The Biosphere Levels Organism Species Populations

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1 The Biosphere Levels Organism- one individual living thing Species- group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring Populations- groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

2 The Biosphere Communities- different populations that live together in a defined area. Ecosystem- a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place together with their nonliving physical environment Biomes- A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities

3 Ecology The study of the adaptations of organisms in an environment

4 Components of Ecosystem Biotic Factors- refer to all living things present in an ecosystem. Abiotic Factors- refer to all nonliving or physical factors present in an ecosystems

5 Water Oxygen phytoplanktons Carbon algae bacteria Water temperature Light Humidity ph Number of scavengers Biotic or Abiotic

6 Stable Ecosystem Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle Water Cycle Energy Cycle An ecosystem is self-sustaining if materials are cycled and there is a flow of energy.

7 Limiting Factor A factor that will limit the survival of an organism Ex. Abiotic Factors

8 Succession A regular progression of species replacement. Stages of Succession Primary succession that occurs where life has not existed before Secondary- succession that occurs in areas where there has been previous growth.

9 Niche The functional role of a particular species in an ecosystem. How an organism lives- the job it performs in an ecosystem

10 Decomposers The community of fungi, bacteria, insects and other scavengers that consume and break down dead plant and animal material into simpler component atoms, molecules, and compounds, thereby making the materials available to be used again.

11 Scavengers are animals that eat dead animals that they did not kill themselves Scavengers

12 HERBIVORES GET ENERGY FROM EATING PLANTS

13 CARNIVORES GET ENERGY FROM EATING MEAT

14 OMNIVORES GET ENERGY FROM EATING PLANTS AND MEAT

15 Population Consists of all the individuals of a species that live together in one place at one time.

16 Key Features of Population Size- number of individuals in a population Density- number of individuals that live in a given area Dispersion- arrangement of individuals in a space

17 Population Growth A population study of living organisms may be difficult in the laboratory for several reasons. Reproductive cycles of some organisms may take months or years, observation under ideal conditions may be difficult and it can be challenging to count all organisms in a given population.

18 Population Growth Biologists often study population trends using microorganisms such as yeast. In this investigation, you will: Use a sampling technique to determine changes in a yeast population Compare the initial yeast population numbers with later time intervals Calculate and graph the actual number of cells present in the population Apply the principles responsible for changes in yeast population to the human population

19 Yeast Population Activity

20 Outcome: Construct food webs and describe the role and relationships of organisms found in the web. Warm-up: Get a copy of the warm-up, Populations. Make necessary corrections instead of W, X, Y, Z- write A, B, C, D.

21 Exponential Growth Curve A J-shaped curve Rate of population growth stays the same, as a result the population size increases steadily.

22 Carrying Capacity (S curve) The population size that the environment can sustain.

23 Movement of Energy through the Ecosystem Ultimate Source of Energy

24 Producers Organisms that first capture the energy Ex. Plants, some kind of bacteria, algae

25 Consumers Organisms that consume plants or other organisms to obtain energy necessary to build molecules.

26 Trophic Levels Levels through which energy moves Level 3 Secondary Consumers Level 2 Primary Consumers Level 1 Producers

27 ENERGY ONLY ABOUT 10% OF THE ENERGY IN EACH TROPHIC LEVEL OF THE PYRAMID IS TRANSFERRED TO THE NEXT TROPHIC LEVEL THE REST OF THE ENERGY IS LOST (MOSTLY AS HEAT) THIS IS CALLED THE 10% RULE

28 PYRAMID SUN

29 Ecosystem Structure Producers plants autotrophs Consumers primary (herbivores), secondary (carnivores or omnivores) - heterotrophs

30 Trophic Pyramid Only 10% of the total available energy is passed from one trophic level to the next. Most Biomass

31 FOOD CHAIN GRASS MOUSE HAWK

32 Energy Flow Food Chains Food Webs

33 Outcome: Analyze which organisms in the food chain accumulate the greatest concentration of chemicals. A decrease in lizard population would likely result in a(n) in grasshopper population in mouse population An increase in hawk population would likely result in a(n) in mouse population in snake population in ant population An increase in cactus population would likely result in a(n) in chipmunk population in lizard population

34 Bioaccumulation Increase in concentration of a pollutant from the environment to the first organism in a food chain

35 Biomagnification Increase in concentration of a pollutant from one link in a food chain to another.

36 Environmental Concerns Small concentrations of chemicals (pollutants) in the environment can find their way into organisms in high enough dosages to cause problems.

37 Factors In order for bioaccumulation to occur, the pollutant must be: 1. long-lived 2. Mobile 3. Soluble in fats 4. Biologically active

38 Example: DDT DDT stands for Dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane. Has a half-life of 15 years Stored as DDE in the bodies of organisms

39 Mercury Another example

40 Activity

41 SYMBIOSIS RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO ORGANISMS

42 SYMBIOSIS BOTH SPECIES BENEFIT ONE SPECIES BENEFITS, THE OTHER IS UNAFFECTED ONE SPECIES BENEFITS, THE OTHER IS NEGATIVELY AFFECTED BOTH SPECIES ARE NEGATIVELY AFFECTED

43 MUTUALISM BOTH SPECIES BENEFIT EXAMPLES: POLLINATION

44 MUTUALISM BOTH SPECIES BENEFIT EXAMPLES: POLLINATION LICHEN

45 MUTUALISM BOTH SPECIES BENEFIT EXAMPLES: POLLINATION LICHEN ANTS AND APHIDS

46 MUTUALISM BOTH SPECIES BENEFIT EXAMPLES: POLLINATION LICHEN ANTS AND APHIDS ANTS AND PLANTS

47 COMMENSALISM ONE SPECIES BENEFITS, THE OTHER IS UNAFFECTED EXAMPLES: CATTLE EGRET

48 COMMENSALISM ONE SPECIES BENEFITS, THE OTHER IS UNAFFECTED EXAMPLES: CATTLE EGRET NEMO

49 COMMENSALISM ONE SPECIES BENEFITS, THE OTHER IS UNAFFECTED EXAMPLES: CATTLE EGRET NEMO BARNACLES

50 COMMENSALISM ONE SPECIES BENEFITS, THE OTHER IS UNAFFECTED EXAMPLES: CATTLE EGRET NEMO BARNACLES BURRS

51 ONE POSITIVE, ONE NEGATIVE PREDATOR / PREY PREDATOR EATS PREY GETS EATEN

52 PREDATOR / PREY

53 PREDATOR / PREY

54 PREDATOR / PREY

55 PREDATOR / PREY

56 ONE POSITIVE, ONE NEGATIVE PARASITISM PARASITE LIVES AT EXPENSE OF HOST HOST PROVIDES LIVING FOR PARASITE AND SUFFERS IN SOME WAY

57 PARASITE / HOST FLEA

58 PARASITE / HOST TAPEWORM

59 PARASITE / HOST LAMPREY

60 PARASITE / HOST TOMATO CATERPILLAR AND WASP

61 PARASITE / HOST WOOD THRUSH AND COWBIRD

62 PARASITE / HOST MISTLETOE

63 ONE POSITIVE, ONE NEGATIVE PREDATOR / PREY PARASITE / HOST DISEASE

64 COMPETITION BOTH SPECIES ARE NEGATIVELY AFFECTED WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO COMPETE?

65 COMPETITION TWO SPECIES FIGHTING (COMPETING) FOR LIMITED RESOURCES LIKE FOOD OR SHELTER

66 COMPETITION

67 COMPETITION

68 COMPETITION

69 COMPETITION 2 DIFFERENT KINDS OF FISH EAGLES

70 COMPETITION

71 COMPETITION