioaccumulate in various food webs in the ecosystem. Pesticides can remain in the environment for decades after their first use. 18
19 22. To maintain the field, people must use energy and materials to prevent the return of unwanted organisms (e.g., the field must be mowed, fertilized, and watered). If this maintenance does not take place, ecological succession will occur to establish a community of plants and animals that is typical of the climate and soil in the field. Pioneer species will appear and alter the environment, and the different stages of succession will occur. If the field is left undisturbed, a climax community will develop. This climax community will have the maximum level of productivity (e.g., the plants in the community will produce the maximum amount of biomass for the environmental conditions of the field). 23. In Diagram 1: i) An area is covered by lava and ash after a volcanic eruption. ii) The area is just bare rock and gravel. iii) No soil exists. In Diagram 2: i) Animals or wind carry pioneer species into the area. ii) These pioneer species can live in an inhospitable place, without soil or shelter. iii) Pioneer species, such as lichens, become established on the bare rock and begin to grow. iv) Lichens break down rock and produce soil. v) Tiny plants, such as mosses, start to grow in the very thin soil. vi) Small animals and insects find shelter and food around the vegetation, forming the first ecological communities. vii) Organisms help break down rock. viii) Soil begins to form in cracks in the rock. ix) Larger plants, such as ferns, begin to take root and grow. In Diagram 3: i) As decomposing materials build up, soil is able to hold more water. ii) Grasses, wildflowers, tree seedlings, shrubs, and other plants start to take over. iii) These plants attract insects such as bees and butterflies. iv) Rodents that feed on insects start to appear. v) A large community of soil organisms begin to appear. In Diagram 4: i) The community changes as one species replaces the other. ii) Each stage of succession paves the way for the next stage of succession. iii) A climax community or mature community is established. iv) New plants and animals replace the pioneer species, which cannot survive in shadier, damper conditions. v) New organisms such as larger mammals and birds that feed on rodents appear. vi) Taller shrubs and mature trees dominate the community. 19
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