Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from Europe and North America

Transcription

1 Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from Europe and North America Ralph Buehler, Virginia Tech & John Pucher, Rutgers University Photo: Susan Handy Photo: SF Photo: Bicycle Ralph Coalition Buehler Advantages of Walking and Cycling: Economical: Affordable by everyone, requiring minimal costs for individuals and governments Good for business: Generate retail sales and profits from tourism Environmentally friendly: Virtually no pollution Energy-efficient: Use up calories we need to burn off from eating too much Healthy: Many studies report on physical, social, mental health benefits Fun: Getting out into the fresh air with family and friends 1

2 Obesity Falls with Increased Walking and Cycling Share of Population Obese 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% Share of Population Obese Share of Trips by Bike and Foot 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Share of Trips by Bicycle and Foot 0% 0% Switzerland Netherlands Spain Sweden Germany Finland Denmark Norway Great Britain* Ireland** Canada*, ** Australia*,** USA* Pucher, J., Buehler, R., Bassett, D., Dannenberg, A Walking and Cycling to Health: Recent Evidence from City, State, and International Comparisons, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 100, No. 10, pp Cycling Share of Daily Trips in Europe, North America, and Australia, Percent of trips by cycling Source: Pucher, J., Buehler, R. (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

3 Bicycle Share of Work Commuters in the USA (2007) and Canada (2006) Source: Pucher, J., Buehler, R., Seinen, M Bicycling Renaissance in North America? An Update and Re-Assessment of Cycling Trends and Policies, Transportation Research A, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp Bike Share of Trips in Selected Cities in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany ( ) Groningen Zwolle Leiden Enschede Amsterdam Rotterdam Copenhagen Odense Arhus Esbjerg Alborg Muenster Freiburg Bremen Karlsruhe Frankfurt Munich Berlin Leipzig Cologne Dresden Hamburg Nuremberg Duesseldorf Stuttgart 16% 27% 19% 17% 15% 26% 22% 21% 16% 14% 14% 13% Germany 12% 12% 12% 11% 9% 8% 6% 40% 37% 33% 31% Netherlands 35% Denmark 38% Source: Pucher, J., Buehler, R. (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, % 10% 20% 30% 40% 3

4 Bike Share of Trips in Selected cities in UK, Canada, USA, and Australia ( ) Source: Pucher, J., Buehler, R. (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012 Cambridge Oxfordshire Petersborough Norfolk Exeter Northampton London Victoria Vancouver Montreal Ottawa Winnipeg Toronto Calgary Davis Boulder Portland Minneapolis Madison San Francisco Washington Chicago New York Canberra Perth Brisbane Melbourne Adelaide Sydney 2.5% 4.0%5.8% 2.0% 9.5% 3.7% 2.4% 2.2% 1.8% 1.7% 1.4% 9.6% 6.0% 1.2% 2.3% 2.7% 4.2% 4.3% 0.6% 1.3% 2.0% 3.0% 3.1% 1.2% 0.7% 6.0% 7.5% 21.0% United Kindom Canada 15.5% USA Australia 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% Trend in Bike Commuting in Large North American, Australian, and European Cities, Percent of Trips/Workers Sydney (Metro) Chicago Melbourne (Metro) Toronto Washington Montreal San Francisco Vancouver Minneapolis Portland Berlin Amsterdam Copenhagen Source: Pucher, J., Buehler, R. (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

5 Spatial Variation in Bicycle Share of Work Commuters in New York City Area, Pucher, J., Buehler, R., Seinen, M Bicycling Renaissance in North America? An Update and Re- Assessment of Cycling Trends and Policies, Transportation Research A, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp Share of Cycling for Short Trips USA GER DK NL 30 Percent of trips by cycling <2.5km 2.5km<4.5km 1 4.5km-6.5km 16 0<2.5km km<4.5km 7 4.5<6.5km 31 0<2.5km km<4.5km km-6.5km 29 0<2.5km km<4.5km 24 5<7.5km Trip distance category Source: Pucher, J., Buehler, R. (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

6 Europeans cycle for many trip purposes 60% 55% 50% Women s Share of Bike Trips in Europe and North America 49% 55% 56% 45% Percent of trips by women 40% 35% 30% 25% 25% 27% 30% 20% 15% 10% USA UK Canada Germany Denmark Netherlands Source: Pucher, J., Buehler, R. (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

7 70 Copenhagen 60 Percent of bicyclists who are female Washington Vancouver Toronto Montreal Portland 30 Minneapolis Chicago San Francisco Melbourne 20 Sydney Berlin Tokyo Bicycle share of trips and percentage of female cyclists in large cities Amsterdam Percent of trips by bicycle Source: Garard, Handy,and Dill, Women and Cycling, in Pucher and Buehler (eds.), City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, % Cycling Safety Concerns by Gender in Six Small U.S. Cities 35% 35% Women Men 30% 25% 27% 20% 19% 15% 10% 5% 8% 12% 7% 11% 4% 8% 6% 0% being hit by a car* crashing because of road hazards* being bitten by a dog being mugged or attacked* being hit by another bicyclist Source: Garrard, J., Handy, S., Dill, J. in Pucher, J., Buehler, R. (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

