CSCE 813: Internet Security

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1 CSCE 813: Internet Security Chin-Tser Huang University of South Carolina

2 Network Access Control (NAC) An umbrella term for managing access to a network Authenticates users logging into the network and determines what data they can access and actions they can perform Also examines the health of the user s computer or mobile device 09/27/2016 2

3 Elements of a Network Access Control System NAC systems deal with three categories of components: Access requester (AR) Node that is attempting to access the network and may be any device that is managed by the NAC system, including workstations, servers, printers, cameras, and other IP-enabled devices Also referred to as supplicants, or clients Policy server Determines what access should be granted Often relies on backend systems Network access server (NAS) Functions as an access control point for users in remote locations connecting to an enterprise s internal network Also called a media gateway, or remote access server (RAS) May include its own authentication services or rely on a separate authentication service from the policy server 09/27/2016 3

4 Network Access Control Context 09/27/2016 4

5 Network Access Enforcement Methods The actions that are applied to ARs to regulate access to the enterprise network Many vendors support multiple enforcement methods simultaneously, allowing the customer to tailor the configuration by using one or a combination of methods Common NAC enforcement methods: IEEE 802.1X Virtual local area networks (VLANs) Firewall DHCP management 09/27/2016 5

6 EAP Layered Context 09/27/2016 6

7 Authentication Methods EAP provides a generic transport service for the exchange of authentication information between a client system and an authentication server The basic EAP transport service is extended by using a specific authentication protocol that is installed in both the EAP client and the authentication server Commonly supported EAP methods: EAP Transport Layer Security EAP Tunneled TLS EAP Generalized Pre-Shared Key EAP-IKEv2 09/27/2016 7

8 EAP Protocol Exchanges 09/27/2016 8

9 EAP Message Flow in Pass- Through Mode 09/27/2016 9

10 Table 16.1 Terminology Related to IEEE 802.1X 09/27/

11 802.1X Access Control 09/27/

12 Common EAPOL Frame Types 09/27/

13 Example Timing Diagram for IEEE 802.1X 09/27/

14 Need for Firewalls Consider a network with thousands of systems, running various OS Everyone want to be on the Internet and to interconnect networks Persistent security concerns cannot easily secure every system in organization Use firewall to provide harm minimization 09/27/

15 Firewall Composed of a single system or a set of two or more cooperative systems Inserted between the premises network and the Internet To establish a controlled link To erect an outer security wall or perimeter Aim to protect the premises network from Internet-based attacks and to provide a single choke point where security and auditing can be imposed 09/27/

16 Design Goals for Firewall 1. All traffic from inside to outside, and vice versa, must pass through the firewall. This is achieved by physically blocking all access to the local network except via the firewall. 2. Only authorized traffic, as defined by the local security policy, will be allowed to pass. 3. The firewall itself is immune to penetration. This implies the use of a hardened system with a secured operating system. 09/27/

17 Functions of Firewalls A choke point of control and monitoring Interconnect networks with differing trust Impose restrictions on network services only authorized traffic is allowed Auditing and controlling access can implement alarms for abnormal behavior Immune to penetration Provide perimeter defence 09/27/

18 What Firewalls Can Do Service control Direction control User control Behavior control 09/27/

19 What Firewalls Cannot Do Cannot protect from attacks bypassing it e.g. sneaker net, utility modems, trusted organisations, trusted services (e.g. SSL/SSH) Cannot protect against internal threats e.g. disgruntled employee Cannot protect against transfer of all virus infected programs or files because of huge range of OS and file types 09/27/

20 Types of Firewalls Three common types Packet-filtering router Application-level gateway/proxy Circuit-level gateway/proxy 09/27/

21 Packet-filtering Router 09/27/

22 Packet-filtering Router Foundation of any firewall system Examine each IP packet (no context) and permit or deny according to rules Restrict access to services (ports) Possible default policies prohibited if not expressly permitted permitted if not expressly prohibited 09/27/

23 Examples of Rule Sets 09/27/

24 Attacks on Packet Filters IP address spoofing fake source address to be trusted add filters on router to block Source routing attacks attacker sets a route other than default block source routed packets Tiny fragment attacks split header info over several tiny packets either discard or reassemble before check 09/27/

25 Stateful Packet Filters Examine each IP packet in context keep tracks of client-server sessions check each packet validly belongs to one Better able to detect bogus packets out of context 09/27/

26 Application Level Gateway 09/27/

27 Application Level Gateway Use an application specific gateway / proxy Has full access to protocol user requests service from proxy proxy validates request as legal then actions request and returns result to user Need separate proxies for each service some services naturally support proxying others are more problematic custom services generally not supported 09/27/

28 Circuit Level Gateway 09/27/

29 Circuit Level Gateway Relay two TCP connections Impose security by limiting which such connections are allowed Once created, usually relays traffic without examining contents Typically used when trust internal users by allowing general outbound connections SOCKS commonly used for this 09/27/

30 Bastion Host Highly secure host system Potentially exposed to "hostile" elements, so need to be secured to withstand this May support 2 or more net connections May be trusted to enforce trusted separation between network connections Run circuit / application level gateways or provide externally accessible services 09/27/

31 Firewall Configurations 09/27/

32 Firewall Configurations 09/27/

33 Firewall Configurations 09/27/

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