NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

Transcription

1 NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES COURSE CODE: ARA381 COURSE TITLE: Arabic Morphology 1

2 NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA COURSE CODE: COURSE TITLE: COURSE DEVELOPER/ WRITER: COURSE EDITOR/ PROGRAMME /LEADER ARA381 Arabic Morphology Prof. M.A. Bidmos School of Arts and Social Sciences National Open University of Nigeria Victoria Island Lagos. Prof. A.F. Ahmed School of Arts and Social Sciences National Open University of Nigeria Victoria Island, Lagos. COURSE GUIDE NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA COURSE CODE: COURSE TITLE: Arabic COURSE DEVELOPER/ WRITER: COURSE EDITOR/ PROGRAMME /LEADER ARA381 Morphology Prof. M.A. Bidmos School of Arts and Social Sciences National Open University of Nigeria Victoria Island Lagos. Prof. A.F. Ahmed School of Arts and Social Sciences National Open University of Nigeria Victoria Island, Lagos. 2

3 National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos. Abuja Office No. 5 Dar es Salaam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja Nigeria. centralinfo@nou.edu.ng URL: National Open University of Nigeria First Printed ISBN: All Rights Reserved Printed by.. For National Open University of Nigeria ii CONTENT PAGE Introduction. 1 Course Aims 1 Course Objectives... 1 Working through this Course... 2 Course Materials.. 2 Study Units...2 Textbooks and References.3 Assignment File.4 Presentations 3

4 Schedule..4 Assessment...4 Tutor Marked Assignment.4 Final Examination and Grading.4 Course Marking Scheme...4 Course Overview...5 How to Get the Most from this Course...5 Facilitator/Tutor and Tutorials 7 Summary 7 iii Introduction Before you is a Course Material coded and entitled ARA381: Arabic Morphology. called inص ر ف Arabic, the course is compulsory for the students. As a beginner, you should take note of the development and the importance of ص ر ف. In the first and second centuries of Islam, ص ر ف was developed amongst the series of subjects developed by Muslims to preserve and understand the language of the Qur an Arabic. Mu ādh bn Muslim al Ħarrāī is recognized as the exponent ص ر فof. Another school of thought attributes its development to Alī bn Abī Tālib. So far, hasص ر ف proven to be an extraordinary mechanism of enriching Arabic ص ر ف language as you will see it practically as we enter into the nitty-grity of Course Aims ARA381 aims at ensuring your ability to: comprehend the position of inص ر ف the entire Arabic Studies; ;ص ر ف identify the scope of employ the available mechanism to conjugate verbs and nouns; state the relationship ص ر فbetween and andن ح و employ various available patterns ص ر فin to enrich your language acquisition skill. 4

5 Course Objectives To accomplish the above aims, you have a golden opportunity in the series of objectives which are divided into two, namely short term and long term. While short term objectives revolve around immediate accomplishment i.e. what you are able to attain at the end of each unit, the long term objectives indicate your demonstration of mastery of.ص ر ف In technical terms, your short term objectives are called behavioural objectives. Such objectives are meant to measure the extent to which you have benefited from the unit lesson just taught. In other words the extent you can recall, state, comprehend, or perform any prescribed task on just concluded lesson. On the other hand, the long term objectives are futuristic i.e. they revolve around your ability to permanently retain the conjugation of verbs from أ م رtoم اض or noun from م ف ر د to,ج م ع or the extent you إسم إسم المكان إسم اللزمان إ س م الالة can derive fresh words from their roots such as. etcإسم based on the skills acquired during the course. You are hereby الفاعل المفعول expected to be able to: ;ص ر ف describe the scope of state what andص ر ف haveن ح و in common; conjugate verbs; enrich and enlarge your vocabulary base through derivatives known as ; and use in sentences the newly acquired words 2 Working Through this Course ص ر ف ARA381 is made up of 12 units, carefully packaged to enable you to learn without tears. Basically, you are expected to study all units in addition to any other books as may be recommended by NOUN. As you progress in this course, you will find Assessment exercise specially designed to enable you to gage your level of attainment of the behavioural objectives. Further more, at the end of every unit, you will required to submit written assignments for assessment purposes. You will also write a final examination at the end of this course. Course Materials Major components of course materials are: 1. Course Guide 2. Study Units 3. Textbooks 5

6 4. Assignment Files 5. Presentation Schedules You are expected to obtain the materials which are available in NOUN offices. You can approach either the facilitator in your Study Centre or the Study Centre Manager to obtain your copies. Study Units In this course, there are 12 study units broken into four modules. They are as follows: Module 1 Unit 1 تعريف الصرف Unit 2 المجر د من الا فعال والا سماء Unit 3 أوزان الا فعال Module 2 Unit 1 الفعل الصحيح المعتل Unit 2 الصحيح وفروعه Unit 3 المعتدي وفروعه Unit 4 الفعل اللازم وفروعه Module 3 Unit 1 أنواع الا سم Unit 2 المشتقات Unit 3 الجامد الملازم الماضي Module 4 Unit 1 Unit 2 حروف سا لتمونيها إسم المبالغة Each Unit contains a number of self tests. In general terms, these self-test questions on the lessons you have just covered are meant to help you to evaluate your progress and to reinforce your understanding of the lessons. Along with your Tutor Marked Assignments, these exercises will assist you in achieving the stated learning objectives of the individual units and of the lessons. References and Textbooks Every unit contains a list of references and further reading. Try to get as many as possible of those textbooks and materials listed. The textbooks and materials are 6

7 meant to depen your knowledge of the course. For example, you may find the following textbooks useful. Al Maydani, A.M. (1978) الميدان, Agegeتصريف Matba atu `th-thaqāfah al Islamiyyah. Al Hamlāwī, A.M.A, (1999) العرف في فن الصرف, Al-Qāhirahشذ Maktabatu aş-şafā. Ali al-jārim/ Mustapha Amīn, (N.D.) الواضح Alالنحو Qāhirah. Tarablīsī/Abu Ħarb (1967) النحو, Damascusمبادي Al-Matba ah a`t Ta āwuniyyah Al Maħāsinī/Sultan/Akkash, (1966) القراءة, Damascusآتاب Matba atu Mufīd al Jadīdah. Abdullah al Wuhaybī & Co. (1970) للصف الا و ل المتوسط, Jeddahالمطالعة Ministry of Education. Ahmad Muhammad Shaddād, (1977) العربية للصف الثالث المتوسط, Baghdadالمطالعة Matba atu Tīmis. Ahmad Muhammad Shaddād, (1976). والنصوص, Baghdadالمطالعة Matba at Tīmis. Al-Fāriħ, S. (Ed.) (1986) العربية الحوليات الطلابية, Kuwaitاللغة Kuliyyatu `l-ādāb, University of Kuwait. Assignment Files In this file, you will find all the details of the work you must submit to your tutor for marking. The marks you obtain from these assignments will count towards the final mark you obtain for this course. You will find further information or assignments in the Assignment file itself and later in this Course Guide in the section on assignment. Presentation Schedule 7

