Breaking the Ring of Encirclement: Sino-Soviet Alliance Termination and the Chinese Communists Vietnam Policy,

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1 University Press Scholarship Online You are looking at 1-9 of 9 items for: keywords : Vietnamese conflict Breaking the Ring of Encirclement: Sino-Soviet Alliance Termination and the Chinese Communists Vietnam Policy, Nicholas Khoo in Collateral Damage: Sino-Soviet Rivalry and the Termination of the Sino- Vietnamese Alliance Published in print: 2011 Published Online: November 2015 ISBN: eisbn: Publisher: Columbia University Press DOI: / columbia/ This chapter discusses the Sino-Soviet conflict, examining how such a conflict affected the relationship between China and Vietnam. The Soviets sent a letter to Beijing requesting that a conference be convened with their North Vietnamese counterparts. The Soviets' purpose was to discuss trilateral cooperation between Hanoi, Beijing, and Moscow. However, the Chinese rejected the Soviets' requests and accused Moscow of using this issue to exert control over China. The rejection caused the Soviets to cooperate with the North Vietnamese in the areas of economics, diplomacy, and military strategy. In response, the Chinese competed with the Soviets by providing large amounts of invaluable economic and military assistance to Hanoi. Despite the assistance of Chinese, the increasing influence of Soviets in Vietnam steadily worsened the Sino-Vietnamese conflict. The Politics of Victory: Sino-Soviet Relations and the Road to Vietnamese Unification, Nicholas Khoo in Collateral Damage: Sino-Soviet Rivalry and the Termination of the Sino- Vietnamese Alliance Published in print: 2011 Published Online: November 2015 ISBN: eisbn: Publisher: Columbia University Press DOI: / columbia/ Page 1 of 6

2 This chapter discusses how China's support for the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, and its preventive action over disputed islands in the South China Sea further aggravated the Sino-Vietnamese conflict. The Soviet- Vietnamese cooperation led Beijing to hedge against the prospect of a unified Vietnam, and to adopt actions that were antithetical to North Vietnamese interests. First, the Chinese began to increase support for the anti-vietnamese Khmer Rouge. Second, the Chinese seized control of islands in the South China Sea occupied by South Vietnamese troops in January These actions were immediately perceived by Hanoi as deleterious to Vietnamese interests as well as a sign of betrayal. The Roots of the Sino-Vietnamese Conflict Xiaoming Zhang in Deng Xiaoping's Long War: The Military Conflict between China and Vietnam, Published in print: 2015 Published Online: January 2016 ISBN: eisbn: Publisher: University of North Carolina Press DOI: / northcarolina/ This chapter presents an overview of China's involvement in Vietnam to lay a foundation for a further analysis of the Sino-Vietnamese conflict in a historical context. Focusing on the 1960s and 1970s, it discusses the distrust and suspicion between the Chinese and the Vietnamese that may have been a reflection of an undercurrent of tension between Beijing and Hanoi during the wars against France and the United States. After many years of committing China's resources to Hanoi's war effort, the Chinese had created for themselves a new enemy, as the two countries later engaged in a conflict lasting more than a decade. The Iron Wall: China's Conventional Military Capabilities Rosemary Foot in The Practice of Power: US Relations with China since 1949 Published in print: 1997 Published Online: November 2003 ISBN: eisbn: Publisher: Oxford University Press DOI: / This is the second of four chapters focusing on America s perceptions of China s capabilities, and dwelling on the correspondence between those perceptions and the projected consequences. It looks at American perceptions of China s capabilities as a military power, discussing them in relation to the successive conflicts in which China was involved: the Page 2 of 6

