TALLINNA IDEE THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN. Eesti Kunstiakadeemia Arhitektuuri ja linnaplaneerimise osakond 2010

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1 INNA IDEE

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3 TALLINNA IDEE THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN Eesti Kunstiakadeemia Arhitektuuri ja linnaplaneerimise osakond 2010 Estonian Academy of Arts Department of Architecture and Urban Design 2010

4 TALLINNA PIIR TALLINN CITY LIMITS

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6 KOOSTAJAD/COMPILERS ÕPPEJOUD/TEACHING STAFF prof. Andres Alver em-prof. Veljo Kaasik arhitekt Indrek Rünkla TUDENGID/STUDENTS Ott Alver Maarja Elm Mari Hunt Alvin Järving Marten Kaevats Sander Kask Egon Metusala Karina Niinepuu Helen Rebane Kristina Sepp Ivan Sergejev Lidia Zarudnaya Martin Tago KEELETOIMETAJA/ESTONIAN PROOFREADING Aime Kons TÕLGE/TRANSLATION Peeter Tammisto KÜLJENDUS/LAYOUT Ott Alver Eesti Kunstiakadeemia arhitektuuri ja linnaplaneerimise osakond 2010

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8 SISUKORD SISSEJUHATUS SISSEJUHATAV ESSEE ÕPPEÜLESANNE TALLINN ARVUDES TALLINNA "IDEED" LINNA IDEED linna planeerimise eeldused TALLINNA TIHENDAMINE alternatiiv valglinnastumisele MILJÖÖVÖÖND vanalinnad 2.0 ÜHISTRANSPORDI ARENG vastukaaluks autostumisele KIIRE RONGIÜHENDUSE LOOMINE IDA-EUROOPAGA muutused liikumises TALSINKI KAKSIKLINN regiooni keskus Euroopa Liidu kontekstis ERIILMELINE TALLINN identiteetide paljususe soodustamine TALLINN VEELE looduslike eripärade esiletõstmine PLANEERINGUD VEERENNI KOPLI KAUBAJAAMA ALA SADAMA-ALA KVARTALID / KORTERID VEERENNI KOPLI KAUBAJAAMA ALA SADAMA-ALA w 10 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

9 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTORY ESSAY HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT TALLINN IN NUMBERS THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN THE "IDEAS" OF THE CITY Preconditions for Urban Planning THE DENSIFICATION OF TALLINN An Alternative to Urban Sprawl CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE BELT Old Towns 2.0 DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION As a Counterbalance to Offset Automobilisation CREATION OF A HIGH-SPEED TRAIN CONNECTION WITH EASTERN EUROPE Changes in Travel TALSINKI TWIN CITY A Regional Centre in the Context of the European Union VARIED TALLINN Fostering Diversity of Identities TALLINN TO WATER Giving Prominence to Natural MASTER PLANS VEERENNI THE FREIGHT YARD TERRITORY THE HARBOUR TERRITORY QUARTERS / APARTMENTS VEERENNI THE FREIGHT YARD TERRITORY THE HARBOUR TERRITORY w THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 11