8 The presentation schedule included in your course materials gives you the important dates for the completion of Tutor Marked Assignment and attending tutorials. Remember, you are required to submit all your assignments by the due date. You should guard against falling behind in your work. Assessment Your assessment will be based on Tutor-Marked Assignments (TMAs) and a final examination you will write at the end of the course. Tutor Marked Assignments (TMAs) Every unit contains at least one or two assignments. You are advised to work through all the assignments and submit for assessment. Your tutor will assess the assignments and select four which will constitute the 30% of your final grade. The Tutor Marked Assignments may be presented to you in a separate file. Just know that for every unit there are some Tutor Marked Assignments for you. It is important you do them and submit for assessment. Final Examination and Grading At the end of the course, you will write a final examination which shall last for two hours, you will be requested to answer three questions out of at least five questions. 8

9 Each Unit contains a number of self tests. In general terms, these self-test questions on the lessons you have just covered are meant to help you to evaluate your progress and to reinforce your understanding of the lessons. Along with your Tutor Marked Assignments, these exercises will assist you in achieving the stated learning objectives of the individual units and of the lessons. References and Textbooks Every unit contains a list of references and further reading. Try to get as many as possible of those textbooks and materials listed. The textbooks and materials are meant to depen your knowledge of the course. For example, you may find the following textbooks useful. Al Maydani, A.M. (1978) Agege, Matba atu `th-thaqāfah al Islamiyyah. Al Hamlāwī, A.M.A, (1999) Al-Qāhirah, Maktabatu aş-şafā. Ali al-jārim/ Mustapha Amīn, (N.D.) Al Qāhirah. Tarablīsī/Abu Ħarb (1967) Damascus, Al-Matba ah a`t Ta āwuniyyah Al Maħāsinī/Sultan/Akkash, (1966) Damascus, Matba atu Mufīd al Jadīdah. Abdullah al Wuhaybī & Co. (1970) Jeddah, Ministry of Education. Ahmad Muhammad Shaddād, (1977) Baghdad, Matba atu Tīmis. Ahmad Muhammad Shaddād, (1976). Baghdad, Matba at Tīmis. Al-Fāriħ, S. (Ed.) (1986) Kuwait, Kuliyyatu `l-ādāb, University of Kuwait. Assignment Files In this file, you will find all the details of the work you must submit to your tutor for marking. The marks you obtain from these assignments will count towards the final mark you obtain for this course. You will find further information or 9

10 assignments in the Assignment file itself and later in this Course Guide in the section on assignment. 10

11 Presentation Schedule The presentation schedule included in your course materials gives you the important dates for the completion of Tutor Marked Assignment and attending tutorials. Remember, you are required to submit all your assignments by the due date. You should guard against falling behind in your work. Assessment Your assessment will be based on Tutor-Marked Assignments (TMAs) and a final examination you will write at the end of the course. Tutor Marked Assignments (TMAs) Every unit contains at least one or two assignments. You are advised to work through all the assignments and submit for assessment. Your tutor will assess the assignments and select four which will constitute the 30% of your final grade. The Tutor Marked Assignments may be presented to you in a separate file. Just know that for every unit there are some Tutor Marked Assignments for you. It is important you do them and submit for assessment. Final Examination and Grading At the end of the course, you will write a final examination which shall last for two hours, you will be requested to answer three questions out of at least five questions. Course Marking Scheme This table shows how the actual course marking is broken down. Assignment Marks Assignments Four assignments, best three marks of the four count as 30% of course marks Final Examination 70% of overall course marks Total 100% of Course Marks Course Overview Unit Title of Work Weeks Activity Course Guide Module 1 Definition of Sarf and its Scope Unit 1 Definition of صرف Week 1 Assignment 1 Unit 2 Abstract noun and Week 1 Assignment 2 verb Unit 3 Measures of verbs Week 3 Assignment 3 Module 2 Sound, Weak, Transitive and Intransitive Verb Unit 1 Sound and Weak verbs Week 3 Assignment 1 Unit 2 Sound verb and its Week 4 Assignment 2 branches Unit 3 Transitive Verb Week 4 Assignment 3 Unit 3 Intransitive verb Week 5 Assignment 4 Module 3 Types of Noun: Derivative and Abstract Unit 1 Types of Noun Week 6 Assignment 1 Unit 2 Derivative Nouns Week 6 Assignment 2 Unit 3 Abstract Nouns Week 7 Assignment 3 11

12 Module 4 Unit 1 Letters of سا لتمونيها Week 8 Assignment 1 Unit 2 Mubalaghah Nouns Week 9 Assignment 2 Total 14 How to Get the Most from This Course One of the great advantages of distance learning is that the study units replace the university lecture. This is because you can read and work through specially designed study materials at your own pace, and at a time and place that suit you best. Think of it as reading the lecture instead of listening to the lecturer. In the same way a lecturer might give you some reading to do, the study units tell you when to read, and which are your text materials or set books. You are provided exercises to do at appropriate points, just as a lecturer might give you an in class exercise. Each of the study units follows a common format. The first item is an introduction to the other units and the course as a whole. Next to this is a set of learning objectives. These objectives let you know what you should be able to do by the time you have completed the unit. These learning objectives are meant to guide your study. The moment a unit is finished, you must go back and check whether you have achieved the objectives. If this is made a habit, then you will significantly improve your chances of passing the course. The main body of the 6 unit guides you through the required reading from other sources. This will usually be either from your set books or from Reading section. The following is a practical strategy for working through the course. If you run into any trouble, telephone your tutor. Remember that your tutor s job is to help you. When you need assistance, do not hesitate to call and ask your tutor to provide it. 1. Read this Course Guide thoroughly, it is your first assignment 2. Organize a study schedule. Design a Course Overview to guide you through the course. Note the time you are expected to spend on each unit and how the assignments relate to the unit. Important information, e.g. details of your tutorials, and the date of the first day of the semester is available from the study centre. You need to gather all the information into one place, such as your diary or a wall calendar. Whatever method you choose to use, you should decide on and write your own date s schedule of work for each unit. 3. Once you have created your own schedule, do everything to stay faithful to it. The major reason that students fail is that they get behind with their course work. If you get into difficulties with your schedule, please, let your tutor know before it is too late for help. 4. Turn to unit 1, and read the introduction and the objectives for the unit. 5. Assemble the study materials. You will need your set books and the unit you are studying at any point in time. 6. Work through the unit. As you work through the unit, you will know what sources to consult for further information. 12

