VOL. 6, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2011 ISSN ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
|
|
- Aubrie Brown
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 VOL. 6, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 0 ISSN Asian Researc Publising Network (ARPN). All rigts reserved. BIT ERROR RATE, PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISION OF M x N EQUALIZER BASED MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD AND MINIMUM MEAN SQUARE ERROR MIMO RECEIVER FOR WIRELESS CHANNEL N. Satis Kumar and K. R. Sankar Kumar Department of ECE, SriRamakrisna Engineering College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India nsk0000@gmail.com ABSTRACT Tis paper investigates on te performance comparison of m x n equalizer based maximum likeliood (ML) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) MIMO receiver for wireless cannel. Te effect of fading and interference effects can be combated wit equalizer. Tis paper also analyses te performance of MMSE equalizer based receiver for MIMO wireless cannel. Te bit error rate (BER) caracteristics for te various transmitting and receiveing antennna are simulated in Matlab tool box and many advantages and disadvantages of te system are described. Te simulation carried out in signal processing lab sow tat te MMSE equalizer based receiver is a good coice for removing some inter symbol interference (ISI) and minimizes te total noise power. However te simulation results sow ML equalizer performance better. Te simulation tool box used is Matlab V.7.0 and te results were obtained at RF signal processing lab. Te results sow tat te BER decreases as te m x n antenna configurations is increased for bot ML and MMSE equalizer based detector. ML equalizer based detector out performs te MMSE receiver in terms of BER caracteristics. Keywords: wireless cannel, MIMO, MMSE, ISI, bit error rate, signal to noise ratio.. INTRODUCTION Wireless communication tecnology as sown tat wen multiple antennas at bot transmitter and receiver are employed it provides te possibility of iger data rates compared to single antenna systems [, ]. Te system wit multiple antennas at te transmitter and receiver is commonly referred as multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. Te multiple antennas are tus used to increase data rates troug multiplexing or to improve performance troug diversity. Tis metod offers iger capacity to wireless systems and te capacity increases linearly wit te number of antennas and link range wit out additional bandwidt and power requirements. MIMO cannel model [4, 5] is depicted in Figure- wit M transmitter and N receiver antennas. It can be acieved by iger spectral efficiency and link reliability or diversity (reduced fading).. ML EQUALIZER BASED RECEIVER It is a preferred metod of parameter estimation in statistics. It is an important tool for many statistical non-linear modeling tecniques. MLE estimate is obtained by maximizing te log-likeliood function since because te functions are monotonically related to eac oter; ence MLE estimate is obtained by maximizing eiter one. For determining te maximum likeliood estimators of te log-normal distribution parameters µ and σ, can be determined as follows, () were, ƒ L denote te probability density function of te log-normal distribution and ƒ N is te normal distribution. Terefore, using te same indices to denote distributions, we can write te log-likeliood function as Figure-. MIMO model. = Constant + () Since te first term is constant wit regard to µ and σ, bot logaritmic likeliood functions, l L and l N, reac teir maximum wit te same µ and σ. Hence, using te formulas for te normal distribution maximum likeliood parameter estimators and te equality above, we deduce tat for te log-normal distribution as 9
2 VOL. 6, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 0 ISSN Asian Researc Publising Network (ARPN). All rigts reserved. (3) Te Maximum Likeliood receiver tries to find, wic minimizes J (4) Since te modulation is BPSK, te possible values are + or -. To find te Maximum Likeliood solution, we need to find te minimum from te all four combinations of and (5) 3. MMSE EQUALIZER In MIMO wireless communication, an equalizer is employed wic is a network tat makes an attempt to recover a signal tat suffers wit an Inter symbol Interference (ISI) and improves te BER caracteristics and maintains a good SNR. A minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator is a metod in wic it minimizes te mean square error (MSE), wic is a common measure of estimator quality. Minimum mean-square error equalizer, wic does not usually eliminate ISI completely but instead, minimizes te total power of te noise and ISI components in te output. A minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator describes te approac wic minimizes te mean square error (MSE), wic is a common measure of estimator quality. Te main feature of MMSE equalizer is tat it does not eliminate ISI completely but, minimizes te total power of te noise and ISI components in te output. Let x be an unknown random variable, and let y be a known random variable. An estimator x^ (y) is any function of te measurement y, and its mean square error is given by MSE = E {(X^ -X )} (6) were te expectation is taken over bot x and y. Te MMSE estimator is ten defined as te estimator acieving minimal MSE. In many cases, it is not possible to determine a closed form for te MMSE