10 SISSEJUHATAV ESSEE prof. ANDRES ALVER em-prof. VELJO KAASIK Kus tekib ja sünnib mõte eestlase eluruumist? Sellest keskkonnast, kus me tunneksime end kõige paremini, kõige kodusemalt? Ja mida me saaksime kasutada kui ideaali, mille suunas liikuda? Kas oleme siin traditsioonide kammitsais, korrates ja ehitades üles ikka ja jälle vanu skeeme, või laename neid naabritelt, keda arvame meist targemad olevat? Praktilises elus paneb tavaliselt asja paika kinnisvaraarendaja turusignaalidest lähtuv kaine kalkulatsioon. Väga suurelt ei saa ta rahaga riskida, tema eesmärgid on üdini praktilised. Turg annab signaale küll, kuid ainult tagantjärele Selle mõttemaailmaga on otseselt seotud ka arhitektuuribüroode igapäevane elu. Väljalöögid ei ole siin tavalised, vahest annavad ehk ainult erandlikud konkursid võimaluse asjade üle sügavamalt juurelda, kuid ka need on tavaliselt ja lõppude lõpuks seotud praktilise maailmaga. Või sünnivad uued mõtted linnavalitsuste kabinettides, elu korraldavate poliitikute peades? On s neil selleks aga aega ja oskusi? Või tekivad tulevikuideed n.-ö. planeerijate ja sotsiaalteadlaste sünergilisest ühendusest, kes erinevaid andmeid kasutades interpoleerivad matemaatiliselt uusi ruumimudeleid? Raske öelda. Elu läheb oma rada. Juhuslikud arendused põlistuvad ja varsti peetakse neid ainuvõimalikeks ja loomuomasteks. Seda on peaaegu võimatu muuta. Ruumilise keskkonna kujunemine on tõenäoliselt väga kompleksne on süsteem, mille protsessid on matemaatilises mõttes mittelineaarsed, s.t. väikesed algandmete teisendused võivad kaasa tuua suuri muutusi. From where does the idea of the living space of Estonians originate? From the environment where we would feel best, where we would feel most at home. And what could we use as an ideal to aspire towards? Are we hampered here by traditions, repeating and building up old schemes again and again or borrowing them from our neighbours, whom we consider to be smarter than us? In practical life, the sober calculation of real estate developers based on market signals usually settles matters. They cannot take any major financial risks. Their aims are entirely practical. The market does indeed provide signals, but only in retrospect The everyday life of architectural bureaus is directly connected with this world of ideas. Exceptions to the routine are unusual here. Perhaps only the occasional competition provides an opportunity to delve more thoroughly into the subject matter but competitions are also usually associated with the practical world after all. Or are new ideas born in the offices of municipal governments, in the heads of the politicians who organise life in the city? Do they have the time and skills for it, though? Or do ideas for the future originate from the synergetic combination of planners and social scientists, so to speak, who mathematically interpolate new spatial models using different kinds of data? Hard to say. Life follows its own path. Random developments become established and soon they are considered intrinsic and the only feasible possibilities. It is practically impossible to change that. The evolution of a spatial environment is most likely very complex it is a system, and the processes of that system are nonlinear in mathematical terms, meaning that small variations in initial data can bring about major changes. 12 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

