Ancient World History Chapter 6 Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity. A. Geography and Peoples of Italy a.

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1 Ancient World History Chapter 6 Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity Section 1 a. The Roman World Takes Shape A. Geography and Peoples of Italy a. b. Geography i. Rome is located right in the center of the Italian peninsula ii. Unlike Greece, the Italian peninsula is better built to support a larger population 2. c. Peoples i. The Latins settled along the Tiber River about 800 B.C. 1. Greek Colonist as well ii. Etruscans ruled much of the Italian peninsula for some time B. The Roman Republic a. Romans drove out their Etruscan ruler in 509 B.C. i. Chapter 6 Page 1

2 ii. Republic 2. Keep any individual from gaining to much power b. The Government takes shape i. ii. All the members of the Senate were patricians 2. iii. Every year senators elected two consuls a. Serve only one term 2. iv. In event of war, senate sometimes chose a dictator 2. Given power to rule for c. Plebeians Demand Equality i. Initially the government was completely run by patricians ii in 450 B.C. plebeians had the laws written down on tablets a. called The Laws of the Twelve Tables b. iii. Eventually Plebeians could elect tribunes to veto laws that were harmful to plebeians Chapter 6 Page 2

3 d. Lasting Legacy i. Romans gained political power without resorting to war or revolution C. Roman Society a. It was a patriarchal society i. b. Changing Role of Women i. ii. All classes of women ran a variety of businesses 1. most worked at home though iii. c. Education i. 1. Including the poor classes ii. Many wealthy Romans hired private tutors from Greece 1. rhetoric an important subject for future politicians d. Religion i. 1. Roman s supreme God was Jupiter a. Similar to Greek Zeus 2. Roman God of Sea was Neptune a. Greek was Poseidon 3. Roman God of War was Mars ii. 1. Had temples throughout cities to celebrate and worship their gods Chapter 6 Page 3

4 D. Expansion of Italy a. Citizen-Soldier i. By 270 B.C., Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula ii. Army broken up into Legions Valued loyalty, courage and respect for authority iii. Commanders mixed rewards with harsh punishments b. Conquered Lands i. 1. Some conquered people were given citizenship in the Roman society c. Protection and Unification i. Posted soldiers and built roads to easily connect distant territories in the Empire ii. Section 2 d. From Republic to Empire E. Winning an Empire a. i. As Rome expanded, they became more in conflict with the city-state of Carthage Chapter 6 Page 4

5 b. Wars with Carthage i. Rome fought three wars against Carthage between 264 B.C B.C. 2. ii. First Punic War 1. Rome won and captured Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia iii. Second Punic War 1. Hannibal surprised Rome by marching through France to Italy b. Fought for 15 years, engulfing much of Italy, except Rome c. iv. Third Punic Wars 1. Rome demolished the Carthage lands 2. c. Other Conquests i. Rome was committed to imperialism 2. While still fighting the Punic Wars, Rome began expanding towards the east b. Those areas became provinces i. 3. Eventually Rome controlled all the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea Chapter 6 Page 5

6 d. Social and Economic Effects i. 1. New classes of wealth emerged and bought Latifundia 2. ii. A continued gap between rich and poor led to angry mobs e. Attempts at Reform i. Sought to help struggling farmers, however, the reformers were murdered F. Decline of the Republic a. Civil wars began in Rome over who should control the political power b. c. Julius Caesar s Rise to Power i. ii. 1. Julius refused and crossed the Rubicon River in northern Italy iii. 1. Then crushed any remaining rebellions throughout the Roman empire a. Veni, Vidi, Vici I came, I saw, I conquered Chapter 6 Page 6

7 d. Caesar s Reforms i. ii. iii., based on the Egyptian knowledge, mostly what we use today e. Assassination and Civil Wars i. 1. Beware the Ides of March, March 15 ii. Led to new round of civil wars 1. Main struggle between Octavian and Mark Antony (who had allied with Cleopatra of Egypt) 2. G. Roman Empire and Roman Peace a. i. Exalted One ii. He ruled from 31 B.C. to 14 A.D. b. A Stable Government i. He left the Senate be, but created a civil service to enforce the laws ii. To fix the tax system, he enacted a census iii. c. Bad Emperors and Good Emperors i. 1. Caligula and Nero were possibly evil and insane Chapter 6 Page 7

8 ii. Good emperors from 96 A.D.-180 A.D. 2. probably the most famous 3. Hour by hour resolve firmly to do what comes to hand with correct and natural dignity Aurelius d. The Pax Romana i. 1. Empire stretched from the Euphrates River to present-day Britain ii. e. Bread and Circuses i. 1. Circus Maximus Rome s largest racecourse 2. Gladiators were greatly popular ii. Section 3 f. Roman Achievement H. Greco-Roman Civilization a. Rome absorbed ideas from the Greek culture Chapter 6 Page 8