estimator. In tese cases, one possibility is to seek te tecnique minimizing te MSE witin a particular class, suc as te class of linear estimators. Te linear MMSE estimator is te estimator acieving minimum MSE among all estimators of te form AY + b. If te measurement Y is a random vector, A is a matrix and b is a vector. Let us now try to understand te mat for extracting te two symbols wic interfered wit eac oter. In te first time slot, te received signal on te first receive antenna is, y = x +, x + n = [, ] x x + n (7) Te received signal on te second receive antenna is, y =, x +, x + n = [,, ] Were x x + n (8) y, y are te received symbol on te first and second respectively., is te cannel from st transmit antenna to st receive, is te cannel from nd transmit antenna to st receive, is te cannel from st transmit antenna to nd receive, is te cannel from nd transmit antenna to nd receive x, x are te transmitted symbols and n, n are te noise on st and nd receive antennas. Te equation can be represented in matrix notation as follows: y y Equivalently,, = + (9),, x x n n y = Hx + n (0) Te Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) approac tries to find a coefficient W wic minimizes te E {[W y-x ] [W y-x ] H } Criterion, Were W = Equalization Matrix H = Cannel Matrix and n = Cannel noise y = Received signal. 0
3 VOL. 6, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 0 ISSN Asian Researc Publising Network (ARPN). All rigts reserved. To solve for x, we need to find a matrix W wic satisfies WH =I. Te Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) detector for meeting tis constraint is given by, W = [H H H+ N o I) - H H () Tis matrix is known as te pseudo inverse for a general m x n matrix Were, H H H = =,, + +,,,,,,,,, + +,,, () 4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Te simulations were carried out at RF Signal Processing Lab. Figure- and Table- sows tat as te number of receivers (n) is increased keeping te number of transmitters (m =, 3 and 4) as constant it is observed tat te (BER) decreases in ML equalizer BER comparison of ML equalizer for xn MIMO receiver x x3 x4 x5 B it E rror R ate BER comparison of ML equalizer for 3xn MIMO receiver 3x 3x3 3x4 3x5 3x (a) (b) BER comparison of ML equalizer for 4xn MIMO receiver 4x 4x3 4x4 4x5 4x (c) (d) Figure-. Comparison of BER analysis for m x n antenna configurations of ML equalizer.
4 VOL. 6, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 0 ISSN Asian Researc Publising Network (ARPN). All rigts reserved. S. No. Table-. Bit error rate value for = -0dB m x n Value m x n Value m x n Value x 0.9 3x x 0.7 x x x x x x x x x x x Now let us consider te simulation analysis of MMSE equalizer for x n antenna configurations wic means keeping te transmitter antenna as two and vary te number of antennas in te receiver side. From te matlab figure window sown in Figure-, it s evident tat te BER decreases as te receiver antenna increases for te zero forcing equalizer. For a better clarity te data from te figure window is taken and plotted in te form of bar cart as sown in Figure-3. Figure-3 and Table- sows tat as te no. of receivers (n) is increased keeping te no. of transmitters (m =, 3 and 4) as constant it is evident tat te Bit Error Rate (BER) decreases in MMSE equalizer and also wen te number of transmitters is less tan te number of receivers BER decreases and vice versa. comparison of BER analysis of MMSE equalizer for various configurations of MIMO receiver comparison of BER analysis of MMSE equalizers for various configurations of MIMO receiver 0 - x x3 x4 x5 0-3x 3x3 3x4 3x5 3x (a) (b) comparison of BER analysis of MMSE equalizer for various configurations of MIMO receiver 0-4x 4x3 4x4 4x5 4x (c) Figure-3. Comparison of BER analysis for m x n antenna configurations of MMSE equalizer. 3(d)
5 VOL. 6, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 0 ISSN Asian Researc Publising Network (ARPN). All rigts reserved. Table-. Bit error rate values for m x n antenna configurations of MMSE equalizer. S. No. Bit error rate value for E b /N o = -0dB m x n Value m x n Value m x n Value x x x 0.75 x x x x x x x x x x x CONCLUSIONS Tis paper is a simulation study on te performance comparison analysis of M x N Equalizer based ML and MMSE receiver for MIMO wireless receiver. Hence a more balanced linear equalizer is te Minimum mean square error equalizer, wic owever is not eliminate ISI completely but instead minimizes te total power of te noise and ISI components in te output. From te above te following observations are made.ml is low computational complexity. It minimizes te probability of a sequence error. Hence from te above graps it is evident tat te BER decreases as te number of receiving antenna increases wit respect to number of transmitting antenna in ML equalizer based MIMO receiver. Tis equalizer is used for mobile communication link. ML equalizer outperforms MMSE based equalizer for MIMO Wireless cannel. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Te autors express teir sincere tanks to Te Management, Te Director Academics (SNR Caritable Trust), Te Principal, Sri Ramakrisna Engineering College, for teir constant support and encouragement given to us. Te Autors also extend teir eartfelt tanks to te DC members, Dr. R. Rangarajan, te Dean Dr. Maalingam engineering college and Dr. Sankar Narayanan te Dean EASA College of Engineering for teir tecnical support and guidance to complete tis researc work. [3] K. Co and D. Yoon. 00. On te general BER expression of one and two-dimensional amplitude modulations. IEEE Transactions on Communications. 