FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA K. TOUNKARA, E. COUACY, J. AWUNI, A. TRAORE

Transcription

1 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA K. TOUNKARA, E. COUACY, J. AWUNI, A. TRAORE

2 OUTLINE 1. INTRODUCTION 2. DISEASE DISTRIBUTION 3. DISEASE SURVEILLANCE 4. PROGRESS along FMD PC Roadmap 5. WAY FORWARD 6. SUMMARY

3 1. INTRODUCTION 1. FMD major impediment to food security and intraregional and international trade in animals and animal products. 2. Immediate notification to OIE 3. Disease caused by 7 serotypes: A, O, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 and Asia FMD in Africa 6 serotypes recorded: A, O, C, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3.

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5 2.DISEASE DISTRIBUTION - OIE Notification as epidemiologically significant events - OIE Annual reports - Published data: Couacy-Hymann and all (2006); WRL data, and W. Vosloo and all (2002).

6 OIE Notification as an epidemiologically significant event Year Number of epidemiologically significant events No of FMD reported cased West and Central African countries reported cases (January 15 May)

7 Année Pays Bénin 23(0) 34(?) 22(?) (0,A,SAT 1, SAT 2, (0,A,SAT 1, SAT 2) SAT 3) Burkina 71 (?) 12 61(0) 15 (?) 53 (?) Faso Côte 3 (?)? (SAT 1) Non Non 3 (?) d Ivoire Ghana 18 (?) 2(?) 12(0) 4(0) 17(0) Mali Non 18(0,A, SAT 2) 3(?) 1 (?) 3 (?) Niger 84 (?) 22(0) 60(?) (0,SAT 1, SAT 2) (0,SAT 1, SAT 2) Togo 9(?) (SAT 2) 39 (?) 45(SAT 2) 84(0,SAT2) Sous-total Total général COUACY-HYMANN and all (2006) : FMD OUTBREAKS REPORTED TO OIE foyers? : nombre de foyers/serotypes non connus Non : absence de données SAT : South African Territories Source : OIE, Handistatus II

8 COUACY-HYMANN and all (2006) : FMD serotypes confirmed in 7 West African countries (Cond t): Summary P Nombre de prélèvements Total 403 Benin, BF, CI, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Togo Sérotypes VND C SAT 1 0 A SAT 2 SAT

9 Samples received in 2005 by the FMD WRL- IAH Pirbright Country Type 0 Type A SAT 1 SAT 2 Cameroon Mali Togo

10 W. Vosloo and all (2006): Review of the status and control of FMD in sub-saharan Africa Topotype distribution of foot and mouth disease serotypes O, A and South African Territories types 1 and 2 in Africa Serotype Topotype Countries SAT 1 V Nigeria VI Nigeria, Niger SAT 2 V Nigeria, Senegal. Liberia, Ghana, Mali, Côte d Ivoire VI X Gambia, Senegal Democratic Republic of the Congo 0 III Cote d Ivoire, Guinea, Niger, Ghana, Burkina Faso, A I Mauritania, Mali, Cote d Ivoire, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Senegal

11 3. DISEASE SURVEILLANCE - PAST ACTIVITIES - ONGOING ACTIVITIES

12 Past activities 1. FAO Regional FAO TCP No 2916 entitled : Control of FMD in West Africa Determination and Characterisation of FMDV strains circulating in this region ( ) Cote D Ivoire, Mali, Burkina-Faso, Niger, Benin, Togo and Ghana. To provide FMD virus information

13 Past activities (cont d) 2. EuFMD Commission funded a two-weeks-mission to Niger in November 2005 (19 th Nov 02 nd Dec 2005). - Collect samples from FMD outbreaks in different regions of Niger.

14 MAIN OUTPUTS Main outputs: Infection zones identified Risk Zones identified Role of Wildlife in FMD dissemination clarified Risk factors

15 Primary infection zone : corresponds to zones with high density of animals : Borderline Benin - Niger Nigeria Borderline Niger Mali BKF Jonction Benin - BKF Niger = Park W or Tapoa region. Lake Chad and Adamao regions from Chad, Cameroon and CAR. Secondary infection zone : INFECTION ZONES from primary zones infection spreads within the country and invades the whole west African countries.

16 Primary Infection Zones Gao Légend Infection Transhumanc Zones e 28/06/

17 Risk Zones Risk zones: Lies on cattle population and animals movements in the sub-region Cure salée Zone 28/06/

18 Role of Wildlife in FMD dissemination Since the density of wildlife in the whole West / Central Africa is low therefore cattle/buffaloes interaction could be assessed as not important. Subsequently: Role of wildlife in West Africa in dissemination of FMD in West and central Africa should be Not Important.

19 Risk Factors Uncontrolled animals movements, no existing quarantine at borderlines, no / lack of efficacy of check points at borderlines, uncontrolled movements of personnel during FMD outbreaks. Weak capacities of Vet Sces. FMD as minor disease since adult cattle recovered from the disease. Lack of good communication within a country and between countries.

20 Risk Factors Lack of local diagnostic lab expertise. Limited number of field staff. Cost of FMD vaccine and reagents for FMD diagnosis. Lack of national and regional strategy for FMD surveillance and control.

21 ONGOING ACTIVITIES - West and Central African FMD Sub-network within RESOLAB (Laboratory Network)

22 Background Two Labs nominated as FMD animator laboratories Central Veterinary Laboratory, BAMAKO, MALI & Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Accra, GHANA) MANDATE: Collect and disseminate available information on FMD activities in member labs to the network (website) Make a comprehensive report on RESOLAB activities related to FMD to the international community When possible contribute to the organization of regional workshops and training programmes related to FMD.