13 7. Keep in touch with your study centre. Up to date course information will be continuously available there. 8. Well before the relevant due dates (about 4 weeks before due dates); keep in mind that you will learn a lot by doing the assignment carefully. They have been designed to help you meet the objectives of the course and, therefore, will help you pass the examination. Submit all assignments not later than the due date. 9. Review the objectives for each study unit to confirm that you have achieved them. If you feel unsure about any of the objectives, review the study materials or consult your tutor When you are confident that you have achieved a unit s objectives, you can start on the next unit proceed unit by unit through the course and try to pace your study so that you keep yourself on schedule. 11. When you have submitted an assignment to your tutor for marking, do not wait for its return before starting on the next unit. Keep to your schedule. When the assignment returned, pay particular attention to your tutor s comments, both on the tutor-marked assignment form and also the written comments on the ordinary assignments. 12. After completing the last unit, review the course and prepare yourself for the final examination. Check that you have achieved the unit objectives (listed at the beginning of each unit) and the course objectives (listed in the course guide). Facilitators/Tutors and Tutorials The dates; times and locations of these will be made available to you, together with the name, telephone number and the address of your tutor. Each assignment will be marked by your tutor. Pay close attention too the comments your tutor might make on your assignments as these will help in your progress make sure that assignments reach your tutor on or before the due date. Your tutorials are important; therefore try not to skip any. It is an opportunity to meet your tutor and your fellow students. It is also an opportunity to get the help of your tutor and discuss any difficulties encountered on your reading. Summary.صرف In ARA381: Arabic Morphology, you are taken through different aspects of To a large extent, صرف is simplified for you. It is made easy. Words/terms such as. etcآلمة, are defined. Where فعل, إسم, إسم الفاعل, إسم المفعول, إسم المكان إلخ necessary, terms with technical connotation are described with illustrations. For example, terms such ( derivatives )المشتقات where they are derived from, common ground between andصرف areنحو explained with illustrations. Conjugation as the core of isصرف extensively explained across the units of the course. However, your ability to conjugate, define, describe, and illustrate in sentences depends on your taking maximum advantage of the Course Guide which accompanies this Course Material. 13

14 Module 1 تعريف الصرف ومجاله Definition of Ṣarf and its Scope Unit 1 تعريف الصرف Definition of Ṣarf 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Definition of Ṣarf تعريف الصرف 3.2 The Scope of Ṣarf مجال الصرف 3.3 Similarity between Ṣarf and Nahw التشابه بين الصرف والنحو 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 Introduction Morphology, ( (صرف, was introduced within the array of language studies which (علم, Phonetics (علم اللغة ( Philology (بلاغة), Rhetoric (نحو), include Grammar etc. The main motivation for the development/introduction of these,الا صوات ( language studies was the preservation of the Qur ān which was revealed in Arabic in terms of its ensuring its correct reading and accurate understanding of its message. It should be noted that the language studies of which صرف formed a part came within the context of the complete change brought by Islam to the life of the Arabs in the Arabian Peninsula. It was a total transformation of life which means a sharp shift from the prevailing Jahiliyyah culture to civilization and urbanization spanning across social, commercial, judicial and religious aspects of life in the first and second centuries of Hijrah corresponding with seventh and eighth centuries of the Christian Era (CE). Since صرف came as a branch of language studies, little wonder that it shares a lot with other branches especially نحو (Grammar) which is explained below. Against this background, our attention in this unit is focused on definition of,صرف its.نحو scope and what it shares in common with 2.0 Objectives At the end of this unit, you should be able to: ; صرفdefine describe the scope صرفof ; and state similarities and dissimilarities between صرف and Nahw. 3.0 Main Content صرف 3.1 Definition of For the purpose of illustration, let s consider the following text: 14

15 ب آ ت إ آ ت ت إ ب س ت ك ت ب ت كا ت ب ب ي ك ت ي ك ت ت ي ي ت كا ت ب س ت ك ت ب س ا ف ر خا لد إ لى إ ن ك لي ت را ل يد ر س ا لا ق ت صا د فى جا م ع ة ل ن دن. و سر عا ن ما ن ز ل فى م طا ر ه ت رو آ ت ب ر سا ل ة ش ك ر إ لى وا ل د ه. و فى أ س بو ع ه ا لا و ل فى ا ل جا م ع ة آ ت ب ر سا ل ة إ لى أ خ ت ه فا ط م ة ا ل تى تد ر س ا ل ط ب فى جا م ع ة لا غو س ن ي جي ر يا و ر سا ل ة أ خ رى إ لى أ خي ه س ل مان ا ل ذى يد ر س ا ل ك م بو تر فى جا م ع ة إ با دن. و آ ذ ل ك آا ت ب خا لد ص دي ق ه ر م ضان ا ل ذى ي ش ت غ ل فى شر آ ة ا لا ت صا لا ت ب لا غو س و ب د أ ج مي ع هم ي ت كا ب تو ن إ لا ر م ضا ن لم ي ك تب. وا س ت ك ت ب ه خا ل د ث م آ ت ب م ع ت ذ را. و ب ما أ ن خا ل دا قد أ ن ج ب ط ف لا ق ب ل س ف ر ه إ لى ل ن دن ط ل ب من وا ل د ت ه أن ت ك ت ب إ ب ن ه ال ص غير. و خا لد ب ص ف ت ه طا ل با ن جي با قد ب د أ ي ك ت تب ف ى ا ل مر ح ل ة ال ثا ن ي ة فى م ج ل ة ا لا ق ت صا د ا ل تى ت ن ش ر د و ر يا فى جا م ع ت ه. By definition, Morphology, simply called صرف in Arabic is the study of the structural formation of words and the cases that affect the formation. The literal صرف Literally, is indicative of what Morphology is all about. صرف meaning of صرف Technically, means to change i.e. to change from one form to another form. means a structural change affecting a word called آلمة from one form to another form or to several forms. For instance, you will observe in the above text how the word آ ت ب changed from one form to several forms. The word آ ت ب (to write) has structurally changed severally e.g. آ ت ب ي ك ت ب آ ت اب ة آ ات ب م ك ت وب أ آ ت ب لا ت ك ت ب م ك ت ب م ك ت ب ة In the same text, the word changed from (آ ت ب ) to (آ ات ب ) i.e. to correspond with e.g. آ ا ت ب ي كا تب م كا ت ب ة م كا تب م ك ات ب آ ات ب لا ت ك ات ب It can further change to آ ت ب (meaning to make one write) لا ت ك ت ب آ تب م ك تب م ك تب ت ك تي با It can change to إ آ ت ت ب (meaning to subscribe to a paper or a journal) لا ت ك ت ت ب إآ ت تب م ك ت تب إ آ ت تا با It can also change to إ س ت ك ت ب i.e. to ask one to write. لا ت س ت ك ت ب إ س ت ك تب م س ت ك ت ب م س تك ت ب إ س ت ك تا با ب ت كا ت ب It can change to لا ت ت كا ت ب ت كا تب م ت كا ت ب م ت كا ت ب ت كا ت با Further, some of its derivatives are: a book آ ت اب holy book ال ك تا ب the children s school ال ك تا ب (ال ك تا تي ب ( Self Assessment Exercise Give definition of صرف with illustration صرف 3.2 The Scope of The word آ ل م ة precisely defines the scope صرفof. Kalmah which means a word is of three types; namely ف ع ل (verb) إ س م (noun) ح ر ف (particle) Examples: إ س م ح ر ف ف ع ل 15