50: [4] D. Tse and P. Viswanat Fundamentals of Wireless Communications. Cambridge Press. [5] X. Zang and S. Kung Capacity analysis for parallel and sequential MIMO equalizers. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 5: [6] B. Hassibi A fast square-root implementation for BLAST. 34 t Asilomar Conf. Signals, Systems and Computers. pp [7] N. Prasad and M. K. Varanasi Outage capacities of space-time arcitecture. Information Teory Worksop, San Antonio, Texas. pp [8] M. Varanasi Group detection for syncronous Gaussian code-division multiple-access cannels. IEEE Transactions on Information Teory. 4: REFERENCES [] N. Satis Kumar and K.R. Sankar Kumar. 0. Performance Analysis of M X N Equalizer Based Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Receiver for MIMO Wireless Cannel. International Journal of Computer Applications. 6(7): doi: 0.50/0-76. [] H. Zang, H. Dai, Q. Zou and B. L. Huges On te diversity-multiplexing tradeo for ordered SIC receivers over MIMO cannels. IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Istanbul, Turkey. 3
Instantaneous Rate of Change:
Instantaneous Rate of Cange: Last section we discovered tat te average rate of cange in F(x) can also be interpreted as te slope of a scant line. Te average rate of cange involves te cange in F(x) over
More informationResearch on the Anti-perspective Correction Algorithm of QR Barcode
Researc on te Anti-perspective Correction Algoritm of QR Barcode Jianua Li, Yi-Wen Wang, YiJun Wang,Yi Cen, Guoceng Wang Key Laboratory of Electronic Tin Films and Integrated Devices University of Electronic
More informationGeometric Stratification of Accounting Data
Stratification of Accounting Data Patricia Gunning * Jane Mary Horgan ** William Yancey *** Abstract: We suggest a new procedure for defining te boundaries of te strata in igly skewed populations, usual
More informationADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Development of a Software Tool for Performance Evaluation of MIMO OFDM Alamouti using a didactical Approach as a Educational and Research support in Wireless Communications JOSE CORDOVA, REBECA ESTRADA
More informationLog-Likelihood Ratio-based Relay Selection Algorithm in Wireless Network
Recent Advances in Electrical Engineering and Electronic Devices Log-Likelihood Ratio-based Relay Selection Algorithm in Wireless Network Ahmed El-Mahdy and Ahmed Walid Faculty of Information Engineering
More informationSchedulability Analysis under Graph Routing in WirelessHART Networks
Scedulability Analysis under Grap Routing in WirelessHART Networks Abusayeed Saifulla, Dolvara Gunatilaka, Paras Tiwari, Mo Sa, Cenyang Lu, Bo Li Cengjie Wu, and Yixin Cen Department of Computer Science,
More informationThe EOQ Inventory Formula
Te EOQ Inventory Formula James M. Cargal Matematics Department Troy University Montgomery Campus A basic problem for businesses and manufacturers is, wen ordering supplies, to determine wat quantity of
More informationMath 113 HW #5 Solutions
Mat 3 HW #5 Solutions. Exercise.5.6. Suppose f is continuous on [, 5] and te only solutions of te equation f(x) = 6 are x = and x =. If f() = 8, explain wy f(3) > 6. Answer: Suppose we ad tat f(3) 6. Ten
More informationSAMPLE DESIGN FOR THE TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE PROGRAM SURVEY
ASA Section on Survey Researc Metods SAMPLE DESIG FOR TE TERRORISM RISK ISURACE PROGRAM SURVEY G. ussain Coudry, Westat; Mats yfjäll, Statisticon; and Marianne Winglee, Westat G. ussain Coudry, Westat,
More informationThe modelling of business rules for dashboard reporting using mutual information
8 t World IMACS / MODSIM Congress, Cairns, Australia 3-7 July 2009 ttp://mssanz.org.au/modsim09 Te modelling of business rules for dasboard reporting using mutual information Gregory Calbert Command, Control,
More informationBroadband Digital Direct Down Conversion Receiver Suitable for Software Defined Radio
Broadband Digital Direct Down Conversion Receiver Suitable for Software Defined Radio Moamed Ratni, Dragan Krupezevic, Zaoceng Wang, Jens-Uwe Jürgensen Abstract Sony International Europe GmbH, Germany.
More informationACT Math Facts & Formulas
Numbers, Sequences, Factors Integers:..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,... Rationals: fractions, tat is, anyting expressable as a ratio of integers Reals: integers plus rationals plus special numbers suc as
More informationINTER CARRIER INTERFERENCE CANCELLATION IN HIGH SPEED OFDM SYSTEM Y. Naveena *1, K. Upendra Chowdary 2
ISSN 2277-2685 IJESR/June 2014/ Vol-4/Issue-6/333-337 Y. Naveena et al./ International Journal of Engineering & Science Research INTER CARRIER INTERFERENCE CANCELLATION IN HIGH SPEED OFDM SYSTEM Y. Naveena
More informationVerifying Numerical Convergence Rates
1 Order of accuracy Verifying Numerical Convergence Rates We consider a numerical approximation of an exact value u. Te approximation depends on a small parameter, suc as te grid size or time step, and
More informationAn inquiry into the multiplier process in IS-LM model
An inquiry into te multiplier process in IS-LM model Autor: Li ziran Address: Li ziran, Room 409, Building 38#, Peing University, Beijing 00.87,PRC. Pone: (86) 00-62763074 Internet Address: jefferson@water.pu.edu.cn
More informationCan a Lump-Sum Transfer Make Everyone Enjoy the Gains. from Free Trade?