23 Pool 5. WEST AFRICA Country Data RESOLAB 2011/ 2012 Serotypes so far detected up to 2012 Reported serotype/outbreaks in OIE * Reported serotype/outbreaks in OIE * Sero type Nb of outbreaks Serotype No of outbreaks Benin A SAT 1 O SAT 2 A,O, SAT 1, SAT 2 37 Burkina Faso A, O SAT 2? 48 Cameroon 11 outbreaks 2012 pending A O SAT 2? 35 Cape Verde No details submitted. Central Afr. Rep Chad A, SAT Congo D. R. O,A A, C SAT1 O,A, C SAT 1 3 Congo R Cote d'ívoire A, O SAT2 SAT 1, A 13 Equatorial Guinea Disease suspected but not confirmed. Gabon Reported as absent. Gambia One outbreak pending serotyping A O SAT2 No details submitted.

24 Pool 5. WEST AFRICA cont. Country Data RESOLAB 2011/ 2012 Serotypes so far detected up to 2012 Reported serotype/outbreaks in OIE 2012* Sero type Reported serotype/outbreaks in OIE 2011* Nb of outbreaks Serotype No of outbreaks Ghana 43 samples ELISA positive A O SAT 1 SAT 2? 57 Guinea Biss. Reported as absent. Guinea... Liberia A, SAT 2 No details submitted. Mali A,SAT 1 O, SAT2? 3 Mauritania Niger A,O,SAT 1 O, SAT 2? 37 Nigeria A, SAT1,O? 13 Sao Tome Principe Senegal A,O,SAT2? 12 No details submitted. Sierra Leone Reported as absent. Togo One outbreak 2012 O,SAT1 O, SAT 1 79

25 New or significant events in Pool 5 (first quarter 2012). Cameroon: 11 outbreaks reported for the first three months of 2012; samples to be sent for analysis. The Gambia: One Outbreak in the North bank, Central river and Western regions; samples sent for analysis. Togo: One outbreak at Adetikope (Adodovi) on 21 February 2012; epithelial and sera samples collected and submitted to Accra Veterinary Laboratory, for further submission to WRL. Considering the disease dynamics the problem of outbreaks in Cameroon s North West and Far North regions could indicate possible outbreaks in Chad, Nigeria, and Central African Republic. Outbreak in Togo could affect Burkina Faso, Benin and Ghana.

26 Pool 5. WEST AFRICA cont. Comments from WRLFMD Quarterly Report January March Recent Information gathered 13 outbreaks of FMD in NIGERIA in Samples taken and no serotyping done yet Trainings The lab network with some EuFMD/EC support has organized training for FMD labs in Mauritania, Niger, Chad in may 2012 and provided diagnostic kits (ELISA) to each lab for local typing. A second training is planned for Accra in September for more Central Africa countries (FAO will again provide kits to most of these).

27 FMD distribution by serotypes

28 FINDING FMD is endemic in West Africa with various serotypes circulating Outbreaks are reported but virus detection is a problem probably due to the following factors:- Farmer attempt treatment and hence do not report, Late reporting by farmers to veterinary personnel, and Improper sampling and sample handling Inadequate diagnostic capacity of member laboratories

29 RECOMMENDATIONS Extensive sensitization of field veterinary personnel on the need to be vigilant on the reporting of FMD outbreaks Laboratory support for field veterinary personnel to ensure proper sampling of FMD outbreak cases Strengthen laboratory capacities for FMD diagnosis (training of personnel & equipment) Timely sample submission to reference Labs for virus isolation & sero-typing Countries to embark on aggressive FMD control measures (long term)

30 Central Western 4. Progress along FMD Progressive Control Roadmap Countries Benin Burkina Faso Cote d ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria?? Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo(Dem. Rep. of the) Congo (Rep. of the) Equatorial Guinea Gabon Sao Tome and Principe

31 4. Progress along FMD Progressive Control Roadmap (cont d) No substantial results??

32 4. Progress along FMD Progressive Control Roadmap (cont d) Control Strategies in West and Central Africa - MALI * Vaccination of 300,000 cattle (risk zones: 100,000; peri-urban 50,000 and cattle used as Beast of Burden 150,000) two times during the first year and once during the four years * Early detection et good management of outbreaks * Collection of samples and shipment to laboratories * Reinforce the control of livestock movement * Reinforce capacity building * Inform and sensitize livestock owners and other stakeholder.

33 4. Progress along FMD Progressive Control Roadmap (cont d) Control Strategies in West and Central Africa - Cote D Ivoire Vaccination of dairy cattle and cattle used as Beast of Burden - Senegal Vaccination of dairy cattle - Others Do Nothing

34 5. Way Forward - Assessment of progress made along PC Roadmap - Concerted regional effort within ECOWAS and ECCAS - Common understanding between the two regions on the most comprehensive strategy to adopt - Identification of infected and High Risk Areas - Transparency in disease information sharing - Combination of FMD control activities other diseases control activities - International Assistance

35 1. Prevalence of four serotypes: A, O, SAT1 and SAT2 2. Topotypes specific to the region 3. Four primary infection zones 4. Risk zones identified 6. SUMMARY 5. Uncontrolled Livestock movements : Principal cause of spreading of the disease. 6. Ongoing activities are coordinated by the FMD Sub-Network within RESOLAB 7. No substantial results achieved in PCP 8. Concerted actions within international cooperation required

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