16 to beat ض ر ب a boy و ل د from م ن to seat ج ل س bread خ ب ز to إ لى to study د ر س a book آ ت اب in فى Of all the three types of Kalmah listed above, صرف covers verbs and nouns to the exclusion of particles. The question you may ask then is: what does صرف do to verbs and nouns? The answer is, simply put, ت ص ري ف which means structural transformation of verbs and nouns into various shapes and forms. It should be quickly noted that the structural transformation we are talking about is for a purpose which is the reflection of different meanings and situations sometimes tied up to periodization. When ت ص ري ف takes its toll on verbs and nouns, they (verbs and nouns) are called متصرفة i.e. أفعال متصرفة and متصرفة.أسماء This is a situation ), م اض ( tense when a verb is conjugated such as conjugating a verb from past present tense,(م ض ار ع ) and command i.e. future tense.(أ م ر ) When noun is taken through the same process of تصريف i.e. conjugation, it changes from singular.(جمع) and plural (مثنى) dual,(مفرد) follows: It is illustrated as أ م ر م ضا ر ع م ا ض اف ت ح ي ف ت ح ف ت ح اآ ذ ب ي ك ذ ب آ ذ ب أ آ ت ب ي ك ت ب آ ت ب Regarding conjugation of إسم i.e. ت ص ري فits, it runs thus: ج م ع م ث نى م ف ر د أ و لا د و ل دا ن و ل د آا ت ب و ن آ ا ت با ن آ ا ت ب م د ر سو ن م د ر سا ن م د ر س The full length of فعل conjugation is the following pattern: ن ه ى أ م ر م ف عو ل ب ه ف ا ع ل م ص د ر م ضا ر ع م ا ض لا ت ف ت ح إ ف ت ح م ف ت وح ف ا ت ح ف ت حا ي ف ت ح ف ت ح لا ت ك ذ ب إ آ ذ ب آ ا ذ ب آ ذ با ي ك ذ ب آ ذ ب لا ت ك ت ب أ آ ت ب م ك ت وب آ ا ت ب آ تا ب ة ي ك ت ب آ ت ب Similar to further extension as in the case of verb above, full conjugation of noun is also extended to cover genealogy (ن س ب ة ) and diminutive ت ص غ ير e.g.: ن س ب ة ت ص غ ير ج م ع م ث نى م ف ر د ق ل م ى ق ل ي م أ ق لام قلمان ق ل م Self Assessment Exercise Show the difference between verb conjugation and noun conjugation with illustrations. 16

17 3.3 Between Ṣarf and Nahw and Nahw in terms of their functions are like a pair of scissors in which one صرف tongue cannot function alone without the other tongue. Both صرف and Nahw complement each other in preserving the Arabic language and ultimately guide the learner towards making correct and intelligible sentences. So, what they both share in common is the role of preserving the language through application of their rules and regulations. However, in terms of the scope of operation, they differ significantly as illustrated in the text below. ع ن د ب دا ية ع ط ل ت نا ا ل مد ر س ي ة ق ر ر خا لد أن ي ق ض ى ث لا ث ة أ سا بي ع فى ز يا ر ة أ قارب ه. و قد ذ ه ب أ و لا إ لى ا ل قر ي ة ل ز يا ر ة ع م ت ه ح ي ث ق ضى أ س بو عا. ث م إ لى أ خ ت ه ز ي نب ا ل تى تد ر س فى آ ل ي ة ال ت ق ن ي ة ب م دين ة إ با دن. و قد م ضى أ س بو عا ن ع لى م غا د ر ت ه و لم ي ب ق أ ما م ه إ لا أ س بوع وا حد ي زو ر في ه ع م ه فى م دي ن ة أ ب يو آو تا. أ ما أ نا ف قد أ م ر ت نى أ مى أن أ را ف ق ها فى إ دا ر ة ش و ن د آا ن ها طو ل ا لا جا ز ة. ح س نا إذ هب إ لى الد آا ن آ ل يو م يا س ل ي م نا ت ح ت أ مر أ م ك. و قد قي ل إ ن ب ر ا ل وا ل د ي ن س لف. ف ا نا أ ف ض ل ال ت م ري ن ع لى ال ت جا ر ة فى ور ش ة ع مى ف ا ن ع مى ه ذا و ا ثق فى ص دا ق تى آ ل ال ثق ة. و ت را نى دا ي ما مر تا حا فى ر ف ق ت ه Analysis You will notice in the text above that the آلمات (words) change from one form to another. For example, verbs such as: أ ر اد ز ار أ م ر ق ض ي م ض ي ب ق ي ف ت ح ذ ه ب change from one form to another to reflect different periods. In the same token, nouns such as: ال مد ر س ة ا لا سبو ع ا ل ق ري ب ا ل قر ي ة ا ل ع م ة ا ل ع م ا لم دي ن ة ال د آا ن ا لا م change from one ت ص ر يف form to another to reflect number. This constant change is known as (deletion) and it applies to both أ ف ع ال and.أ س م اء Let us consider the following two tables which are loaded with آلمات extracted from the text above. Change in Verb or Reflect Time Change in Verb or Reflect Number أمر مضارع ماض جمع مثنى مفرد مر/ أ و م ر ي ا م ر أ م ر أ ي ام ي و ما ن ي و م إ ذ ه ب ي ذ ه ب ذ ه ب أ سا بي ع أ س بو عا ن أ س بو ع ز ر ي زو ر ز ا ر أ قا ر ب ق ري با ن ق ر يب إ ق ض ي ق ضى ق ضى أ خ وا ت أ خ تا ن أ خ ت ا م ض ي م ضى م ضى أ م ها ت أ ما ن أ م ر ا ف ق ي را ف ق ر ا ف ق ع ما ت ع م تا ن ع م ة إ ف ت ح ي ف ت ح ف ت ح أ ع ما م ع ما ن ع م ر ي رى ر أى د آا آي ن د آا نا ن د آا ن ف ض ل ي ف ض ل ف ض ل ق ري ق ر ي تا ن ق ر ي ة إ ب ق ي ب قى ب ق ى و ا ل دو ن و ا ل دا ن و ا ل د ت ص ر يف و إ ع ر اب The difference between Ṣarf and Nahw lies in the two terms ت ص ر يف and.إ ع ر اب The ت ص ر يف While.إ ع ر اب and ت ص ر يف English term declension is used to denote both 17

18 means structural transformation of a verb or noun as illustrated in the two tables above, إ ع ر اب means changes that occur in the vowels at the end of a word be it Fathah verb or noun. The vowels that are amenable to changes are Dammah Kasrah and Sukun. The following sentences give examples of إ ع را ب in action. ق د م ضى أ س بو عا ن ع لى م غا د ر ت ه س يذ ه ب إ لى أ خ ت ه ف ى ا ل قر ي ة س ي زو ر ج مي ع أ قا ر ب ه لا ف ت ح با ب غر ف ت ه إ ن ب ر ا ل وا ل د ي ن س لف أ ف ض ل ال ت م ري ن ع لى ال ت جا ر ة إ ذ هب إ لى ال د آا ن آ ل يو م مرفوع is in the nominative case which is known as أسبوعان sentence, In the first with alf (ا) representing dammat. In the word ة, مغادرته takes kasrah due to the influence of the article أخته. على in the second sentence takes kasrah due to the يزور.في also takes kasrah due to the influence of القرية the end of.إلى influence of in the fourth sentence takes fat-hah because it is in the accusative case under the influence of.إن the word جميع as مفعول به (also accusative) takes fat-hah. The word.مضاف إليه This is called genitive case.(ب) takes kasrah as you can see it in أقاربه The verb أفتح takes fat-hah due to the influence of what is known as باب.لام آي takes fat-hah because it.ب ر الوالدين.مضاف إليه takes kasrah becase it is in genitive case غرفة while مفعول به is مضاف is in genitive case الوالدين,إن takes fat-hah due to the influence of بر while اذهب sentence, and so it takes kasrah which is represented in yaa. In the last إليه known as فعل الا مر takes sukun as the sign of jazm. By now, the distinction between صرف and نحو must have been crystal clear to you. For example, while صرف with its rules governs the act of changing the words (i.e : إسم أو فعل (,آلمة from one form to another, نحو takes the control of alteration of vowel at the end of words in accordance with the prevailing case. Basically, both نحو and areصرف supposed to guide you to make correct statement with a view to accurately reflecting the intended meaning and situations correctly. One point of observation, you should recall that الحرف the particle is the third member of the آلمة family. But it is not governed by any regulation that will make it change its form. It has a lone structure that never changes. Unlike the nature of فعل and إسم the particle such as أ ن إ ن في إ لى ع لى are free fron any rule that could either change their forms or their vowels. Self Assessment Exercise What is the difference between صرف and نحو? Illustrate your answer with examples. 18