Can a Lump-Sum Transfer Make Everyone Enjoy te Gains from Free Trade? Yasukazu Icino Department of Economics, Konan University June 30, 2010 Abstract I examine lump-sum transfer rules to redistribute te
More informationCapacity Limits of MIMO Channels
Tutorial and 4G Systems Capacity Limits of MIMO Channels Markku Juntti Contents 1. Introduction. Review of information theory 3. Fixed MIMO channels 4. Fading MIMO channels 5. Summary and Conclusions References
More informationEfficient Data Recovery scheme in PTS-Based OFDM systems with MATRIX Formulation
Efficient Data Recovery scheme in PTS-Based OFDM systems with MATRIX Formulation Sunil Karthick.M PG Scholar Department of ECE Kongu Engineering College Perundurau-638052 Venkatachalam.S Assistant Professor
More informationBEST RELAY SELECTION METHOD FOR DETECT AND FORWARD AIDED COOPERATIVE WIRELESS NETWORK
BEST RELAY SELECTION METHOD FOR DETECT AND FORWARD AIDED COOPERATIVE WIRELESS NETWORK Nithin S. and M. Kannan Department of Electronics Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University, Chennai,
More information2.23 Gambling Rehabilitation Services. Introduction
2.23 Gambling Reabilitation Services Introduction Figure 1 Since 1995 provincial revenues from gambling activities ave increased over 56% from $69.2 million in 1995 to $108 million in 2004. Te majority
More informationIn other words the graph of the polynomial should pass through the points
Capter 3 Interpolation Interpolation is te problem of fitting a smoot curve troug a given set of points, generally as te grap of a function. It is useful at least in data analysis (interpolation is a form
More informationAbstract. Introduction
Fast solution of te Sallow Water Equations using GPU tecnology A Crossley, R Lamb, S Waller JBA Consulting, Sout Barn, Brougton Hall, Skipton, Nort Yorksire, BD23 3AE. amanda.crossley@baconsulting.co.uk
More informationON LOCAL LIKELIHOOD DENSITY ESTIMATION WHEN THE BANDWIDTH IS LARGE
ON LOCAL LIKELIHOOD DENSITY ESTIMATION WHEN THE BANDWIDTH IS LARGE Byeong U. Park 1 and Young Kyung Lee 2 Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Tae Yoon Kim 3 and Ceolyong Park
More informationFINITE DIFFERENCE METHODS
FINITE DIFFERENCE METHODS LONG CHEN Te best known metods, finite difference, consists of replacing eac derivative by a difference quotient in te classic formulation. It is simple to code and economic to
More informationMATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERING DIFFERENTIATION TUTORIAL 1 - BASIC DIFFERENTIATION
MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERING DIFFERENTIATION TUTORIAL 1 - BASIC DIFFERENTIATION Tis tutorial is essential pre-requisite material for anyone stuing mecanical engineering. Tis tutorial uses te principle of
More informationM(0) = 1 M(1) = 2 M(h) = M(h 1) + M(h 2) + 1 (h > 1)
Insertion and Deletion in VL Trees Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of te Requirements for Dr. Eric Kaltofen s 66621: nalysis of lgoritms by Robert McCloskey December 14, 1984 1 ackground ccording to Knut
More informationLecture 10: What is a Function, definition, piecewise defined functions, difference quotient, domain of a function
Lecture 10: Wat is a Function, definition, piecewise defined functions, difference quotient, domain of a function A function arises wen one quantity depends on anoter. Many everyday relationsips between
More informationA SIMULATION STUDY ON SPACE-TIME EQUALIZATION FOR MOBILE BROADBAND COMMUNICATION IN AN INDUSTRIAL INDOOR ENVIRONMENT
A SIMULATION STUDY ON SPACE-TIME EQUALIZATION FOR MOBILE BROADBAND COMMUNICATION IN AN INDUSTRIAL INDOOR ENVIRONMENT U. Trautwein, G. Sommerkorn, R. S. Thomä FG EMT, Ilmenau University of Technology P.O.B.
More informationISI Mitigation in Image Data for Wireless Wideband Communications Receivers using Adjustment of Estimated Flat Fading Errors
International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, Volume-3, Issue-3, June 2013 ISSN No.: 2250-0758 Pages: 24-29 www.ijemr.net ISI Mitigation in Image Data for Wireless Wideband Communications
More informationResearch on Risk Assessment of PFI Projects Based on Grid-fuzzy Borda Number
Researc on Risk Assessent of PFI Projects Based on Grid-fuzzy Borda Nuber LI Hailing 1, SHI Bensan 2 1. Scool of Arcitecture and Civil Engineering, Xiua University, Cina, 610039 2. Scool of Econoics and
More informationHow To Ensure That An Eac Edge Program Is Successful
Introduction Te Economic Diversification and Growt Enterprises Act became effective on 1 January 1995. Te creation of tis Act was to encourage new businesses to start or expand in Newfoundland and Labrador.
More informationDerivatives Math 120 Calculus I D Joyce, Fall 2013
Derivatives Mat 20 Calculus I D Joyce, Fall 203 Since we ave a good understanding of its, we can develop derivatives very quickly. Recall tat we defined te derivative f x of a function f at x to be te
More informationComparison between two approaches to overload control in a Real Server: local or hybrid solutions?