3 Korean war, the two Taiwan Straits crises, the Sino-Indian and Sino- Soviet border conflicts, the Vietnam war and the Sino-Vietnamese fighting in The discussion marks the transition from the Truman and Eisenhower administration appraisals of China s conventional strength as a candidate great power (in military terms), to the perceptions in the 1960s and throughout the 1970s, that China had not developed advanced conventional forces, and had been sufficiently weakened through its domestic and foreign policies eventually to require it to embark on a domestic modernization programme that led to the reduction and then ending of its support for the national liberation struggles it had previously championed. Moreover, it needed American military protection to help it deal with Soviet encirclement. This evolution in the understanding of China s needs and capacities helped ease the path to the rapprochement and then normalization of relations between these two former military opponents, much as America s own defeat in Vietnam made it easier for Mao to turn to Washington. Conclusion: A Personal Retrospective on China s Border War, Rapprochement with Vietnam, and Implications for East Asian Affairs Xiaoming Zhang in Deng Xiaoping's Long War: The Military Conflict between China and Vietnam, Published in print: 2015 Published Online: January 2016 ISBN: eisbn: Publisher: University of North Carolina Press DOI: / northcarolina/ This chapter presents the author's reflections about the Sino-Vietnamese conflict. It argues that the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War caused shockwaves within the international system of states. It not only marked the first time that Communist countries had been at war with each other but also happened in the immediate aftermath of the Second Indochina War between Vietnam and its proxies and the United States. After the Iron Curtain was built in the late 1940s, communist countries aligned together and locked themselves in a global struggle against Western imperialism. The eruption of the Sino-Vietnamese conflict, on the heels of the Sino-Soviet split a decade earlier, further divided the communist world, driving socialist countries to align themselves in coalitions ready to go to war against each other. The Sino-Vietnamese conflict also changed the balance of power between the United States and the Soviet Union, setting the stage for the eventual collapse of the Soviet empire. Page 3 of 6

4 The Government at Work David G. Marr in Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution ( ) Published in print: 2013 Published Online: January 2014 ISBN: eisbn: Publisher: University of California Press DOI: / california/ This chapter delves into the mechanics of the newly founded DRV government, taking into consideration the many hindrances and triumphs associated with the birth of a new political structure. It makes its way through the foundation and subsequent sessions of the National People's Assembly, predicating on concerns of press and public interest. The focal point of this chapter is the conception and construction of the DRV constitution. From incubation to delivery, it builds the groundwork of the new government, all the while destabilizing it in anticipation of impending Franco-Vietnamese tension. Deng Xiaoping and China s War Decision Xiaoming Zhang in Deng Xiaoping's Long War: The Military Conflict between China and Vietnam, Published in print: 2015 Published Online: January 2016 ISBN: eisbn: Publisher: University of North Carolina Press DOI: / northcarolina/ This chapter examines Beijing's management of its deteriorating relationship with Vietnam in 1978, focusing on the basis of its decision to go to war. According to Chinese scholars, the decision to wage war against Vietnam was influenced by Chinese leaders' reaction to the Soviet Union's genuine threat, which caused them to pursue strategic cooperation with the United States against the Soviet Union. Because this policy emphasized confrontation, Beijing's approach to international crisis in the region became both adamant and militant. Chinese policymakers believed that a punitive attack on Vietnam would deal a blow to the USSR's global expansion strategy. Nevertheless, these studies by the Chinese scholars criticize their leaders for exaggerating the Soviet threat but do not adequately explain why those leaders did so. Page 4 of 6

5 Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution ( ) David G. Marr Published in print: 2013 Published Online: January 2014 ISBN: eisbn: Item type: book Publisher: University of California Press DOI: / california/ David Marr's Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution approaches the events following the 1945 August Revolution in Vietnam with a fresh outlook on the nation's efforts to renounce its colonial past and embrace the prospect of a modernized future all the while fighting to fortify a poverty-stricken present. Amidst the impending danger of Franco- Vietnamese warfare, the country sees to a reincarnation through acts of unified patriotism. Vietnam orients the reader through a historical overview of the period, using globally diverse markers to frame the events that took place during the period from 1945 to Employing a wealth of newly accessible sources, this book reconsiders the place of Vietnam in both a historical and cultural context. Marr dispels certain popularly held beliefs in favor of engaging a new perspective on the birth of the modern, independent state. Ultimately, this book elucidates the development of a new Vietnam and its attempts to mobilize its public during a time of invasion, famine, and international indifference. In his figuration, Marr abandons the all-too-familiar themes of repression associated with this period in favor of an open and candid account of a state that was not facing away from its colonial past but rather facing toward its modernized future. Defence and foreign policy in the 1970s Rhiannon Vickers in The Labour Party and the World: - Volume 2 Labour's Foreign Policy since 1951 Published in print: 2011 Published Online: July 2012 ISBN: eisbn: Publisher: Manchester University Press DOI: / manchester/ This chapter focuses on the foreign and defence policy of the Labour Party during the 1970s. During this time, the party's political programme moved to the left in an attempt to recuperate its base inside the trade unions and reconnect with the constituency parties. The party became united in condemning the ongoing Vietnamese conflict and urging the withdrawal of American forces, in advocating for the dissolution of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), the closure of nuclear bases and the rejection of a British defence policy based on the threat of the use of Page 5 of 6

6 nuclear weapons. The chapter also discusses the party's commitment to bolstering the Anglo-American relationship and to strengthening Britain's nuclear deterrent. Page 6 of 6