11 INTRODUCTORY ESSAY Can these kinds of processes be guided and modelled at all? Are they self-organising and adjusting, or do external impulses have to be applied, meaning do processes have to be guided? Complicated questions for which there are no precise answers. And if the assertion is correct that we in the Western cultural space, so to speak, have learned to deconstruct and analyse things, and have learned to do it so well that we often forget to put things back together again, then someone still should come along who 1 at least tries to do reconstruct things. The aspiration to get a little bit ahead of the times should be an axiom of development. To project oneself into the future all developments take time and notions firmly rooted in the present are already hopelessly outdated tomorrow. As mentioned above, Estonia lacks a think tank for dealing with spatial future that would attempt to make the perception of time compatible with the environment, that would have new ideas and imagine new images from the landscape to the bedroom. People who are not afraid to try new approaches and to try out their imagined images of life in Estonia in ten to twenty years should be the ones to develop architectural culture and ideas. These people are also not afraid to make mistakes because true creativity begins with the courage to make mistakes. We have to work on renewing (architectural) culture, experimenting with new ideas because otherwise, the same thing will happen as Viivi Luik predicts in speaking about literature: if innovations do not take place in culture, if there are no longer any writers who in their native language express the spiritual changes taking place in the world, their people will die out because they will no longer be able to have their say in the new era and the new world since they do not perceive its way of thinking and they do not know the code. If culture is not renewed, its people will also fade away. Viivi Luik. Miks on kirjanikke vaja. (Why Writers are Needed) Postimees, 4 April 2009 The architect should be the one who is capable of putting the parts back together again that have been passionately taken apart through analysis. He is the one who has been taught to see things innovatively and as a complete whole, utilising his sensitivity in perceiving culture and the environment. The pages of this book are inspired by this aspiration. 1 Selective quote from: Engelbrecht, Jüri. Komplekssüsteemid. 2010, Akadeemia, no 8. Kas sellised protsessid on üldse juhitavad ja modelleeritavad, on nad iseorganiseeruvad ja kohanduvad või tuleb rakendada välisimpulsse, s.t. protsesse juhtida? Keerulised küsimused, millele pole täpseid vastuseid. Ja kui on õige väide, et n.-ö. lääne kultuuriruumis oleme õppinud asju koost lahti võtma ja analüüsima, ja seda nii hästi, et unustame sageli asjad uuesti kokku panna 1, siis peaks ometi tulema keegi, kes vähemalt püüab seda teha. Arendamise tarkus võiks olla püüe ajast veidi ette jõuda. Projitseerida ennast tulevikku kõik arendused võtavad aega ja täpselt tänasesse päeva sobiv arusaam on homme juba lootusetult ajast maas. Nagu eespool tähendatud, puudub Eestil ruumilise tulevikuga tegelev mõttekoda, mis püüaks ühitada keskkonda ja ajatunnetust. Ja valdaks uusi ideesid ja kujutlusi maastikust magamistoani. Arhitektuurikultuuri ja -mõtet võiksid arendada need, kes ei karda katsetada uusi lähenemisi, läbi mängida kujutlusi Eestimaa elust kümne-kahekümne aasta pärast. Ja ei karda teha vigu, sest vigade tegemise julgusest algab alles päris looming. Meil tulebki tegeleda (arhitektuuri)kultuuri uuendamisega, uute ideede katsetamisega, sest muidu juhtub nii, nagu ennustab Viivi Luik kirjandusest kõneledes:... kui kultuuris uuendusi ei sünni, kui ei ole enam kirjanikke, kes maailmas toimuvaid vaimseid muutumisi oma emakeeles väljendaksid, sureb rahvas välja, sest ta ei saa enam uues ajas ja uues maailmas kaasa rääkida, kuna ta ei taju selle mõtteviisi ega tunne koodi. Kui kultuur ei uuene, kaob ka rahvas. Viivi Luik. Miks on kirjanikke vaja. PM 4. aprill 2009 Arhitekt peaks olema see, kes suudaks analüüsi kirglikult lahtivõetud osad uuesti kokku panna. Kes on õpetatud nägema asju kompleksselt ja innovaatiliselt, kasutades ära oma tundlikkust kultuuri ja keskkonna tajumisel. Sellest püüdlusest ongi kantud järgneva raamatu leheküljed. 1 Valikuline tsitaat: Engelbrecht, Jüri. Komplekssüsteemid. 2010, Akadeemia, no 8. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 13

12 ÕPPEÜLESANNE IV kursus 2009/10 õppeaasta On aasta Eestis on lõppenud kinnisvaraarendajate poolt kureeritud ehitusbuum ja alanud aeg, mil tuleb tegeleda kas buumiajal tehtud vigade parandusega või linnade projekteerimisega kvalitatiivselt uuel tasandil, mis võtaks arvesse tekkinud situatsiooni kogu selle keerukuses. Seejuures on oluline, et arhitektid ei annaks käest enda ainuomast rolli ruumilise keskkonna loomisel, mis baseerub suures osas tulevikku suunatud (ruumilistel) kujutlustel. 4th Year 2009/10 academic year It s the year The construction boom in Estonia curated by real estate developers is over and now the time has begun to work on fixing the mistakes made during the boom or to design cities on a qualitatively new level, taking into account the situation that has arisen in its full complexity. At the same time, it is important that architects do not relinquish their unique role in creating spatial environments that is to a great extent based on their imagination of (spatial) images projected into the future. Seejuures on oluline, et arhitektid ei annaks käest enda ainuomast rolli ruumilise keskkonna loomisel, mis baseerub suures osas tulevikku suunatud (ruumilistel) kujutlustel. At the same time, it is important that architects do not relinquish their unique role in creating spatial environments that is to a great extent based on their imagination of (spatial) images projected into the future. Õppeaine kaardil näeb linnaehituse õppeülesande ametlik kirjeldus välja selline: Mahuline planeerimine nii linnades kui ka maal eeldab väga laialdasi eelteadmisi ja võimet genereerida kasutades eelmainitud oskusi terviklikku ruumilist keskkonda. Kusjuures olulisimaks osaks tuleb selle juures pidada kvaliteetse avaliku ruumi loomist/kujundamist, mis baseeruks ruumi ja ruumisuhete väärtustamisel, millest kasvaksid välja nii ehitatud maailma erinevad struktuurid kui ka elementide vahel toimivad ühendused ning erinevate sündmuste ahelad. The official description in the subject syllabus of the objective of the course in urban construction is as follows: Volumetric planning both in cities and in the countryside requires very broad preliminary knowledge and the capacity for generating a complete spatial environment using the previously mentioned skills. Whereas the creation/design of quality public space should be considered the most important part in this planning. Such design should be based on the appreciation of space and spatial relationships, from which various structures of the constructed world emerge as well as connections functioning between elements and sequences of different events. 14 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