Comparison between two approaces to overload control in a Real Server: local or ybrid solutions? S. Montagna and M. Pignolo Researc and Development Italtel S.p.A. Settimo Milanese, ITALY Abstract Tis wor
More information2 Limits and Derivatives
2 Limits and Derivatives 2.7 Tangent Lines, Velocity, and Derivatives A tangent line to a circle is a line tat intersects te circle at exactly one point. We would like to take tis idea of tangent line
More informationGuide to Cover Letters & Thank You Letters
Guide to Cover Letters & Tank You Letters 206 Strebel Student Center (315) 792-3087 Fax (315) 792-3370 TIPS FOR WRITING A PERFECT COVER LETTER Te resume never travels alone. Eac time you submit your resume
More informationStrategic trading in a dynamic noisy market. Dimitri Vayanos
LSE Researc Online Article (refereed) Strategic trading in a dynamic noisy market Dimitri Vayanos LSE as developed LSE Researc Online so tat users may access researc output of te Scool. Copyrigt and Moral
More informationOPTIMAL FLEET SELECTION FOR EARTHMOVING OPERATIONS
New Developments in Structural Engineering and Construction Yazdani, S. and Sing, A. (eds.) ISEC-7, Honolulu, June 18-23, 2013 OPTIMAL FLEET SELECTION FOR EARTHMOVING OPERATIONS JIALI FU 1, ERIK JENELIUS
More informationOptimized Data Indexing Algorithms for OLAP Systems
Database Systems Journal vol. I, no. 2/200 7 Optimized Data Indexing Algoritms for OLAP Systems Lucian BORNAZ Faculty of Cybernetics, Statistics and Economic Informatics Academy of Economic Studies, Bucarest
More informationCommunication on the Grassmann Manifold: A Geometric Approach to the Noncoherent Multiple-Antenna Channel
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, VOL. 48, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2002 359 Communication on the Grassmann Manifold: A Geometric Approach to the Noncoherent Multiple-Antenna Channel Lizhong Zheng, Student
More informationf(a + h) f(a) f (a) = lim
Lecture 7 : Derivative AS a Function In te previous section we defined te derivative of a function f at a number a (wen te function f is defined in an open interval containing a) to be f (a) 0 f(a + )
More informationPre-trial Settlement with Imperfect Private Monitoring
Pre-trial Settlement wit Imperfect Private Monitoring Mostafa Beskar University of New Hampsire Jee-Hyeong Park y Seoul National University July 2011 Incomplete, Do Not Circulate Abstract We model pretrial
More informationShell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Sell and Tube Heat Excanger MECH595 Introduction to Heat Transfer Professor M. Zenouzi Prepared by: Andrew Demedeiros, Ryan Ferguson, Bradford Powers November 19, 2009 1 Abstract 2 Contents Discussion
More informationMULTY BINARY TURBO CODED WOFDM PERFORMANCE IN FLAT RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNELS
Volume 49, Number 3, 28 MULTY BINARY TURBO CODED WOFDM PERFORMANCE IN FLAT RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNELS Marius OLTEAN Maria KOVACI Horia BALTA Andrei CAMPEANU Faculty of, Timisoara, Romania Bd. V. Parvan,
More informationThe Dynamics of Movie Purchase and Rental Decisions: Customer Relationship Implications to Movie Studios
Te Dynamics of Movie Purcase and Rental Decisions: Customer Relationsip Implications to Movie Studios Eddie Ree Associate Professor Business Administration Stoneill College 320 Wasington St Easton, MA
More informationSHAPE: A NEW BUSINESS ANALYTICS WEB PLATFORM FOR GETTING INSIGHTS ON ELECTRICAL LOAD PATTERNS
CIRED Worksop - Rome, 11-12 June 2014 SAPE: A NEW BUSINESS ANALYTICS WEB PLATFORM FOR GETTING INSIGTS ON ELECTRICAL LOAD PATTERNS Diego Labate Paolo Giubbini Gianfranco Cicco Mario Ettorre Enel Distribuzione-Italy
More information1.6. Analyse Optimum Volume and Surface Area. Maximum Volume for a Given Surface Area. Example 1. Solution
1.6 Analyse Optimum Volume and Surface Area Estimation and oter informal metods of optimizing measures suc as surface area and volume often lead to reasonable solutions suc as te design of te tent in tis
More informationDetermine the perimeter of a triangle using algebra Find the area of a triangle using the formula
Student Name: Date: Contact Person Name: Pone Number: Lesson 0 Perimeter, Area, and Similarity of Triangles Objectives Determine te perimeter of a triangle using algebra Find te area of a triangle using
More informationIN current film media, the increase in areal density has
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 44, NO. 1, JANUARY 2008 193 A New Read Channel Model for Patterned Media Storage Seyhan Karakulak, Paul H. Siegel, Fellow, IEEE, Jack K. Wolf, Life Fellow, IEEE, and
More informationSAT Subject Math Level 1 Facts & Formulas
Numbers, Sequences, Factors Integers:..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,... Reals: integers plus fractions, decimals, and irrationals ( 2, 3, π, etc.) Order Of Operations: Aritmetic Sequences: PEMDAS (Parenteses
More informationMODULATION Systems (part 1)
Technologies and Services on Digital Broadcasting (8) MODULATION Systems (part ) "Technologies and Services of Digital Broadcasting" (in Japanese, ISBN4-339-62-2) is published by CORONA publishing co.,
More informationStaffing and routing in a two-tier call centre. Sameer Hasija*, Edieal J. Pinker and Robert A. Shumsky
