The development of wood pellet markets in Europe. Christian Rakos E.V.A. the Austrian Energy Agency
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1 The development of wood pellet markets in Europe Christian Rakos E.V.A. the Austrian Energy Agency Dynamic pellet markets in Europe Sweden Denmark Austria Germany Italy Finland Baltic states 1
2 Sweden Source: Löfgren, Stockholm 2002 Denmark Total Consumption 1999: tons Industry 100 tons Large buildings tons Residential Villas tons District Heating tons Combined Heat & Pow er 200 tons Source: Jeppe Bjerg, Dk Teknik 2
3 Distribution of users [tons/year] Source: Jeppe Bjerg, Dk Teknik CHP Public service Industry Residential villas District heating Economic reason for market success in Denmark 25 [EURO/GJ] Vat 25% Sulphur tax CO2 tax Energy tax Product price 5 0 Light fuel oil Natural gas Rape seed oil Pellets Wood chips Straw Source: Jeppe Bjerg, Dk Teknik 3
4 Pellet production in Austria The development of the german pellet market production capacity sales tons
5 Why is there such a gap between production capacity and sales? Slow startup of production: pelleting is difficult if high quality needs to be achieved lack of distribution channels seasonal shortage of raw material Which were the main drivers for this dynamic market development? Pellets can be excellent business! Energy taxes (S, Dk) Subsidies (A) Technology development (small scale applications for domestic heating) Pelets are a nice fuel 5
6 Pellet production costs in an Austrian plant (3t/h) and a Swedish plant (10t/h) Source: Thek, Oberberger, 1st World conference on pellets 2002 Why are production costs in Sweden significantly lower? Economies of scale cheap electricity (50% less) combination with CHP plant and recovery of heat for district heating 6
7 Current market prices for pellets in Austria Approx. 170 /t (seasonal variations) Approx. 120 /t : for larger consumers At a production price of 90 /t (or less) this is good business! Production costs of pellets (source: Thek, Oberberger, 1st World conference on pellets
8 Sensitivity of costs Source: Thek, Oberberger, 1st World conference on pellets 2002 Most sensitive cost factors Raw material costs Pellets throughput equipment availability heat demand for drying heat costs operating hours investment costs 8
9 What is happening in other countries? First pelleting plants exist e.g. in France Spain Portugal England Very large potential: Russia, Canada Austrian experiences with the introduction of pellets as a fuel 9
10 Characteristics of the Austrian market for pellets It is very young: emergence of pellets 1994 significant start up problems (as any new market) expansion regardless to relatively poor economic frameconditions pellets created high excitement among public and businesses two markets: boilers for single family houses boilers for blocks of flats Main problems for market introduction 1)Pellet supply 2) Pellet delivery 3) Pellet storage at the customer 4)Pellet boiler 5) Installation and service 10
11 1) Pellet supply Supply security: major concern of potential customers! Quality of pellets: low dust content and mechanical stability is fundamental for small boilers high dust content decreases boiler efficiency and causes operation failure pellets from wastewood had disastrous effects: slaging of boilers, discontinued operation a system of tracking pellets was established by coded wood particles mixed into the pellets 2) Pellet delivery Delivery vehicles must evacuate the dust simultaneously with blowing in pellets must have adequate pumping force (not too strong!) should be able to weight the pellets delivered standardised connections to the house inlet necessary drivers must be trained (e.g.to inspect the storage room) 11
12 3) Adequate pellet storage room necessary dry no electrical installations (danger of dust explosion) solid walls dustproof door 4) The pellet boiler Many companies jumped on the pellets train too fast unreliable devices were introduced into the market ( testing in the market ) Since 1998 major Austrian equipment producers offer fully reliable boilers Quality control / Certification of boilers is fundamental 12
13 Typical technical problems of poor products: Overheating of the boiler: slagging of ashes High temperature corrosion ash deposition in poorly designed heat exchangers: up to 50% efficiency loss ash deposition in the burning zone serious backburn problems unreliable pellet delivery from the storage room to the boiler noise caused by wrong mounting 5) Installation and service Installers have no experience with pellets consequently they prefer to sell oil boilers frequent mistakes in installations lead to operation problems efficient and fast service is essential! service contract for the boiler, annual service 13
14 6) Education of other related professionals Architects: design of Pellet storage and boiler room, convenient delivery of pellets Planners of heating systems Chimney cleaners: these could provide service of boilers Economic situation in Austria Pellet price: approx. 170 EURO/t incl. delivery and VAT (34 /MWh) Pellet boiler: approx EURO incl. automatic storage retrieval and VAT Subsidies: approx EURO depending on region Reference cost for extra light fuel oil: approx 41 EURO/MWh; oil boiler: 4400 EURO incl. tank 14
15 How to introduce pellets successfully I Create public awareness for pellets Establish successful and highly visible demonstration projects Establish investment subsidies for boilers to kick start market development Subsidies for education of professionals Quality of service is essential Establish strict quality standards for pellets Establish strict quality criteria for pellet boilers and pellet stoves establish quality criteria for fuel delivery and fuel storage 15
16 Which market should be addressed first? Large scale heating plants +/- not sensitive to pellet quality - low prices blocks of flats + lower specific costs of the boiler + fewer actors that can be directly addressed + less resources for fuel logistics and service network + can become a niche for developing the structures to support diffusion in the domestic sector Which market should be addressed first II? individual housing + option: pelet stoves as low barier system + higher prices of competing fuels + large market - high marketing costs - high initial requirements for fuel supply and service logistics - high requirements for education of professionals 16
17 The advantage of heating large buildings with pellets: lower specific investment costs EURO / kw Single family house District heating plants large buildings kW Quellen: Landwirtschaftskammer Steiermark 1998, E.V.A The BIOHEAT project: heating large buildings with biomass Budget: 1,8 millones Euro Participants: 15 countries including Ireland! Irish partners: SWS, Aine Carr, Ann Mccarthy lots of activities to promote the use of wood fuels in large buildings 17
18 Summary I The introduction of pellets into the heat market requires a comprehensive and complex approach problems that are not managed promptly can seriously affect the diffusion process It needs a dedicated institution that coordinates and manages pellet introduction - system building is necessary Summary II Cooperation of within and between the relevant sectors is essential public cofinancing is very important for start up investment subsidies for pellet boilers 18
19 Thank you very much! 19
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