13 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT The solving of assigned urban construction problems involves urban geography, population sociology, traffic considerations, conservation of nature, ecology, typology of buildings as well as working out well thought out and thoroughly perceived designs for urban space in specific situations with an eye to the future. All these supplementary skills and knowledge should be expressed purposefully in a specific urban construction project that is designed for actual districts. In reaction to the viewpoint of a young lifestyle promoter published in the cultural paper claiming that Tallinn lacks its guiding idea, this homework assignment proposes to set about generating and working out these kinds of guiding ideas for cities recognising that finding major guiding urban ideas is not simple nor anything ordinary. The mayors of Tallinn have sometimes also spoken out on the idea level a few years ago, for instance, the idea of green Tallinn was announced. The idea of Tallinn as a maritime city could also conditionally be categorised as a so-called major idea, yet thus far this idea exists mainly on paper. (As an example of the vitality of ideas the opening up of Tallinn to the sea was also suggested in the Architects Almanac in 1946.) These ideas, however, are extremely general and can be used everywhere in the world. They do not provide any more specific guidelines for how to proceed in order to succeed in Tallinn. The ideas for Tallinn should presumably be associated with urban space, the quality of the city, which could be distinctive and specific to the point of creating an identity. Understanding of the nature of the assignment, skill in synthesising different kinds of knowledge and the ability to pose new assignments based on such knowledge, the ability to differentiate between the importance and nature of problems, and the knowledge of how to classify them are all taken into consideration in grading. The perfect solution of minor details without working through essential aspects pertaining to substance in the given situation cannot be considered good thus placing incorrect emphasis on parts of the plan. Creative approaches and the ability to work out sustainable visions are evaluated. The quality and comprehensibility of the presentation of the project is evaluated. The final version of the project must be comprehensible to critics from abroad as well as to people who are not versed in the subject matter. Clarity and beauty are beneficial to plans. N.-ö. linnaehituslike ülesannete lahendamine kaasab nii linnageograafia, rahvastiku sotsioloogia, liiklusproblemaatika, loodushoiu, ökoloogia, hoonete tüpoloogia kui ka tulevikku suunatud mõtestatud ja läbitunnetatud linnaruumiliste lahenduste väljatöötamise konkreetse olukorra tarbeks. Kõik need täiendavad oskused ja teadmised peavad leidma eesmärgipärase väljundi konkreetses linnaehituslikus projektis, mis tehakse reaalsetele piirkondadele. Reageerides kultuurilehes publitseeritud noore elustiilipromootori seisukohale, et Tallinnal puudub oma idee, teeb käesolev õppeülesanne ettepaneku asuda selliseid linna ideesid genereerima ja läbi töötama andes endale aru, et suurte linnaideede leidmine pole midagi igapäevast ega lihtsat. Ideede tasandil on mõnikord sõna võtnud ka Tallinna meerid mõned aastad tagasi on välja kuulutatud näiteks rohelise Tallinna idee. Nn. suurte ideede hulka võiks tinglikult lugeda ka mõtte Tallinnast kui merelinnast, mis senini peaasjalikult ainult paberil. (Näitena ideede elujõust Tallinna avamine merele pakuti välja ka a. Arhitektide Almanakis.) Need ideed on aga äärmiselt üldised ja kasutatavad kõikjal maailmas ega anna mingit spetsiifilisemat käitumisjuhist Tallinnaga toimetulemiseks. Eeldatavalt võiksid Tallinna ideed olla seotud linna ruumiga, linna kvaliteediga, mis võiks olla eripärane ja identiteeti loovalt spetsiifiline. Hindamisel võetakse arvesse arusaamist ülesande olemusest, oskust sünteesida erinevaid teadmisi ja nende baasil uute ülesannete püstitamise oskust, võimet teha vahet probleemide tähtsusel ja olemusel ning oskust nende järjestamisel. Heaks ei saa pidada pisiasjade perfektset lahendust ilma antud situatsioonis oluliste külgede sisulise läbitöötatuseta seega, osadele valede rõhkude asetamist. Hinnatakse loomingulist lähenemist ja kandvate visioonide väljatöötamise oskust. Hinnatakse projekti esitamise kvaliteeti ja arusaadavust. Projekti lõppvariant peab olema arusaadav nii väliskriitikutele kui ka asjasse mittepühendatutele. Kasuks tuleb plaani selgus ja ilu. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 15