19 19

20 4.0 Conclusion have one thing in common; namely preservation of Arabic نحو and صرف Language through provision of rules and regulations that guide the learner of the language to make flawless and intelligible expressions. Further more, both of them have الكلمة (word) as the area of operation. But while صرف deals with the structural transformation of the words into various shapes and forms, نحو deals with the ) أواخر الكلمة ( word changes that occur in the vowels especially at the end of the 5.0 Summary This Unit introduced Ṣarf (Arabic Morphology) to you as the study of the structural changes taking place in words with a view to creating various meanings from one single root. It showed how both صرف and نحو take the آلمة as their area of oppration. It gives coupious examples as illustration and provides you with self assessment exercises so that you will be able to know your level of understanding. The conclusion highlights the main point discussed. 6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA) State with illustrations the importance of Ṣarf in the study of Arabic Language. 7.0 Reference/ Further Reading: 1. Ahmad bn Muhammad al-maydānī (1978), تصريف الميداني with addendum and commentary by Adam Abdullah al-illūrī; Agege, Markaz Ta līmi `l- Arabī Press. 2. Al Hamlāwī, A.M.A, (1999) شذ العرف فى فن الصرف Al-Qāhirah, Maktabatu aş-şafā. 3. Ali al-jārim/ Mustapha Amīn, (N.D.) النحو الواضح Al Qāhirah. 20

21 Module 1: Unit 2: Definition of Ṣarf and its Scope المجرد من الا فعال والا سماء 0.0 Introduction 1.0 Objectives 2.0 Main Content 2.1 تعريف الفعل المجرد 2.2 المجرد الثلاثى والرباعى 2.3 المزيد فيه 3.0 Conclusion 4.0 Summary 5.0 Tutor Marked Assignment 6.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 Introduction In the first Unit, صرف was defined for you with illustrations. Also treated was the scope of صرف which is آلمات be it ف ع ل or.إ س م In this Unit, the status of ف ع ل is explained as well as that of..إ س م In other words, you will learn that in the unit different technical descriptions of each of them. And as usual, this will be loaded with illustrations. 2.0 Objectives At the end of this unit, you should be able to describe: الفعل المجرد - المجرد الثلاثى والرباعى - المزيد فيه Main Content is when all its المجرد is so called when it is pure. The purity of the الفعل المجرد 3.1 letters are free of any form of defect. Such letters are called Radicals to the extent that they are all original to that verb and each of them is indispensable for the verb will be rendered meaningless, should any of the letters be omitted e.g.:.رآب Take the verb رآب which means he took a ride, should letter ر be omitted the rest two letters آب becomes meaningless or at least the remaining two letters cannot mean to take a ride. So, رآب is فعل مجرد because each of the three letters is basic. Essentially, we must take note of the fact that الفعل الثلاثى i.e. a three-lettered verb is the smallest verb in size as far as Arabic is concerned. And the longest in size is the one called س دا سى i.e. a six-lettered verb treated below in details. Let us consider the following sentences. Ahmad rode a camel The seeker and the sought are weak ر آ ب أ ح م د ج م لا ض ع ف ال طال ب و ال م ط ل وب 21

22 God always assists the wronged ن ص ر االله د اي م ا ال م ظ ل وم beautiful Whatever the mighty does is آ ل م ا ف ع ل ه ال ج ل يل ل ه و ال ج م يل him Hearing about Muaydi is better than seeing ت س م ع ع ن م ع ي د ى خ ي ر م ن أ ن ت ر ا ه Noha s ark did not capsize in the flood م ا غ ر ق ت س ف ين ة ن وح ف ى ال طوف ان God saved Noah s ark from capsizing ح ف ظ االله س ف ين ة ن وح م ن ال غ ر ق ن ج ح ال طال ب ال م ج د ف ى ا لام ت ح ان ب ا م ت ي از distinction The hardworking student passed with Analysis ض ع ف ر آ ب ن ص ر ف ع ل س م ع غ رق features: In the above sentences, the following verb They are so called because their foundation.مجرد Each of the verbs is.ح ف ظ ن ج ح letters do not suffer any form of deficiency. Each of the letters is called radical. It should be noted quickly that the opposite of المجرد is المزيد which is simply defined as a verb with additional letters i.e. additional to the foundation radicals. For example, take note of the verbs in the following excerpt: Celebrate the praises of thy Lord ف س بح ب ح م د ر بك و اس ت غ ف ر ه و إ ذ اس ت س ق ى م وس ى And remember Moses prayed for water for his people ل ق و م ه Then gushed forth therefrom twelve springs ف ان ف ج ر ت م ن ه اث ن ت ا ع ش ر ة ع ي ن ا The verb س بح اس ت غ ف ر إ س ت س ق ى ان ف ج ر have, to their foundation radicals, additional س بح in ب letters such as اس ت غ ف ر in ا س ت إ س ت س ق ى in إس ت إ ن ف ج ر in إ ن The meaning of س بح with the additional ب i.e. ت ض عي ف is to glorify your Lord. But in case that additional ب is removed, you are left with س ب ح which is still meaningful albeit a different meaning. In other words, its removal can only alter the meaning of the remaining letters but not to render them meaningless. And when the additional letters إ س ت are removed, the remaining غفر is meaningful. It means to forgive i.e. granted forgiveness. إ س ت س ق ى is to seek drinking water. And with the removal of س ت,إ the remaining سقى is meaningful. It means he granted drinking water. The case of المزيد is mentioned here only in passing for illustration purpose. It will be treated in details in 3.2 below. Meanwhile, we.المجرد return to Self Assignment Exercise ق د م تم ب ح م د ا الله أ ش ر ف م ق د م # م دى ال د ه ر ي ب قى ذ آ ر ه فى ا ل م وا س م.مجرد from the above verse and explain what makes them فعل المحرد Extract 22