9 i. Leading to the development of the Greco-Roman Civilization ii. I. Literature, Philosophy, and History a. Poetry i. Aeneid, Virgil tried to show that Rome s past was as heroic as that of Greece ii. Others used poems to satirize Roman society Generally make fun of human folly b. History i. 1. Tacitus, wrote negatively about Rome c. Philosophy i. Hellenistic and Stoic philosophy greatly influenced Rome and it s leaders (Marcus Aurelius) 2. J. Art and Architecture a. Art i. 1. Very much idealistic as well ii. Romans made their homes into works of art 1. Used mosaics Chapter 6 Page 9

10 b. Architecture i. ii. Used concrete, rounded domes to roof large spaces 1. Example: Pantheon K. Technology and Science a. i. Application of science and mathematics to develop useful structures and machines b. They built roads, bridges, harbors and aqueducts i. 1. Used to give the wealthy water in the cities ii. Many of these different structures were still used long after the fall of the Roman Empire c. i. Ptolemy proposed ii. Galen codified a iii. Pliny the Elder, compiled volumes on assorted subjects L. Roman Law a. Possibly greatest achievement was the rule of law, b. Two Systems i. Under the Republic they had codified civil law ii. Then they developed the law of nations Chapter 6 Page 10

11 1. dealing with those under Roman influence, who were not citizens c. Common Principles i. ii. iii. Section 4 d. The Rise of Christianity M. Religious Diversity in the Early Empire a. b. Mystery Religions i. Emphasized secret rituals and promised special rewards c. Religious Toleration i. Rome was tolerant as long as citizens recognized Roman Gods and Caesar s divine spirit d. Divisions in Judea i. By 63 B.C., Judea was under Roman control ii. 2. believed that a messiah would soon appear to lead the people as a King e. Jewish Revolt Chapter 6 Page 11

12 i. A.D. 66 Jews rebelled and Romans destroyed the Jewish Temple 1. Forced many Jews to leave Judea N. Jesus and His Message a. b. Life of Jesus i. Born in Bethlehem about 4 B.C. 1. Grew up in Nazareth, and likely was a carpenter ii. At the age of 30, he began preaching and chose 12 apostles iii. Grew greatly in popularity due to word of miracles and parables c. The Message i. Defended Jewish law, however He preached new ideas as well 2. d. Death on the Cross i. 1. Tried and condemned to be crucified ii. Disciples were initially confused, however The Gospels proclaimed that Jesus rose again, Chapter 6 Page 12

13 O. Spread of Christianity a. After Jesus death, Disciples spread Jesus message and helped establish Christian communities i. b. Work of Paul i. Never actually saw Jesus and actually initially persecuted Christians 2. He wrote letters to churches explaining important Christian ideals a. Now a part of the New Testament 3. c. Persecution i. Since Christians were unwilling to bow to Roman Gods, they were constantly persecuted and many became martyrs ii. Nero most famous Caesar who persecuted Christians d. Reasons for Christianity s Appeal i. People found comfort in the message of Jesus ii. e. Triumph i. Emperor Constantine ended the persecution of Christians in A.D. 313 with the P. The Early Christian Church a. Patterns of Life and Worship Chapter 6 Page 13

14 i. Believers joined Christianity by going through the baptizing of their sins, receiving forgiveness by the grace of God ii. b. Role of Women i. Often led the way to Christianity c. Structure of the Church i. Each community had a priest a. a church official who was responsible for all Christians in an area called a diocese 2. Eventually bishops gained more power, and became a patriarch d. Divisions in the Church i. Major divisive force was rivalry among patriarchs 2. ii. Differences over what was heresies iii. To deal with disagreements, the church set up councils of Church leaders to decide official Christian teachings e. Theology and Scholarship i. 1. Origen and Clement greatly influenced Christianity Chapter 6 Page 14

15 ii. Most influential scholar was Augustine, Bishop of Hippo in North Africa Q. Looking Ahead a. Section 5 b. The Long Decline R. Crisis and Reforms a. The decline of the Romans was a process that took decades i. b. Struggles for Power i. 1. Created instability and violence c. Economic and Social Problems i. d. Emperor Diocletian i. Diocletian split Rome into two parts ii. Fixed prices of good and services to contain inflation e. Emperor Constantine i. 312 A.D. Constantine continued many of Diocletian s reforms 1. Granted toleration for Christians 2. ii. However, unable to ultimately keep Rome from declining Chapter 6 Page 15

16 S. Foreign Invasions a. Impact of the Huns i. Wars in East Asia sent a nomadic people from Central Asia, the Huns 2. Unable to support the legions, the Germanic tribes ultimately began defeating and _ b. Rome Defeated i. In 387 A.D. Roman army suffered a stunning defeat at Adrianople ii. In 476, Germanic leader Odoacer ousted the emperor of Rome T. Causes of the Fall of Rome a. Military Causes i. 1. Rome had hired mercenaries ii. However, Germanic invasions were powerful b. Political Causes i. Government became more oppressive and authoritarian c. Economic Causes i. Heavier and heavier taxes were required to support the vast government d. Social Causes i. Lake of patriotism, discipline and devotion to duty Chapter 6 Page 16

17 e. Did Rome Fall? i. ii. Though Roman civilization dwindled, the Christian Church continued to grow and influence Chapter 6 Page 17