Objects. Color. Movement. Depth and Size

Transcription

1 Perceiving Depth 1

2 Objects Color Depth and Size Movement 2

3 Size & Depth Perception 3

4 Size Perception Affected by Depth Perception 4

5 Depth Perception Affected by Size Knowledge Also See Figure 8.4 5

6 The Problem of Depth Perception 2D Retina 3D World Figure 8.1 6

7 The Correspondence Problem Left Eye Right Eye 7

8 The Problem of Depth Perception Artist: Julian Beever 8

9 The Problem of Depth Perception Artist: Julian Beever 9

10 The Problem of Depth Perception Artist: Julian Beever 10

11 The Problem of Depth Perception Artist: Julian Beever 11

12 The Problem of Depth Perception 12

13 The Automaticity of Depth & Size Perception 2D Image 3D Perception 13

14 The Automaticity of Depth & Size Perception From: Livingstone, M. (2002) Vision and Art: The Biology of Seeing 14

15 Lecture Outline Oculomotor Depth Cues Convergence, accommodation Monocular Depth Cues Pictorial cues Movement-produced cues Binocular Depth Cues Binocular disparity When Different Cues are Useful Physiology of Depth Perception The Cue Approach to Depth Perception 15

16 Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization 1. Pragnaz (Good Figure) 2. Similarity 3. Good Continuation 4. Proximity or Nearness 5. Common Fate 6. Meaningfulness or Familiarity 7. Common Region 8. Uniform Connectedness 9. Synchrony 16

17 Lecture Outline Oculomotor Depth Cues Convergence, accommodation Monocular Depth Cues Pictorial cues Movement-produced cues Binocular Depth Cues Binocular disparity When Different Cues are Useful Physiology of Depth Perception 17

18 Oculomotor Cues Convergence Figure

19 Oculomotor Cues Accommodation 19 Figure 2.11

20 Lecture Outline Oculomotor Depth Cues Convergence, accommodation Monocular Depth Cues Pictorial cues Movement-produced cues Binocular Depth Cues Binocular disparity When Different Cues are Useful Physiology of Depth Perception 20

21 Pictorial Cues 21 Figure 8.3

22 Pictorial Cues Shape from Shading From Palmer, S. E. (1999) Vision Science 22

23 Lecture Outline Oculomotor Depth Cues Convergence, accommodation Monocular Depth Cues Pictorial cues Movement-produced cues Binocular Depth Cues Binocular disparity When Different Cues are Useful Physiology of Depth Perception 23

24 Movement-Produced Cues 24

25 Movement-Produced Cues Movement Parallax 25 Figure 8.8

26 Movement-Produced Cues Deletion & Accretion 26 Figure 8.9

27 Lecture Outline Oculomotor Depth Cues Convergence, accommodation Monocular Depth Cues Pictorial cues Movement-produced cues Binocular Depth Cues Binocular disparity When Different Cues are Useful Physiology of Depth Perception 27

28 Binocular Cues Figure

29 Stereoscopic Photographs (1800s) Left Eye Right Eye 29

30 Stereoscopic Photographs (1940s) 30

31 3D Movies (1950s) 3D Image 3D Glasses 31

32 Binocular Cues Left Eye Right Eye Corresponding Points on Two Retinas 32 Figure 8.12

33 Binocular Cues Objects on the horopter fall on corresponding points on the retina Figure

34 Objects not on the horopter fall on noncorresponding points on the retina Figure 8.13 Figure

35 Objects in front of the horopter create different disparity than those behind the horopter. Figure 8.13 Figure

36 Stereoscopic Photographs (1800s) Left Eye Right Eye 36

37 Random-Dot Stereograms(Julesz, 1971) 37 Figure 8.19

38 The Correspondence Problem? 38 Figure 8.19

39 Lecture Outline Oculomotor Depth Cues Convergence, accommodation Monocular Depth Cues Pictorial cues Movement-produced cues Binocular Depth Cues Binocular disparity When Different Cues are Useful Physiology of Depth Perception 39

40 When Different Cues are Useful Convergence Figure

41 When Different Cues are Useful Atmospheric Perspective 41 Figure 8.5

42 When Different Cues are Useful 42 Figure 8.10

43 When Different Cues are Useful 43

44 Lecture Outline Oculomotor Depth Cues Convergence, accommodation Monocular Depth Cues Pictorial cues Movement-produced cues Binocular Depth Cues Binocular disparity When Different Cues are Useful Physiology of Depth Perception 44

45 Physiology of Depth Perception Disparity Selective Cell (Binocular Depth Cell) in MT 45 Figure 8.21

46 Disparity-Selective Cells Correlation is not Causation! 1 Figure Figure 8.21

47 Selective Rearing Blake & Hirsch (1975), see pg

48 Microstimulation lnferotemporal Parletal areas areas i---2l- I i -- LGN Stimulation applied through a microelectrode Spatial extent of stimulation: micrometer diameter

49 Physiology of Depth Perception Parietal Cortex Neuron that Responds to Texture Gradient Depth Cues Figure

50 Summary: 3 Different Types of Depth Cues Oculomotor Depth Cues Monocular Depth Cues Binocular Depth Cues 50

51 Summary: Oculomotor & Binocular Cues Oculomotor Cues Convergence Accommodation Binocular Cues Binocular Disparity Horopter Angle of disparity Correspondence problem 51

52 Summary: Monocular Depth Cues Pictorial Cues Occlusion Relative height Relative size Perspective convergence Familiar size Atmospheric perspective Texture gradient Shadows 52

53 Summary: Monocular Depth Cues Movement-Produced Cues Movement parallax Deletion Accretion 53

54 Summary: When Different Cues are Useful 54

55 Summary: Physiology of Depth Perception Disparity-Selective Cells Single cell recording Selective rearing Microstimulation Texture Gradient Cells Single cell recording 55