23 المجرد الثلاثى والرباعى 3.2 By now, you should be able to describe what Mujarrad is with illustration. You can even state its opposite which is Mazīd. But you should recognize the two types of Mujarrad that do co-exist; namely المجرد الثلاثى and الرباعى.المجرد They are the two types and each of them with its own branches which are not treated in this unit. Suffice it to say that المجرد الثلاثى is the three lettered verb with the three radicals, as already explained and illustrated, all of which are basic, pure and indispensable. You should be able to explain what indispensability of a basic radical means in a verb Mujarrad verb. Any of the verbs we have come across above will be good enough as example of etc. ض ع ف ن ص ر غ ر ق.المجرد الثلاثى may require more attention because you are coming in contact المجرد الرباعى with it for the first time in this material. المجرد الرباعى can be defined as a four الرباعى verb, lettered verb or quadratic. Like the description of the three lettered is the four-lettered verb whose four letters are basic, original and المجرد indispensable. Should any of the four letters be omitted, the meaning of three letters become meaningless. ب س م ل means he said ح و ق ل,بسم االله الرحمن الرحيم means he said ح ر ج م,لا حول ولا قوة إلا باالله العلي العظيم means he gathered or assembled something. Each of these verbs is الرباعى المجرد because all the radicals in them are basic and indispensable. Read the following text: أ م ر ا لا س تا ذ أ ح م د أن ي ق ر أ س ور ة ا ل ع ل ق فى ب دا ي ة ما د ة ال ت ج وي د. ب س م ل أ ح م د و ق ر أ ال سو رة. و ب نا ء ع لى أ ن ق را ء ت ه آا نت م ج و د ة حو ق ل ا لا س تا ذ م ع ج با و با ر ك لا ح م د. ه نا ك أ س ت ا ذ ن ز يد ا لا س تا ذ ل ي ق ر أ و قا م ق ب ل أن ي ا ذ ن ل ه ا لا س تا ذ. ف غ ض ب ا لا س تا ذ غ ض با ش دي دا ل سو ء ا لا د ب و أ ج ل س ه ا لا س تا ذ آ ما أ ب ر ك ال را عى غ ن م ه. و ب ع د ل خ طا ت أ ذ ن ل ز ي د ل ي ق ر أ و قا م و ق ر أ ق را ء ة غ ي ر م ج و د ة و قا ل ا لا س تا ذ ا لا ن ح ص ح ص ا ل ح ق. و ل ما ذا ق د م ت ن ف س ك ل ل ق را ء ة ر غ م ع دم قد ر ت ك ع لى ا ل ق را ء ة ا ع ت ذ ر ز يد أ ن ه ت ش ج ع ع لى ت ق دي م ن فس ه ل ل ق را ء ة ل كى ي ق وم ه ا لا س تا ذ إن أ خ ط ا. و ف علا أ خ ط ا ز يد و ق و م ه أ س تا ذ ه Analysis The four-lettered (quadratic) verbs in the excerpt are: بسم االله الرحمن الرحيم He recited بسمل لا حول ولا قوة إلا باالله العلي العظيم He says حوقل down. The Shepard forced his camel أبرك manifest. Truthfulness is حصحص These are pure four-lettered verbs, the letters are foundation radicals. And should any of the letters drop, the remaining letters lose meaning and effectiveness. In the. ق وم ق دم ب ار ك أ خ ط ا same excerpt, there are other four-lettered verbs such as Though they are four-lettered, they are not م ج رد because they have in their foundation letters additional letter that can be removed without rendering the 23

24 remaining letters meaningless. The verbs of this nature are known as المزيد which is treated in 3.3 below. Self Assignment Exercise Give each of the following verbs its appropriate descriptive terms and use it in a ف ت ح - ز ع ز ع - ف ت ح - أ ر س ل - ض ر ب sentence. المزيد فيه 3.3 as alluded to in passing above is the opposite of Mujarrad. A verb is المزيد فيه described as al-mazid feehi if it contains one or more additional letters to the المجرد original component ones which are known as foundation radicals. Both An example.المزيد فيه can take additional letters to become المجرد الرباعى and الثلاثى of al-mazeed thulaathiyy is ق ات ل with the additional ألف مدة to.ق ت ل It can also become ت ق ات ل as ت and ألف مدة are added. Or إ س ت غ ف ر as إ س ت are added to.غفر Or.حرجم are added to إ ن as إ ح ر ن ج م حروف الزيادة In order to make formation of المزيد فيه easy, there are specific letters used. The letters are known as additional letters الزيادة.حروف Again, for easy reference, the letters contained in a statement designated in.س ا ل ت م ون يه ا You can see that they are.س أ ل ت م و ن ي ه ا ألف مد i.e. ten: However, there is also what is known as.ت ض ع يف This is a case in which serves as an additional letter. For example, in رس,د letter ر is doubled with. In such a case, درس letter. which is one of the foundation radicals also becomes an additional means to study. But when another ر is added, we have د رس which means to teach..المزيد فيه The following table gives classification of various Below is المزيد فيه الفعل المجرد المزيد فى جملة مفيدة حرف زيادة أ ر س ل أ ثلاثى - رسل The teacher sent Fatima to the market أ ر س ل ا لا س تا ذ فا ط م ة إ لى ال سو ق ق ات ل أ ثلاثى قتل Jafar waged war with Sulayman ق ا ت ل ج ع ف ر س ل ي ما ن أ س ل م أ ثلاثى - سلم Bilqis submitted to Allah through Sulayman أ س ل مت ب ل قي س الله ع لى ي د س ل ي ما ن د ر س تضعيف ثلاثى - درس Talhat taught me Tajwid د ر س نى ط ل ح ة ال ت ج وي د ت ق ات ل ت ا ثلاثى - قتل war People waged - ت قا ت ل ال قو م إ ح ر ن ج م إ ن رباعى - gathered The camel - إ ح ر ن ج م حرجم ا لا ب ل 24

25 إ س ت غ ف ر إ س ت ثلاثى - غفر The believer sought forgiveness from his lord إ س ت غ ف ر ا ل مو م ن ر ب ه إ ض م ح ل أل تضعيف رباعى - cleared The cloud - إ ض م ح ل ضمحل ال س حا ب إ ع ش و ش ب تضعيف ثلاثى - عشب The land grew a lot of weed إ ع شو ش ب ت ا لا ر ض إ ط م ا ن أن تضعيف restful The debtor was رباعى - طمان - إ ط م ا ن ال دا ي ن In this table, you will notice that letters like ن ر ل ش are doubled by shaddah to create additional letters e.g. إ ض م ح ل د رس إ ط م ا ن.إ ع ش و ش ب This is to emphasize that apart from the 10 letters which are specifically designated as حروف الزيادة in any other letter can assume the position of additional letter through,سا لتمونيها.ش دة i.e. ت ض ع يف 25

26 المزيد and المجرد Distinction between By now, you must have been able to state the characteristics of الفعل المجرد be it is a three-lettered or four-lettered الفعل المجرد revision, By means of.الرباعى or الثلاثى verb which has all its component letters original and pure. It is so described because should any of the letters drop, the remaining letters can no longer qualify المجرد as described in 3.3 above. Both الفعل المزيد فيه as a verb. In contrast, we have are capable of being increased by one, two or three letters المجرد الرباعى and الثلاثى or by what is called تضعيف i.e. ال ش دة It should be noted that the purpose of increasing letter of a verb is to change the meaning. For example: (he) taught د رس (he) studied د ر س (he) knew ع ل م (he) informed أ ع ل م (he) sat ج ل س (he) caused some one to sit أ ج ل س (he) sent some one forward أ ر س ل (he) moved slowly ر س ل (he) killed ق ت ل (to) fight each other ت ق ات ل (he) sought forgiveness إ س ت غ ف ر (he) forgave غ ف ر (he) said ق ال (he) resigned إ س ت ق ال You should also note that the increased verbs (المزيد) are given appropriate terms as they take additional letters. These include: (four-lettered) الرباعى (five-lettered) الخماسى أ ر س ل ق ات ل ع لم ب ار ك أ ب ر ك ت ع لم ت ق ات ل ت م ي ص ر ت ح طم ت ف ل س ف ت غ مض (six-lettered) السداسى إ ع ش و ش ب إ ج ل و ذ إ س ت ع لم إ س ت ف س ر إ ح ر ن ج م Self Assessment Exercise What is the purpose of فيه?المزيد Give four complete sentences in Arabic for illustration of your answer. 26