14 Tallinn is the capital of Estonia and the municipal centre of Harju county. Tallinn is situated on the nortern coast of Estonia and lies on the shores of the bays of Kopli and Tallinn. 30.3% of Estonia's population lives in Tallinn. As of 1 January 2010, Tallinn had a registered population of Tallinn covers an area of 156,3 km². Lakes Ülemiste and Harku, and Aegna Island are within the area administered by the city.

15 Tallinn on Eesti Vabariigi pealinn ning Harju maakonna halduskeskus. Tallinn asub Eesti põhjarannikul, Kopli ja Tallinna lahe ääres. Tallinnas elab 30,3% Eesti rahvastikust aasta 1. jaanuari seisuga oli Tallinnas registreeritud elanikku. Tallinn hõlmab 156,3 km² suuruse maa-ala. Linna halduspiiridesse kuuluvad Ülemiste ja Harku järv ning Aegna saar.

16 TALLINN ARVUDES EESTLASTE OSATÄHTSUS TALLINNA RAHVASTIKUS ELURUUMI PIND ASUSTUSTIHEDUS TALLINNAS ROHEALASID ELANIKU KOHTA LEIBKONDADE SEAS ON ELURUUMI OMAVAID LEIBKONDI LEIBKONDADE ARV KOKKU (2008.a.) LEIBKONNA KESKMINE SUURUS (2008.a.) 52,2% 26,1 m 2 /capita 2554 in/km 2 141m 2 84% ,2 LEIBKONDADE ELUKOHT JA ELAMU TÜÜP (2007.a.) KORTERELAMU VÕI MUU ELAMU PEREELAMU VÕI RIDAELAMU 93,6% 6,3% LEIBKONDADE TUBADE ARV LIIKME KOHTA (2007.a.) VÄHEM KUI 1 TUBA 1 TUBA ROHKEM KUI ÜKS TUBA 22,9% 40,9% 36,2% KASULIK PIND LEIBKONNA LIIKME KOHTA (2007.a.) KUNI 15 M M 2 ROHKEM KUI 30 M 2 10,8% 47,0% 42,2% ELURUUMID EHITAMISAASTA JÄRGI (2007.a.) ,1% 9,1% 25,1% 30,6% 27,1% ALLIKAS: STATISTIKA AASTARAAMAT TALLINN ARVUDES

17 TALLINN IN NUMBERS SHARE OF ESTONIANS IN THE POPULATION OF TALLINN AREA OF DWELLING POPULATION DENSITY (residents/km 2 ) GREENERIES (per capita) HOUSEHOLDS OWN A HOUSEHOLD NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS (2008) AVERAGE SIZE OF A HOUSEHOLD (2008) 52,2% 26,1 m 2 /capita m 2 84% ,2 HOUSEHOLD BY PLACE OF RESIDENCE AND TYPE OF DWELLING (2007) BLOCK OF FLATS OR OTHER DWELLING DETACHED, SEMI-DETACHED OR TERRACED HOUSE 93,6% 6,3% DWELLINGS BY NUMBER OF ROOMS (2007) LESS THAN 1 ROOM 1 ROOM MORE THAN 1 ROOM 22,9% 40,9% 36,2% USEFUL FLOOR AREA PER HOUSEHOLD NUMBER (2007) LESS THAN 15 M M 2 MORE THAN 30 M 2 10,8% 47,0% 42,2% DWELLINGS BY PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION (2007) ,1% 9,1% 25,1% 30,6% 27,1% SOURCE: STATISTICAL YEARBOOK OF TALLINN

