Skeletal System Chapter 5. ii. Spongy Bone 1. Small needle-like pieces of bone 2. Many open spaces. o Contain mostly compact bone (Ex.
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1 Skeletal System Chapter 5 i BNES: AN VERVIEW Parts of the Skeletal System 1. Bones 2. Joints 3. Cartilage 4. Ligaments Divided into Two Divisions 1. Axial 2. Appendicular Functions of the Bones: 1. Support of the body 2. Protection of soft organs 3. Movement due to attached skeletal muscles 4. Storage of minerals and fats 5. Blood cell formation Bones of the Human Body: 1. The skeleton has 206 bones 2. Two basic types of bone tissue i. Compact Bone 1. Homogeneous ii. Spongy Bone 1. Small needle-like pieces of bone 2. Many open spaces Classification of Bones: 1. Long Bones o Typically longer than wide o Have a shaft with heads at both ends o Contain mostly compact bone (Ex. Femur, Humerus) 2. Short Bones Generally cube-shape o Contain mostly spongy bone (Ex. Carpals, Tarsals)
2 Bone Markings o Surface features of bone Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments Passage for nerves and blood vessels o Categories of Bone Markings 1. Projections and processes - grow out from the bone surface 2. Depressions or cavities - indentations Microscopic Anatomy of Bone steon (Haversian System) 1. A unit of Bone o Central (Haversian) Canal 1. pening in the center of an osteon 2. Carries blood vessels and nerves Perforating (Volkman's) Canal 1. Canal perpendicular to the central canal 2. Carries blood vessels and nerves o Lacunae 1. Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) 2. Arranged in concentric rings o Lamellae 1. Rings around the central canal 2. Sites of Lacunae, Canaliculi 1. Tiny canals 2. Radiate from the central canal to lacunae 3. Form a transport system BNE FRMATIN, GRWTH, and REMDELING Changes in the Human Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone o Cartilage remains in isolated areas 1. Bridge ofthenose 2. Parts of ribs 3. Joints Bone Growth Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood 1. New cartilage is continuously formed 2. lder cartilage becomes ossified a. Cartilage is broken down b. Bone replaces cartilage
3 t Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops 1. Bones change shape 2. Bones grow in width Types of Bone Cells 1. steocytes o Mature bone cells 2. steoblasts o Bone-forming cells 3. steoclasts o Bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium Note: Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts Bone Fractures A break in a bone Type of Bone Fractures 1. Closed (simple) Fracture - break that does not penetrate the skin 2. pen (compound) Fracture - broken bone penetrates through the skin e Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization 1. Realignment of the bone Repair of Bone Fractures Hematoma (blood-filled sweliing)is formed o Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus o Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
4 Skeletal System Chapter 5 The Axial Skeleton o Forms the longitudinal part of the body Divided into three parts: Skull, Vertebral Column, Bony Thorax The Skull o Two sets of bones o Cranium o Facial bones Bones are joined by sutures nly the Mandible is attached by a freely movable joint Cranium: composed of eight large flat bones 1. Frontal bone 2. Parietal bones (2) 3. Temporal bones (2) 4. ccipital bone 5. Sphenoid bone 6. Ethmoid bone Facial bones: fourteen bones compose the face. Twelve are paired. 1. Maxillae bones (2) 2. Palatine bones (2) 3. Zygomatic bones (2) 4. Lacrimal bones (2) 5. Nasal bones (2) 6. Vomer bone 7. Inferior bones (2) 8. Mandible o Paranasal Sinuses Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Functions of paranasal sinuses: o Lighten the skull o Give resonance and amplification to voice The H oid Bone The only bone that does not articulate with another bone Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
5 The Fetal Skull The fetal skull is large capered to the infants total body length Fontanelles - fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones [] It allows the brain to grow [] Convert to bone within 24 months after birth The Verterbral Column Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs The spine has a normal curvature Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location All vertebrae have a similar structural pattern: o Body or Centrum o Vertebral Arch o Vertebral Foramen o Transverse Processes o Spinous Process o Superior and Inferior Articular Processes Regions of the vertebrae: 1. Cervical Vertebrae 2. Thoracic Vertebrae 3. Lumbar Vertebrae 4. Sacrum 5. Coccyx Bony Thorax,, Forms a cage to protect major organs e Made-up of three parts: o Sternum o Ribs o Thoracic Vertebrae Homeostatic Imbalances Mastoiditis - a condition where the mastoid sinuses become infected due to its closeness to the middle ear (a high-risk spot of infection). The infection could spread to the brain. Herniated "slipped" Discs - a protruding disc that presses on the spinal cord or the spinal nerves exiting from the cord, numbness and excruciating pain can result. Drying of the discs, along with a weakening of the ligaments of the vertebral column, predisposes older people to this condition.
6 Chapter 5 Skeletal System The A0_pendicular Skeleton o It is composed of 126 bones o Limbs o Pectoral girdle o Pelvic girdles The Pectoral Girdle Composed of two bones: o Clavicle - Collarbone o Scapula- Shoulder blade o These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement Bones of the Upper Limb. The arm is formed by a single bone: Humerus e The forearm has two bones: Ulna and Radius The Hand: Carpals - Wrist Metacarpals - Palm Phalanges - Fingers Bones of the Pelvic Girdle o Hip bones Composed of three pair of fused bones: o Ilium o Ischium o Pubic Bone The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis Protects several organs: o Reproductive organs o Urinary organs o Urinary bladder o Part of the large intestine Bones of the Lower Limbs The thigh has one bone: Femur - thigh bone o The leg has two bones: Tibia and Fibula o The foot: o Tarsus - Ankle o Metatarsals - Sole o Phalanges - Toes e Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches: o Two longitudinal o ne transverse
7 Joints Articulations of bones Functions of joints o Hold bones together o Allow for mobility Ways joints are classified: o Functionally o Structurally Functional Classifications of Joints Synarthroses - immovable joints o Amphiarthroses - slightly moveable joints Diarthroses - Freely moveable joints Structural Classification of Joints Fibrous Joints o Generally immovable o Cartilaginous Joints o Immovable or slightly moveable e Synovial Joints o Freely moveable Fibrous Joints Bones united by fibrous tissue o Examples: o Sutures o Syndesmoses - allows more movement than sutures. Ex. Distal end of the tibia and fibula Cartilaginous Joints o Bones are connected by cartilage Examples: o Pubic symphysis o Intervertebral joints Synovial Joints o articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity o Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Features of Synovial Joints Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones o Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule o Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid Ligaments reinforce the joint
8 Structures associated with the Synovial Joint Types o Bursae- Flattened fibrous sacs o Lined with synovial membranes o Filled with synovial fluid o Not actually part of the joint o Tendon Sheath o Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon of Synovial Joints Based on SHAPE Plane Joint - nonaxial Hinge Joint - uniaxial Pivot Joint Condyloid Joint- biaxial Saddle Joints Ball-and-socket Joint - multiaxial Inflammatory Conditions associated with Joints Bursitis - inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction o Tendonitis - inflammation of tendon sheaths Arthritis - inflammation or degenerative diseases of joints o ver 100 different types o The most widespread crippling disease in the United Sates o steoarthritis o Most common chronic arthritis o Probably related to normal aging processes Rheumatoid Arthritis o An autoimmune disease - the immune system attacks the joints o Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints o ften leads to deformities Gouty Arthritis o Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition ofurate crystals from the blood o Can usually be controlled with diet Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal System At birth, the skull bones are incomplete Bones are joined by fibrous membranes - fontanelles o Fontanelles are completely replaced with bone within two years after birth
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