Chapter 31 Network Security
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1 Chapter 31 Network Security Columbus, OH
2 Overview Security Aspects Secret Key and Public Key Encryption Firewalls: Packet Filter, Bastion Host, Perimeter Nets Variations of firewalls Proxy servers 31-2
3 Security Aspects Data Integrity: Received = sent? Data Availability: Legal users should be able to use. Ping continuously No useful work gets done. Data Confidentiality and Privacy: No snooping or wiretapping Authentication: You are who you say you are. A student at Dartmouth posing as a professor canceled the exam. Authorization = Access Control: Only authorized users get to the data 31-3
4 Secret Key Encryption Encrypted_Message = Encrypt(Key, Message) Message = Decrypt(Key, Encrypted_Message) Example: Encrypt = division 433 = 48 R 1 (using divisor of 9) Text Ciphertext Key Ciphertext Text 31-4
5 Public Key Encryption Invented in 1975 by Diffie and Hellman Encrypted_Message = Encrypt(Key1, Message) Message = Decrypt(Key2, Encrypted_Message) Key1 Text Ciphertext Key2 Ciphertext Text 31-5
6 Public Key Encryption: Example RSA: Encrypted_Message = m 3 mod 187 Message = Encrypted_Message 107 mod 187 Key1 = <3,187>, Key2 = <107,187> Message = 5 Encrypted Message = 5 3 = 125 Message = mod 187 = 125 ( ) mod 187 = ( mod 187)( mod 187)... (125 2 mod 187)(125) =
7 Public Key (Cont) One key is private and the other is public Message = Decrypt(Public_Key, Encrypt(Private_Key, Message)) Message = Decrypt(Private_Key, Encrypt(Public_Key, Message)) 31-7
8 Digital Signature Encrypted_Message = Encrypt(Private_Key, Message) Message = Decrypt(Public_Key, Encrypted_Message) Authentic Private Key Text Signed text Public Key Signed text Text 31-8
9 User 1 to User 2: Confidentiality Encrypted_Message = Encrypt(Public_Key2, Encrypt(Private_Key1, Message)) Message = Decrypt(Public_Key1, Decrypt(Private_Key2, Encrypted_Message) Authentic and Private Your Public Key My Private Key Message 31-9
10 Simple Firewall: Packet Filter Internet Internal net Example: Only gets in/out ftp to/from nodes x, y, z, etc. Problem: Filter is accessible to outside world 31-10
11 Filter Table: Example Interface Source Dest Prot. Src Port Dest Port 2 * * TCP * 21 2 * * TCP * *.* * TCP * 25 2 * * UDP * 43 2 * * UDP * 69 2 * * TCP *
12 Bastion Host Internet R1 Bastion Host R2 Internal net Bastions overlook critical areas of defense, usually having stronger walls Inside users need a mechanism to get outside services Inside users log on the Bastion Host and use outside services. Later they pull the results inside
13 Bastion Host (Cont) Perimeter Network: Outside snoopers cannot see internal traffic even if they break in the firewall (Router 2) Also known as "Stub network" 31-13
14 Screened Host Architecture Internet Firewall Bastion Host Router Internal Net 31-14
15 Screened subnet Architecture Internet Bastion Host Exterior Router Interior Router Firewall Perimeter Network Internal Net 31-15
16 Multiple Bastion Hosts Internet FTP Bastion Host Exterior Router Interior Router SMTP/DNS Bastion Host Firewall Perimeter Network Internal Net 31-16
17 Merged Interior and Exterior Routers Internet FTP Bastion Host Firewall Exterior Router Perimeter Network Internal Net 31-17
18 Merged Bastion Host and Exterior Router Also known as a dual-homed gateway Internet Firewall Bastion Host/ Exterior Router Interior Router Perimeter Network Internal Net 31-18
19 Dual-Homed Host Architecture Internet Firewall Dual-Homed Host Internal Net 31-19
20 Merged Bastion Host and Interior Router (Not Recommended) Internet Firewall Exterior Router Bastion Host/ Interior Router Perimeter Network Internal Net 31-20
21 Multiple Interior Routers Internet Bastion Host Interior Router Exterior Router Firewall Perimeter Network Interior Router Internal Net 31-21
22 Multiple Internal Networks Internet Bastion Host Exterior Router Interior Router Firewall Perimeter Network Internal Nets 31-22
23 Multiple Internal Networks with a Bastion Host Backbone Internet Exterior Router Interior Router Firewall Perimeter Network Router Backbone Router Internal Nets 31-23
24 Multiple Exterior Routers Internet Supplier Network Bastion Host Exterior Router Exterior Router Firewall Interior Router Perimeter Network Internal Net 31-24