27 4.0 Conclusion It has been clarified in this unit that the حروف الزيادة are ten as contained in can also serve as an تضعيف But it should be noted that shaddah known as.سا لتمونيها additional letter as reflected in ق سر ف ضل د رس ع لم etc. Furthermore, you should note that حروف المضارعة are also among الزيادة.حروف These are called أنيت they are.ي ج ل س ت ج ل س ن ج ل س أ ج ل س illustrated in 5.0 Summary The distinction between المجرد and المزيد is that every letter in the المجرد is original and cannot be dropped without disrupting the meaning of the verb. For example, if a letter is removed from جلس e.g. ج the remaining لس have no meaning. In case of removing a letter or more can only change the meaning but not to render the المزيد verb meaningless e.g. if ألف is removed from قاتل you still have قتل which is meaningful i.e. he killed though it is different from the meaning of.قاتل Generally, is advantageous in terms of widening the scope if verbs as a verb through المزيد meaning. can produce various زيادة 6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment State the advantages of المزيد with illustrations. What are the characteristics of?المجرد Give examples. 7.0 References/Further Readings 1. Al-Maydani, A. M. (1978), الميداني,تصريف Agege, Matba atu Thaqafatul Islamiyyah. 2. Al Hamlāwī, A.M.A, (1999) شذ العرف فى فن الصرف Al-Qāhirah, Maktabatu aş- Şafā. 3. Al Maħāsinī S. A. (1966), آتاب القراءة Damascus, Matba atu Mufīd al Jadīdah. المطالعة العربية للصف الثالث المتوسط (1977) Shaddād,.4 Ahmad Muhammad Baghdad, Matba atu Tīmis. 27

28 Module 1: Unit 3: Definition of Ṣarf and its Scope أوزان الا فعال 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 وزن الثلاثى المجرد / الرباعى 3.2 وزن الخماسى 3.3 وزن السداسى 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA) 7.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 Introduction which means a scale or yardstick or measure. The و زن is the plural of الا و ز نا function of و زن is to categorise the Arabic verbs by way of putting each verb in its appropriate context. In this unit, therefore, you will be introduced to the six known.ال ر با عى ا ل م ج رد as well as others for ال ث لا ثى ا ل م ج رد for the أ و زا ن الا ف عال measures called.المزيد فيه for أوزان Also to be treated are the 2.0 Objectives At the end of this unit, you should be able to identify and describe: و ز ن ال ث لا ثى ا ل م ج رد / ال رب اع ى ا ل م ج رد - وزن ال خ ما سى - وزن ال س دا سى Main Context وزن الثلاثى المجرد / الرباعى 3.1 Read the following text: آ م م رة ي س ج د ال م ص لى ف ى ر آ ع ة و اح د ة و جه ي وس ف ه ذ ا ال سو ال إ ل ى أ س ت اذ ه ف ى ح صه ال م ب اد ئ ا لا س لا م ي ة. ف ت ح ا لا س ت اذ م ج الا لبقية ال طل ب ة ل ي ك ت ب م ن ع ن د ه ف ك ر ة ع ن ال سو ال ج و اب ا ف ى و ر ق ت ه. م ا ل ب ث أ ن ق ام أ ح م د ب ت س ل يم و ر ق ت ه إ ل ى ا لا س ت اذ ث م ج ل س. و ب ع د ه ق دم ط ال ب ان ا خ ر ان و س لم ا و رق ت ي هم ا إ ل ى ا لا س ت ا ذ. و آ له م ع ل ى ال صو اب إ لا ال طال ب ا لذ ى ض ع ف ب ص ر ه و أ خ ط ا إ م لا ي ي ا. ع ن د ي ذ آ ت ب ا لا س ت اذ ال ج و اب ال صح يح ع ل ى ال سب ور ة ب خ طه ال ج م يل. و اس ت ف اد ج م يع ال طل ب ة م ن س و ال ي وس ف. و ح س ب ب ق ي ة ال طل ب ة ي وس ف ج اه لا ع د د س ج د ات ف ى ر آ ع ة و اح د ة. و ه ن اك ش ر ح ي وس ف أ نه أ ر اد ب س و ال ه إ ف اد ة ال ج م يع ب م ع ر ف ة ع د د س ج د ات ف ى ر آ ع ة و اح د ة. We can extract from the text above these verbs:.س ج د ف ت ح ج ل س ش ر ح ح س ب آ ت ب ض ع ف ل ب ث These verbs represent الثلاثى المجرد in its six أوزان which are encompassed in.ف ع ل It is the middle letter of ف ع ل that changes to give birth to all six.أوزان This is graphically illustrated as follows: ف ع ل 28

29 ف ع ل ي ف ع ل ف ع ل ي ف ع ل ف ع ل ي ف ع ل ف ع ل ي ف ع ل ف ع ل ي ف ع ل ف ع ل ي ف ع ل Application of the representation produces the following: ض ع ف ي ض ع ف ح س ب ي ح س ب ش ر ح ي ش ر ح ل ب ث ي ل ب ث ج ل س ي ج ل س آ ت ب ي ك ت ب Every letter in فعل is technically analysed as follows for easy application to the target verbs: ف ع ل ش ر ح ض ع ف فاء الفعل عين الفعل لام الفعل فاء الفعل عين الفعل لام الفعل فاء الفعل عين الفعل لام الفعل ج ل س لب ث ح س ب آ ت ب So, you can see that ع ي ن ال ف ع ل plays a crucial role in all the.أوزان Furthermore, it is. إ ذ ه ب إ ج ل س أ آ ت ب e.g. فعل أمر in همزة taken by the حرآة that determines the عين الفعل The principle is simply applied thus: whichever حرآة taken by the عين الفعل in takes عين الفعل example, If, for.فعل أمر in همزة given to حرآة determines the مضارع آسرة of such a verb will take فعل أمر of همزة of any verb, the مضارع in آسرة or فتحة e.g. إ ذ ه ب ي ذ ه ب إ ج ل س ي ج ل س But the همزة of فعل أمر will take dammah whenever the عين الفعل in مضارع of any ي ض ع ف e.g.: ض مة verb takes أ ض ع ف ي ك ت ب أ آ ت ب (تصريف الا فعال) Conjugation of Verbs This section is devoted to the full illustration of the principles highlighted above.(الا وزان) in its six weights الفعل الثلاثى i.e. 29