18 THE IDEAS OF TALLINN INTRODUCTION 1. THE DENSIFICATION OF TALLINN 2. CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE BELT 3. DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 4. CREATION OF A HIGH-SPEED TRAIN CONNECTION WITH EASTERN EUROPE 5. TALSINKI TWIN CITY 6. VARIED TALLINN 7. TALLINN TO WATER

19 TALLINNA IDEED SISSEJUHATUS 1. TALLINNA TIHENDAMINE 2. MILJÖÖVÖÖND 3. ÜHISTRANSPORDI ARENG 4. KIIRE RONGIÜHENDUSE LOOMINE IDA-EUROOPAGA 5. TALSINKI KAKSIKLINN 6. ERIILMELINE TALLINN 7. TALLINN VEELE

20 LINNA "IDEED" Linna planeerimise eeldused 19. SAJ. LÕPP Late 19th century Kokku kirjutas/creation of text: ALVIN JÄRVING Kaasa aitasid/co-writers: MARTEN KAEVATS KADRI KLEMENTI EGON METUSALA HELEN REBANE IVAN SERGEJEV REGINA VILJASAAR aasta Uue Maailma festivali aegse Sirbi esikaanel ilutses terav hüüdlause: Tallinnal puudub oma idee! Jürgen Rooste tehtud intervjuus kritiseeris Uue Maailma Seltsi üks liidritest Erko Valk Tallinna linnakultuuri ja linnaruumi arengute visioonitust: Iga artikkel, mis kuskil ilmub, räägib, et meil on see vanalinn. Ja noh, meil on see vanalinn, ja peale vanalinna suurt midagi polegi. Ta ütleb, et kultuuripealinna ürituste raames räägitakse nüüd lõpuks rohkem Tallinna avamisest merele ja veidike ka erinevatest asumitest. Ta ütleb, et meil on vaja erinevaid ideid ja identiteete, mis annaksid kokku suure idee, mida me veel ei tea. Tunnetuslikult baasilt öeldu kirjeldab tänast Tallinna ja selle linnaehitust suurepäraselt. Turistide vanalinn koos kilukarbivaatega on tänapäeval Tallinnas ainukesed linnalised väärtused, mille üle uhkust tuntakse. Ruumilisi visioone sisuliselt käibel ei ole. Kruntide kaupa linna tulevikku otsustav Tallinna Linnaplaneerimise Amet on ilmselgelt osavõtmatu bürokraatiamasin. See ei ole Tallinna linna selgemaks ja paremaks muutvate ideede üle arutlemise koht. Kunstiakadeemia arhitektuurikateedris linnaehitust õpetavad professorid Andres Alver ja Veljo Kaasik uurivad Tallinna linnaehituslikke probleeme koos neljanda aasta tudengitega. Seekordset neljandat kursust otsustasid nad 20. SAJ. KESKPAIK Mid-20th century 21. SAJ. ALGUS Early 21st century The following sharp exclamation adorned the front page of the Sirp weekly cultural newspaper during the New World Festival in 2009: Tallinn lacks its own idea! In an interview with Jürgen Rooste, Erko Valk, one of the leaders of the New World Society, criticised Tallinn s urban culture and the lack of vision in developments in the city s urban space: Every article that is published somewhere says that we have this Old Town. And that, well, we have this Old Town, and beyond the Old Town there isn t much of anything. He says that now within the framework of events associated with the Cultural Capital of Europe, there is finally more talk about opening Tallinn up to the sea and a little bit about different city districts. He says that we need different ideas and identities that together would add up to a grand idea, which we do not know yet. What has been said on a cognitive basis describes present day Tallinn and its urban construction perfectly. The Old Town oriented to tourists and the Old Town s famous skyline are the only urban values in Tallinn nowadays that the city is proud of. There are essentially no spatial visions in circulation. The Tallinn City Planning Department decides the future of the city lot by lot and is quite clearly an apathetic bureaucratic machine. This is not the place for discussing ideas for making Tallinn better and clearer. Professors Andres Alver and Veljo Kaasik, who teach urban construction at the Estonian Academy of Arts Faculty of Architecture, study Tallinn s urban construction problems together with fourth 22 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