25 Multiple Perimeter Networks Internet Firewall Bastion Host Exterior Router Supplier Network Firewall Exterior Router Bastion Host Perimeter Net Interior Router Interior Router Internal Net 31-25
26 Proxy Client Proxy Server Proxy Servers Dual- Homed Host Specialized server programs on bastion host Take user's request and forward them to real servers Take server's responses and forward them to users Enforce site security policy May refuse certain requests. Also known as application-level gateways With special "Proxy client" programs, proxy servers are almost transparent Internet Real Server
27 What Firewalls Can't Do Can't protect against malicious insiders Can't protect against connections that do not go through it, e.g., dial up Can't protect completely new threats Can't protect against viruses 31-27
28 Security Mechanisms on The Internet Kerberos Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) MD
29 Summary Integrity, Availability, Authentication, Confidentiality Private Key and Public Key encryption Packet filter, Bastion node, perimeter network, internal and external routers 31-29
30 Read Chapter 31 Homework Submit answer to Exercise
31 References D. B. Chapman and E. D. Zwicky, Building Internet Firewalls, O Reilly & Associates, 1995 D. E. Comer, Internetworking with TCP/IP, Vol. 1, 3rd Ed, Prentice Hall, 1995, Chapter 28. C. Kaufman, R. Perlman, M. Speciner, Network Security, Prentice-Hall, Coast Security Project at Purdue University
32 Security: RFCs [RFC1848] S. Crocker, N. Freed, J. Galvin, S. Murphy, "MIME Object Security Services", 10/03/1995, 48 pages. [RFC1847] J. Galvin, S. Murphy, S. Crocker, N. Freed, "Security Multiparts for MIME: Multipart/Signed and Multipart/Encrypted", 10/03/1995, 11 pages. [RFC1108] S. Kent, "U.S. Department of Defense Security Options for the Internet Protocol", 11/27/1991, 17 pages. [RFC1244] P. Holbrook, J. Reynolds, "Site Security Handbook", 07/23/1991, 101 pages. (FYI 8) [RFC1352] J. Davin, J. Galvin, K. McCloghrie, "SNMP Security Protocols", 07/06/1992, 41 pages. [RFC1446] J. Galvin, K. McCloghrie, "Security Protocols for version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", 05/03/1993, 51 pages
33 [RFC1455] D. Eastlake, III, "Physical Link Security Type of Service", 05/26/1993, 6 pages. [RFC1457] R. Housley, "Security Label Framework for the Internet", 05/26/1993, 14 pages. [RFC1472] F. Kastenholz, "The Definitions of Managed Objects for the Security Protocols of the Point-to-Point Protocol", 06/08/1993, 11 pages. [RFC1507] C. Kaufman, "DASS - Distributed Authentication Security Service", 09/10/1993, 119 pages. [RFC1509] J. Wray, "Generic Security Service API : C-bindings", 09/10/1993, 48 pages. [RFC1535] E. Gavron, "A Security Problem and Proposed Correction With Widely Deployed DNS Software", 10/06/1993, 5 pages. [RFC1636] I. Architecture Board, R. Braden, D. Clark, S. Crocker, C. Huitema, "Report of IAB Workshop on Security in the Internet Architecture - February 8-10, 1994", 06/09/1994, 52 pages. [RFC1675] S. Bellovin, "Security Concerns for IPng", 08/08/1994, 4 pages. [RFC1750] D. Eastlake, S. Crocker, J. Schiller, "Randomness Recommendations for Security", 12/29/1994, 25 pages
34 [RFC1824] H. Danisch, "The Exponential Security System TESS: An Identity-Based Cryptographic Protocol for Authenticated Key-Exchange (E.I.S.S.-Report 1995/4)", 08/11/1995, 21 pages. [RFC1825] R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", 08/09/1995, 22 pages. [RFC1827] R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", 08/09/1995, 12 pages. [RFC1858] P. Ziemba, D. Reed, P. Traina, "Security Considerations for IP Fragment Filtering", 10/25/1995, 10 pages. [RFC1910] G. Waters, "User-based Security Model for SNMPv2", 02/28/1996, 44 pages. [RFC2015] M. Elkins, "MIME Security with Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)", 10/14/1996, 8 pages. [RFC2065] D. Eastlake, C. Kaufman, "Domain Name System Security Extensions", 01/03/1997, 41 pages. (Updates RFC1034) [RFC2078] J. Linn, "Generic Security Service Application Program Interface, Version 2", 01/10/1997, 85 pages
35 [RFC2084] G. Bossert, S. Cooper, W. Drummond, "Considerations for Web Transaction Security", 01/22/1997, 6 pages
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