8 Source: Susan Handy Bike Share of Trips by Age Group Percent of trips by cycling USA UK GER DK NL ' Age Group Source: Pucher, J., Buehler, R. (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

9 Cycling for all ages Foto by Marie Demers Multi-generational cycling in Amsterdam Pucher: Biking for all Texans 9

10 Make Walking and Cycling Safe for Everyone! Especially important for the young, the old, for anyone with disabilities, for the timid or risk-averse Women more sensitive to safety than men Safety of walking and cycling in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany helps explain high levels of walking and cycling there Cyclist Fatality and Injury Rates, * 18.0 Cylists killed per 100 million km cycled 16.0 Fatalitities and injuries per trip and per kilometer Cylists injured per 10 million km cycled NL DK GER UK USA Source: Pucher, J., Buehler, R. (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

11 Trends in Cyclist Fatalities Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.), City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012 SAFETY IN NUMBERS As levels of cycling increase, injury and fatality rates per trip and per km traveled fall dramatically Thus, if we can increase cycling, it will almost inevitably be safer 11

12 9.0 Annual Fatalities per 10,000 Cyclists New York Chicago Toronto Safety in Numbers: Cyclist fatality rate falls as cycling levels increase. Washington Montréal San Francisco Minneapolis Portland 1.0 Vancouver Source: Pucher and Buehler, City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012 Bike Share of Workers Decreasing Crash Rate in Portland Daily Bicycle Trips Crashes/Crash Rate , ,500 5,000 2,500 0 Annual Crashes Crash Rate Bridge Bicycle Traffic Source: City of Portland, Oregon Year 12

13 Safety in Numbers Over Time Kilometers cycled per inhabitant per year Cyclists killed per billion km cycled Bike Use Cyclists killed Pucher, J., Buehler, R Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany, Transport Reviews, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2008, pp Public Policies Crucial to Walking and Cycling Pro-car policies in European cities in 1950s and 1960s caused huge decline in walking and cycling Dramatic policy turn-around since 1970s to limit car use and promote cycling, walking, and public transport in Dutch, Danish, and German cities 13

14 Bridge in Freiburg BEFORE and AFTER reforms 1960s Today Typical residential street in Freiburg BEFORE traffic calming reforms Typical residential street in Freiburg AFTER traffic calming reforms 14

15 Cathedral Square in Freiburg BEFORE transport and urban planning reforms Cathedral Square in Freiburg AFTER transport and urban planning reforms 1953 Lörrach, Turmstrasse 1953 Source: Archives, City of Lörrach 15

16 1972 Source: Archives, City of Lörrach Lörrach, Turmstrasse

17 How to Encourage More Cycling and Walking while Improving Safety Better cycling and walking facilities Integration of walk/bike with public transport Traffic calming of residential neighborhoods Mixed-use zoning and improved urban design Restrictions on motor vehicle use Traffic education and Safe Routes to School Traffic regulations and enforcement National Level Policies Goals of increasing cycling levels and safety Improved data collection and benchmarking Bike infrastructure along federal/national roadways Cyclist and motorist training Traffic laws, signage, roadway and bikeway design guidelines Matching funds for approved state and local projects Funding for showcase projects State and local governments ultimately responsible for implementing specific cycling infrastructure and programs. 17

18 Most European cities have extensive carfree districts ideal for walking and cycling Source: Ralph Buehler Car-free Broadway in New York City Times Square Herald Square Source: Ralph Buehler 18

19 Trend in Bike Paths and Lanes per 100,000 Population in Nine Large North American Cities, Kilometers of Lanes and Paths per 100,000 Population New York Chicago Toronto San Francisco Vancouver Montréal Washington Minneapolis Portland Separate Bikeways in Germany Sources: City of Freiburg & Pucher 19

20 Source: Warren Salomon Bike paths in Dutch cities make it safe and comfortable for all to bike: including women, children, and seniors Greenway in Minneapolis Stone Arch Bridge in Minneapolis Source: Buehler 20

21 Santa Barbara coastal path: Safe and attractive both for cyclists and pedestrians Photo: Fertig Conversion of two car lanes to bike path and wider sidewalk One-way cycle track in The Hague Source: Peter Furth 21

22 Almost 100km of 2-way cycle tracks in Montreal Separation from traffic via bollards and parked cars Photo: Peter Furth Separation from traffic via concrete barriers Photo: Velo Quebec 250 mi of new bike lanes and paths since 2005 doubling in bike trips halving of cyclist fatalities from 28 to 14 Traffic-Protected Cycle Track on 9th Avenue, NYC Photo: NYCDOT 22

23 Bike Lanes in New York Cycle Track on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC Source: Buehler Connects the White House with U.S. Capitol 23