30 ن ه ي أ م ر م ف ع ول ب ه ف اع ل م ص د ر م ض ار ع م اض لا ت ف ع ل إ ف ع ل م ف ع ول ف اع ل ف ع لا ي ف ع ل ف ع ل لا ت ق ط ع إ ق ط ع م ق ط وع ق اط ع ق ط ع ا ي ق ط ع ق ط ع لا ت ف ع ل إ ف ع ل م ف ع ول ف اع ل ف ع لا / ف ع ولا ي ف ع ل ف ع ل لا ت ج ل س إ ج ل س - ج ال س ج ل وس ا ي ج ل س ج ل س لا ت ف ع ل أف ع ل م ف ع ول ف اع ل ف ع لا ي ف ع ل ف ع ل لا ت ك ت ب أ آ ت ب م ك ت وب آ ات ب آ ت ا بة or آ ت ب ا ي ك ت ب آ ت ب لا ت ف ع ل إ ف ع ل م ف ع ول ف اع ل ف ع لا / ح س ب ان ا ي ف ع ل ف ع ل لا ت ح س ب إ ح س ب م ح س وب ح اس ب ح س ب ان ا ي ح س ب ح س ب لا ت ف ع ل إ ف ع ل م ف ع ول ف اع ل ف ع لا ي ف ع ل ف ع ل لا ت ل ب س إ ل ب ث - لا ب ث ل ب ث ا ي ل ب ث ل ب ث لا ت ف ع ل أف ع ل م ف ع ول ف اع ل ف ع لا ي ف ع ل ف ع ل لا ت ض ع ف أ ض ع ف - ض ع يف ض ع ف ا ضاعفة ي ض ع ف ض ع ف You should note that ل ب ث,ج ل س and ض ع ف do not have مفعول به because verbs such as these are known as لا ز م i.e. a verb that does not have به.مفعول This will be treated fully in unit 1 of Module 2 below. 30

31 الرباعى المجرد Meanwhile, you should take note of the fact that الرباعى المجرد has its own wazn which is used in conjugation. The main difference is that while الثلاثى المجرد has six thus: It is analysed.ف ع ل ل which is الرباعى المجرد there is only one wazn for,أوزان ف ع ل ل ول فاء الفعل عين الفعل لام الفعل الا لام الفعل الرباعى المجرد for وزن there is only one,أوزان which has six الثلاثى المجرد Unlike which is ف ع ل ل and it is conjugated as follows: ف ع ل ل ي ف ع ل ل ف ع ل ل ة م ف ع ل ل م ف ع ل ل ف ع ل ل لا ت ف ع ل ل For example: ح ر ج م (to assemble) (بسم االله الرحمن الرحيم (to say ب س م ل inhibit) (to ع ر ق ل لا ت ح ر ج م ح ر ج م م ح ر ج م م ح ر ج م ح ر ج م ة ي ح ر ج م ح ر ج م لا ت ب س م ل ب س م ل م ب س م ل ب سم ل ة ي ب س م ل ب س م ل لا ت ع ر ق ل ع ر ق ل م ع ر ق ل م ع ر ق ل ع ر ق ل ة ي ع ر ق ل ع ر ق ل It is noteworthy at this juncture to draw your attention to the fact that there are some الرباعى (four lettered verbs) which are not مجرد but مزيد فيه.ثلاثى For example, we have ف اع ل,أ ف ع ل,ف عل which are conjugated as follows: لا ت ف عل ف عل م ف عل م ف عل ت ف ع يلا ي ف عل ف عل لا ت ف ع ل أ ف ع ل م ف ع ل م ف ع ل إ ف ع الا ي ف ع ل أ ف ع ل لا ت ف اع ل ف اع ل م ف اع ل م ف اع ل م ف اع ل ة ي ف اع ل ف اع ل ثلاثى مجرد (to teach) from د رس Examples are ثلاثى مجرد (to send) from أ ر س ل ثلاثى مجرد (to fight) from ق ات ل to learn/to study د ر س to be long or send off ر س ل to kill ق ت ل لا ت د رس د رس م د رس م د رس ت د ر يس ا ي د رس د رس لا ت ر س ل أ ر س ل م ر س ل م ر س ل إ ر س الا ي ر س ل أ ر س ل لا ت ق ات ل ق ات ل م ق ات ل م ق ات ل م ق ا تل ة ي ق ات ل ق ات ل You must appreciate the significance of فيه.مزيد It is to create fresh deals/meanings e.g.: ق ت ل ق ت ل ه means (he) killed ق ات ل ق ات ل ه means (he) fought أ ر س ل ه means (he) sent him أ ر س ل د ر س ه means (he) studied/leant د ر س 31

32 د رس ه ال نح و means (he) taught him د رس Self Assessment Exercise Conjugate the following verbs fully vowelized س ر ق ق طع أ ش ر ك ز ل ز ل أوزان الخماسى 3.2 But you should.أوزان i.e. Five lettered verb has, coincidentally, five الفعل الخماسى pay attention to the following points: (1) All the various types of الخماسى are فيه ;مزيد none of them is.مجرد In. خماسى مجرد other words, there is no.مزيد ثلاثى (2) Four of them are.مزيد رباعى (3) Only one is إ ن ف ع ل إ ف ت ع ل ت ف اع ل ت ف عل ت ف ع ل ل are أوزان الخماسى The five They are conjugated as follows: لا ت ن ف ع ل إ ن ف ع ل م ن ف ع ل إ ن ف ع الا ي ن ف ع ل إ ن ف ع ل لا ت ف ت ع ل إ ف ت ع ل م ف ت ع ل إ ف ت ع الا ي ف ت ع ل إ ف ت ع ل لا ت ت ف اع ل ت ف اع ل م ت ف اع ل م ت ف اع ل ت ف اع لا ي ت ف اع ل ت ف اع ل لا تت ف عل ت ف عل م ت ف ع ل م ت ف عل ت ف ع لا ي ت ف عل ت ف عل لا ت ت ف ع ل ل ت ف ع لل م ت ف ع ل ل م ت ف ع ل ل ت ف ع ل لا ي ت ف ع ل ل ت ف ع ل ل Examples: ف ت ح to open from إنفتح to be wiped out إندرس درس from to assemble/meet إجتمع جمع from to listen إستمع سمع from to study together تدارس درس from قرب to be near one another from تقارب to be gathered تجمع جمع from to reflect تدبر دبر from to roll down تدمرج دمرج from لا ت ن ف ت ح إ ن ف ت ح م ن ف ت ح م ن ف ت ح إ ن ف ت اح ا ي ن ف ت ح إ ن ف ت ح لا ت ن د ر س إ ن د ر س م ن د ر س م ن د ر س إ ن د ر اس ا ي ن د ر س إ ن د ر س لا ت ج ت م ع إ ج ت م ع م ج ت م ع م ج ت م ع إ ج ت م اع ا ي م ت م ع إ ج ت م ع لا ت س ت م ع إ س ت م ع م س ت م ع م س ت م ع إ س ت م اع ا ي س ت م ع إ س ت م ع لا ت ت د ار س ت د ار س م ت د ار س م ت د ار س ت د ار س ا ي ت د ار س ت د ار س لا ت ت ق ار ب ت ق ار ب م ت ق ار ب م ت ق ار ب ت ق ار ب ا ي ت ق ار ب ت ق ار ب 32