21 THE "IDEAS" OF CITIES Preconditions For Urban Planning year students. They decided to teach this year s fourth year students differently than in previous years. In the first lecture, they tossed the issue of the Sirp weekly cultural paper described above onto the table. The autumn semester assignment for the young architects was to react to the provocation. They had to start searching for, thinking about and rediscovering Tallinn s spatial ideas. What is the idea of a city? Why should Tallinn have an idea in the first place? And what will all this change? First a quick overview of the history of Tallinn s spatial ideas. The ring of parks around the Old Town, the Bastion Belt, evolved into Tallinn s urban construction phenomenon at the end of the 19th century. The process of placing the Old Town under protection was the most significant reinterpretation of the values of the city s urban space in the mid-20th century. The aim of the last decades of the 20th century has been to open Tallinn up to the sea. The Bastion Belt has achieved recognition nowadays. õpetada teistmoodi kui varasemaid. Esimesel tunnil heideti lauale eespool kirjeldatud Sirp. Noorte arhitektide sügissemestri ülesandeks sai reageerimine provokatsioonile. Nad pidid hakkama otsima, mõtlema ja taasavastama Tallinna ruumilisi ideid. Mis asi on linna idee? Milleks üldse Tallinnale ideed? Ning mida see kõik muudab? Esmalt kiire ülevaade Tallinna ruumiliste ideede ajaloost. Vanalinna ümber olev parkide ring, bastionaalvöönd, kujunes Tallinna linnaehituslikuks fenomeniks 19. sajandi lõpul. Vanalinna kaitse alla võtmise protsess oli suurim linnaruumi väärtuste ümbermõtestamine 20. sajandi keskpaigas. 20. sajandi viimaste aastakümnete eesmärgiks on olnud Tallinna avamine merele. Tänaseks on bastionaalvöönd tunnustuse leidnud. Jätkuva avaliku ruumiga parkide ja väljakute vööndist on puudu veel Vabaduse Vaja on esile tuua Tallinnale eriomane keskkond. The environment that is particular to Tallinn needs to be presented. The part of Vabaduse väljak (Liberty Square) that has yet to be built and the area around the Skane Bastion are still missing from the continuous public space belt of parks and squares. The Old Town is already too valuable and locals worry that there no longer appears to be a place for them there anymore. The New City s way to the sea is clear and plans have been put into effect quite shortly the city will be opened up to the sea. Tallinn needs urban construction objectives for the 21st century. Generally speaking, broader social processes form the background for spatial ideas. For instance, the idea of the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt described later in this book is not something new that architects came up with in school. The establishment of theme planning in areas with cultural and environmental heritage has been discussed at length throughout society, in the course of which residents and people working to protect cultural heritage have attached value to the environment that already exists. The vision of architects concerning environments that have yet to be built supplements that and gives us concepts for thinking on a broader scale about areas with cultural and environmental heritage. The ideas emphasised here join values of urban life and principles of planning the future back together again in order to form a whole that creates a new quality. väljaku ehitamata osa ja Skoone bastioni ümbrus. Vanalinn on juba liigagi väärtuslik ning kohalikud muretsevad, et nende jaoks seal enam nagu kohta ei olegi. Uue city tee mereni on puhas ning planeeringud kehtestatud üsna peatselt avatakse ka linn merele. Tallinn vajab 21. sajandi linnaehituslikke eesmärke. Üldjuhul on ruumiliste ideede tagamaadeks laiemad ühiskondlikud protsessid. Näiteks ei ole siin raamatus edaspidi kirjeldatav miljöövööndi idee mingi uus asi, mille peale arhitektid koolis tulid. Miljööalade teemaplaneeringu kehtestamine on läbinud pika ühiskondliku diskussiooni, mille käigus on muinsuskaitsjad ja elanikud väärtustanud juba olemasolevat keskkonda. Arhitektide visioon veel ehitamata keskkondadest täiendab seda ja annab meile mõisted mõtlemiseks miljööaladest suuremalt. Siin rõhutatavad ideed liidavad uuesti linnaelu väärtused ja tuleviku planeerimise printsiibid, et tekiks uut kvaliteeti loov tervik. Linna ideede abil on võimalik lahendada Tallinna identiteedikriis ning sõeluda välja eriomane. Tallinnal puudub oma selge identiteet, erinevad killud muudavad linna mitmekülgseks, THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 23