8 Int. J. Operational Researc, Vol. 1, Nos. 1/, 005 Staffing and routing in a two-tier call centre Sameer Hasija*, Edieal J. Pinker and Robert A. Sumsky Simon Scool, University of Rocester, Rocester 1467,
More informationMIMO detector algorithms and their implementations for LTE/LTE-A
GIGA seminar 11.01.2010 MIMO detector algorithms and their implementations for LTE/LTE-A Markus Myllylä and Johanna Ketonen 11.01.2010 2 Outline Introduction System model Detection in a MIMO-OFDM system
More informationMIMO Antenna Systems in WinProp
MIMO Antenna Systems in WinProp AWE Communications GmbH Otto-Lilienthal-Str. 36 D-71034 Böblingen mail@awe-communications.com Issue Date Changes V1.0 Nov. 2010 First version of document V2.0 Feb. 2011
More informationPHASE ESTIMATION ALGORITHM FOR FREQUENCY HOPPED BINARY PSK AND DPSK WAVEFORMS WITH SMALL NUMBER OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS
PHASE ESTIMATION ALGORITHM FOR FREQUENCY HOPPED BINARY PSK AND DPSK WAVEFORMS WITH SMALL NUM OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS Benjamin R. Wiederholt The MITRE Corporation Bedford, MA and Mario A. Blanco The MITRE
More informationSections 3.1/3.2: Introducing the Derivative/Rules of Differentiation
Sections 3.1/3.2: Introucing te Derivative/Rules of Differentiation 1 Tangent Line Before looking at te erivative, refer back to Section 2.1, looking at average velocity an instantaneous velocity. Here
More informationBER Performance Analysis of SSB-QPSK over AWGN and Rayleigh Channel
Performance Analysis of SSB-QPSK over AWGN and Rayleigh Channel Rahul Taware ME Student EXTC Department, DJSCOE Vile-Parle (W) Mumbai 056 T. D Biradar Associate Professor EXTC Department, DJSCOE Vile-Parle
More informationTime and Frequency Domain Equalization
Time and Frequency Domain Equalization Presented By: Khaled Shawky Hassan Under Supervision of: Prof. Werner Henkel Introduction to Equalization Non-ideal analog-media such as telephone cables and radio
More information8 MIMO II: capacity and multiplexing
CHAPTER 8 MIMO II: capacity and multiplexing architectures In this chapter, we will look at the capacity of MIMO fading channels and discuss transceiver architectures that extract the promised multiplexing
More informationA system to monitor the quality of automated coding of textual answers to open questions
Researc in Official Statistics Number 2/2001 A system to monitor te quality of automated coding of textual answers to open questions Stefania Maccia * and Marcello D Orazio ** Italian National Statistical
More informationChapter 7 Numerical Differentiation and Integration
45 We ave a abit in writing articles publised in scientiþc journals to make te work as Þnised as possible, to cover up all te tracks, to not worry about te blind alleys or describe ow you ad te wrong idea
More informationPAPR and Bandwidth Analysis of SISO-OFDM/WOFDM and MIMO OFDM/WOFDM (Wimax) for Multi-Path Fading Channels
PAPR and Bandwidth Analysis of SISO-OFDM/WOFDM and MIMO OFDM/WOFDM (Wimax) for Multi-Path Fading Channels Ahsan Adeel Lecturer COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad Raed A. Abd-Alhameed
More information2.1: The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem
.1.1.1: Te Derivative and te Tangent Line Problem Wat is te deinition o a tangent line to a curve? To answer te diiculty in writing a clear deinition o a tangent line, we can deine it as te iting position
More informationSection 3.3. Differentiation of Polynomials and Rational Functions. Difference Equations to Differential Equations
Difference Equations to Differential Equations Section 3.3 Differentiation of Polynomials an Rational Functions In tis section we begin te task of iscovering rules for ifferentiating various classes of
More informationWireless Interconnect for Board and Chip Level,
213 IEEE. Reprinted, wit permission, from Gerard P. Fettweis, Najeeb ul Hassan, Lukas Landau, and Erik Fiscer, Wireless Interconnect for Board and Cip Level, in Proceedings of te Design Automation and
More informationDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. LAB 1 - Introduction to USRP
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ben-Gurion University of the Negev LAB 1 - Introduction to USRP - 1-1 Introduction In this lab you will use software reconfigurable RF hardware from National
More informationCatalogue no. 12-001-XIE. Survey Methodology. December 2004
Catalogue no. 1-001-XIE Survey Metodology December 004 How to obtain more information Specific inquiries about tis product and related statistics or services sould be directed to: Business Survey Metods
More informationInternational Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering. Research Paper Volume-4, Issue-4 E-ISSN: 2347-2693
International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Open Access Research Paper Volume-4, Issue-4 E-ISSN: 2347-2693 PAPR Reduction Method for the Localized and Distributed DFTS-OFDM System Using
More informationTraining Robust Support Vector Regression via D. C. Program
Journal of Information & Computational Science 7: 12 (2010) 2385 2394 Available at ttp://www.joics.com Training Robust Support Vector Regression via D. C. Program Kuaini Wang, Ping Zong, Yaoong Zao College
More informationCHAPTER 7. Di erentiation
CHAPTER 7 Di erentiation 1. Te Derivative at a Point Definition 7.1. Let f be a function defined on a neigborood of x 0. f is di erentiable at x 0, if te following it exists: f 0 fx 0 + ) fx 0 ) x 0 )=.
