Lecture 2 - Basic Entomology

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1 Lecture 2 - Basic Entomology

2 Housekeeping Course Page 462_662_Home.htm I will post all lecture/lab material as PDF s which you can download or read online. (Lecture 1 is online)

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4 Pig 2 N Pig 1 Lab Parking Classroom

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6 Entomology Study of Insects (Phylum Arthropoda, Class Insecta) ENTOMOLOGY Greek entomon insect, one whose body is cut into segments MANY and sundrie sorts there be of Insects, as well among land creatures as those that flie in the aire. Some are winged, as Bees: some have partly wings and partly feet, as Pismiers: others want both, and neither flie nor goe on their feet. And well may they all be called Insecta: by reason of those cuts and divisions, which some have about the necke, others in the breast and belly; Pliny the Elder (77 A.D.) Historia Naturalis

7 Phylum Arthropoda (jointed foot) Centipedes/Millipedes Spiders/Mites/Ticks Horseshoe Crabs

8 Insect Taxonomy Classification of the forensically important black blowfly Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Diptera Family: Calliphoridae (The Blowflies) Genus: Phormia Species: regina Common name: black blowfly

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10 The Insects Most diverse group of organisms on the planet. Most successful organism that has ever lived 750,000 described species At least a million or more undescribed species (estimates range from 1M-30M) Earliest confirmed insect fossil ~ 400 MY before present Key to success First major terrestrial animal group Flight!!!

11 Overview Occur on every continent including Antarctica Virtually all habitats and temperature range Heat Cold Desert ants (60C) chironomid midges in hot springs (50C) Arctic beetle (-87C) Oceans are the exception. Why not in oceans? Size 0.1mm cm Titan and Goliath beetles, giant weta What limits upper size?

12 Characteristics of Insects o Six legs (all may not be present in every stage or may have been secondarily lost in evolution) o Bi-lateral symmetry o Three body parts (regions) o Single pair of antennae (may be small) o Exoskeleton o Wings: May be present (1 or 2 pairs) absent, secondarily lost, or present in only some generations

13 Insect Body Plan Three major body regions: head, thorax, abdomen

14 Mouthparts Chewing: has mandibles e.g., ants, beetles, grasshoppers Piercing/sucking: modified into a tube with a dagger Hemiptera, Homoptera, some flies (e.g., mosquitoes). Sponging Houseflies Siphoning retractable straw bees, butterflies

15 Insect Growth With adequate food, growth is temperature dependent As temperature increases above a thermal minimum, growth increases up to some thermal maximum Growth is constrained to discrete stages by the hard exoskeleton. Once a maximum size is reached in a particular juvenile stage, further growth requires a molt. Upper Threshold Lower Threshold

16 Development Apterygota (Ametabolous) Juveniles look like miniature versions of adults. At each molt, become larger until sexual maturity. Both adults and juveniles are Wingless. Exopterygota = Hemimetabolous Juveniles look like miniature adults without wings. Exceptions: some ancient aquatic orders (mayflies, dragonflies, stoneflies) Wings develop externally as pads. Wings grow larger with each molt until sexual maturity Endopterygota = Holometabolous Juvenile form very different than adult. A pupal stage occurs between the larval and adult stages. Wings develop internally.

17 Development Visualized

18 Larval types Pupal Types

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20 Survey of Relevant Insect Orders Those with species of forensic importance Those with species often present or recovered during forensic investigation Terrestrial: Outdoor Indoor Buried Aquatic Freshwater Marine (no insects of forensic importance)

21 Functional roles of Insect Associates of Cadavers Obligate necrophages examples, blowflies, some beetles Facultative necrophages ants, cockroaches, some flies, some beetles Natural enemies of necrophages yellowjackets, ants Adventives accidental species with no actual feeding relationship with cadaver Omnivores Predators / Parasites Necrophages Adventives

22 Outdoor Colembola Dermaptera Coleoptera Diptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera Indoor Blattaria Dermaptera Coleoptera Diptera Hymenoptera Aquatic Plecoptera Ephemeroptera Hemiptera Coleoptera Diptera Trichoptera Buried Diptera Ecological Roles Primary carrion feeders (obligate necrophages) Facultative carrion feeders Associates (predators, herbivores, parasitoids) We will discuss specific families within orders (and important individual species) as the course progresses.

23 Terrestrial Outdoor Colembola Dermaptera Coleoptera Diptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera Indoor Blattaria Dermaptera Coleoptera Diptera Hymenoptera Buried Diptera

24 Order Collembola: Springtails Very primitive Minute size Furcula = springtail Moist habitats

25 Order Blattaria: Cockroaches Terrestrial Indoor and outdoor (mostly further south) species Scavengers, omnivores

26 Dermaptera: Earwigs Terrestrial scavengers and/or predators Damp locations Pinching cerci and greatly shortened wings

27 Order Coleoptera: Beetles Diverse ecological roles (predators, parasites, herbivores, scavengers) Aquatic, terrestrial Second most important forensic insect order

28 Order Diptera: True flies Very ecologically diverse Diptera are the most widely used insect order from a forensic standpoint Multiple families in terrestrial habitats Chironimidae, Simuliidae and perhaps a few others in aquatic systems

29 Order Hymenoptera Bees, ants, wasps, sawflies Predators, parasites, herbivores Greatest diversity è parasitoids Ants can function as predators or scavengers Social wasps are predators on maggots

30 Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Systems No highly specialized carrion feeders (that have been conclusively demonstrated) Mostly opportunistic feeders or species that utilize the cadaver as a substrate.

31 Order Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Aquatic nymphs, terrestrial adults, mostly grazers No clear forensically important role likely an associate only

32 Order Plecoptera: Stoneflies Aquatic nymphs, terrestrial adults Predators, herbivores, detritivores Different functional roles but probably primarily grazers on attached algae etc.

33 Order Hemiptera Diverse: Aquatic systems mostly opportunistic scavengers (Corixidae, Notonectidae, Gerridae) May play a minor role in aquatic decomposition of large carrion / cadavers

34 Order Trichoptera Caddisflies Along with chironimid dipterans, probably the greatest potential for use in a forensic setting Some appear to be directly linked to decomposing flesh (function as a necrophage?).

35 Decomposition in a Marine Ecosystem

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