More informationWarm medium, T H T T H T L. s Cold medium, T L
Refrigeration Cycle Heat flows in direction of decreasing temperature, i.e., from ig-temperature to low temperature regions. Te transfer of eat from a low-temperature to ig-temperature requires a refrigerator
More informationTis Problem and Retail Inventory Management
Optimizing Inventory Replenisment of Retail Fasion Products Marsall Fiser Kumar Rajaram Anant Raman Te Warton Scool, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Locust Walk, 3207 SH-DH, Piladelpia, Pennsylvania 19104-6366
More informationOn a Satellite Coverage
I. INTRODUCTION On a Satellite Coverage Problem DANNY T. CHI Kodak Berkeley Researc Yu T. su National Ciao Tbng University Te eart coverage area for a satellite in an Eart syncronous orbit wit a nonzero
More informationOverview of Component Search System SPARS-J
Overview of omponent Searc System Tetsuo Yamamoto*,Makoto Matsusita**, Katsuro Inoue** *Japan Science and Tecnology gency **Osaka University ac part nalysis part xperiment onclusion and Future work Motivation
More informationSignal Detection. Outline. Detection Theory. Example Applications of Detection Theory
Outline Signal Detection M. Sami Fadali Professor of lectrical ngineering University of Nevada, Reno Hypothesis testing. Neyman-Pearson (NP) detector for a known signal in white Gaussian noise (WGN). Matched
More informationPerformance Evaluation of Selected Category of Public Sector Mutual Fund Schemes in India
Performance Evaluation of Selected Category of Public Sector Mutual Scemes in India Dr. R. Karrupasamy Director, Department of Management Studies Neru College of Tecnology, Coimbatore, Sout India. Mrs.
More informationTHE NEISS SAMPLE (DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION) 1997 to Present. Prepared for public release by:
THE NEISS SAMPLE (DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION) 1997 to Present Prepared for public release by: Tom Scroeder Kimberly Ault Division of Hazard and Injury Data Systems U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
More informationIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL. 55, NO. 1, JANUARY 2007 341
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL. 55, NO. 1, JANUARY 2007 341 Multinode Cooperative Communications in Wireless Networks Ahmed K. Sadek, Student Member, IEEE, Weifeng Su, Member, IEEE, and K.
More informationf(x + h) f(x) h as representing the slope of a secant line. As h goes to 0, the slope of the secant line approaches the slope of the tangent line.
Derivative of f(z) Dr. E. Jacobs Te erivative of a function is efine as a limit: f (x) 0 f(x + ) f(x) We can visualize te expression f(x+) f(x) as representing te slope of a secant line. As goes to 0,
More informationMultiuser Communications in Wireless Networks
Multiuser Communications in Wireless Networks Instructor Antti Tölli Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu Contact e-mail: antti.tolli@ee.oulu.fi, tel. +358445000180 Course period
More information- 1 - Handout #22 May 23, 2012 Huffman Encoding and Data Compression. CS106B Spring 2012. Handout by Julie Zelenski with minor edits by Keith Schwarz
CS106B Spring 01 Handout # May 3, 01 Huffman Encoding and Data Compression Handout by Julie Zelenski wit minor edits by Keit Scwarz In te early 1980s, personal computers ad ard disks tat were no larger
More informationWorking Capital 2013 UK plc s unproductive 69 billion
2013 Executive summary 2. Te level of excess working capital increased 3. UK sectors acieve a mixed performance 4. Size matters in te supply cain 6. Not all companies are overflowing wit cas 8. Excess
More informationImproved Algorithm for Throughput Maximization in MC-CDMA
Improved Algorithm for Throughput Maximization in MC-CDMA Hema Kale 1, C.G. Dethe 2 and M.M. Mushrif 3 1 ETC Department, Jhulelal Institute of Technology Nagpur, India. Email: hema.kale72@gmail.com 2 ECE
More informationArtificial Neural Networks for Time Series Prediction - a novel Approach to Inventory Management using Asymmetric Cost Functions
Artificial Neural Networks for Time Series Prediction - a novel Approac to Inventory Management using Asymmetric Cost Functions Sven F. Crone University of Hamburg, Institute of Information Systems crone@econ.uni-amburg.de
More informationThe Derivative as a Function
Section 2.2 Te Derivative as a Function 200 Kiryl Tsiscanka Te Derivative as a Function DEFINITION: Te derivative of a function f at a number a, denoted by f (a), is if tis limit exists. f (a) f(a+) f(a)
More informationMIMO CHANNEL CAPACITY
MIMO CHANNEL CAPACITY Ochi Laboratory Nguyen Dang Khoa (D1) 1 Contents Introduction Review of information theory Fixed MIMO channel Fading MIMO channel Summary and Conclusions 2 1. Introduction The use
More informationImproved dynamic programs for some batcing problems involving te maximum lateness criterion A P M Wagelmans Econometric Institute Erasmus University Rotterdam PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam Te Neterlands
More informationTRADING AWAY WIDE BRANDS FOR CHEAP BRANDS. Swati Dhingra London School of Economics and CEP. Online Appendix
TRADING AWAY WIDE BRANDS FOR CHEAP BRANDS Swati Dingra London Scool of Economics and CEP Online Appendix APPENDIX A. THEORETICAL & EMPIRICAL RESULTS A.1. CES and Logit Preferences: Invariance of Innovation
More informationImplementation of Digital Signal Processing: Some Background on GFSK Modulation
Implementation of Digital Signal Processing: Some Background on GFSK Modulation Sabih H. Gerez University of Twente, Department of Electrical Engineering s.h.gerez@utwente.nl Version 4 (February 7, 2013)
More informationMultivariate time series analysis: Some essential notions
Capter 2 Multivariate time series analysis: Some essential notions An overview of a modeling and learning framework for multivariate time series was presented in Capter 1. In tis capter, some notions on
More informationDesign and Analysis of a Fault-Tolerant Mechanism for a Server-Less Video-On-Demand System
Design and Analysis of a Fault-olerant Mecanism for a Server-Less Video-On-Demand System Jack Y. B. Lee Department of Information Engineering e Cinese University of Hong Kong Satin, N.., Hong Kong Email:
More informationImage Compression through DCT and Huffman Coding Technique
International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology E-ISSN 2277 4106, P-ISSN 2347 5161 2015 INPRESSCO, All Rights Reserved Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet Research Article Rahul
More informationTorchmark Corporation 2001 Third Avenue South Birmingham, Alabama 35233 Contact: Joyce Lane 972-569-3627 NYSE Symbol: TMK
News Release Torcmark Corporation 2001 Tird Avenue Sout Birmingam, Alabama 35233 Contact: Joyce Lane 972-569-3627 NYSE Symbol: TMK TORCHMARK CORPORATION REPORTS FOURTH QUARTER AND YEAR-END 2004 RESULTS
More informationAverage and Instantaneous Rates of Change: The Derivative
9.3 verage and Instantaneous Rates of Cange: Te Derivative 609 OBJECTIVES 9.3 To define and find average rates of cange To define te derivative as a rate of cange To use te definition of derivative to
More informationModeling and Performance Analysis of DWDM Based 100 Gbps Low Power Inter-satellite Optical Wireless Communication (LP-IsOWC) System
ISSN(Print): 2377-0538 ISSN(Online): 2377-0546 DOI: 10.15764/STSP.2015.01001 Volume 2, Number 1, January 2015 SOP TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING Modeling and Performance Analysis of DWDM Based 100 Gbps
More informationTangent Lines and Rates of Change
Tangent Lines and Rates of Cange 9-2-2005 Given a function y = f(x), ow do you find te slope of te tangent line to te grap at te point P(a, f(a))? (I m tinking of te tangent line as a line tat just skims
More informationh Understanding the safe operating principles and h Gaining maximum benefit and efficiency from your h Evaluating your testing system's performance
EXTRA TM Instron Services Revolve Around You It is everyting you expect from a global organization Te global training centers offer a complete educational service for users of advanced materials testing
More informationQuasi-static Multilayer Electrical Modeling of Human Limb for IBC
Quasi-static Multilayer Electrical Modeling of Human Limb for IBC S H Pun 1,2, Y M Gao 2,3, P U Mak 1,2, M I Vai 1,2,3, and M Du 2,3 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Science
More informationSWITCH T F T F SELECT. (b) local schedule of two branches. (a) if-then-else construct A & B MUX. one iteration cycle
768 IEEE RANSACIONS ON COMPUERS, VOL. 46, NO. 7, JULY 997 Compile-ime Sceduling of Dynamic Constructs in Dataæow Program Graps Soonoi Ha, Member, IEEE and Edward A. Lee, Fellow, IEEE Abstract Sceduling
More informationComputer Science and Engineering, UCSD October 7, 1999 Goldreic-Levin Teorem Autor: Bellare Te Goldreic-Levin Teorem 1 Te problem We æx a an integer n for te lengt of te strings involved. If a is an n-bit
More informationThe Degrees of Freedom of Compute-and-Forward
The Degrees of Freedom of Compute-and-Forward Urs Niesen Jointly with Phil Whiting Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent Problem Setting m 1 Encoder m 2 Encoder K transmitters, messages m 1,...,m K, power constraint
More information