22 LINNA "IDEED" Linna planeerimise eeldused kuid need killud ei mängi omavahel kokku. Tallinn on katkestuste linn, aegade jooksul on linna lõhkunud nii sõjad, raudtee, tööstus, ühekülgne ehituspoliitika, ärihuvid kui ka autostumine. Siiani on Tallinn olnud hoomamatu töölinn, mitte väärtuslik elukeskkond. 21. sajandil peab Euroopas asuv pealinn olema inimest väärtustav linn. Vaja on üles leida siinse elukeskkonna väärtused. Vaja on esile tuua Tallinnale eriomane keskkond. Eriomasus ruumikategooriana on haruldase (maailma mõttes) ja omapärase (kohalikus mõttes) kokkulangemine. Enamikel linnadel on oma eriomane keskkond olemas, kuid Tallinnas on see ununenud liiga paljude erinevate keskkondade vahel ei paista eriomane enam välja. Tallinna ruumilisi tugevusi on vaja võimendada, nende kallal on vaja tööd teha. Linna ideedega tuleb töötada kõikidel planeerimisperspektiividel: globaalsest, lokaalsest, tähenduslikust ja majanduslikust vaatevinklist lähtuvalt. Globaalsel tasandil, rahvusvahelises linnade konkurentsis, on ruumilise keskkonna eripäral ja selle väljamängitusel suur roll. Globaalne maailm kujuneb järjest ühenäolisemaks ning atraktiivseks muutuvad kohad, mis eristuvad. Ideed aitavad meil oma linna turustada. Palju on rohelisi pealinnu ja merelinnu veelgi rohkem. Kuid jõulukuuse sünnilinnu on maailmas ainult üks silma paistmiseks peab Tallinn oma kuvandi looma meile eriomase ümber! Siin on kõik eeldused kujunemaks väga hinnatud keskkonnaks. Ruumikonkurentsis käib jaht kõrgharitud tippspetsialistidele. Olgu tegemist potentsiaalsete väljarändajatega või värskelt sisserännanutega helgete peade hoidmiseks on vaja pakkuda lisaks heale palgale ka kvaliteetset elukeskkonda. Lokaalsel tasandil on vaja parandada linna toimimist. Linnaelu lähemalt vaadates selgub, et linnatransporti on vaja ümber mõtestada vaja on muuta elu ja liikumine linnas kõigile efektiivseks ning mugavaks, euroopalikuks. Pöörates tähelepanu elukeskkonnale ja küsimusele, mis on kohalik, saame töötava massilinna imago välja vahetada kireva ja multikultuurse vabalinna imagoga. Märgilisel tasandil mängivad linna ideed eriti suurt rolli. Linnaruumi mõistmine ja kirjeldamine toimub alati märkide ja metafooride abil. Kujundid oma lihtsuses on kiiremini haaratavad ja kergemini edasiantavad kui tegelik ruum oma nüanssides. Tallinna saab kujundite abil kirjeldada osaliselt. Kujundlikke lihtsustusi vajavad ka kesklinnast kaugemal paiknevad Tallinna osad. Tallinna ideede leidmine on jätkuv It is possible to resolve Tallinn s identity crisis with the help of the ideas of cities and to sift out what is particular about the city. Tallinn lacks its clear identity. Different fragments make the city more many-sided but these fragments do not work together. Tallinn is a city of interruptions. Through the ages, the city has been broken up by wars, railways, industry, one-sided building policy, business interests, and automobilisation. Thus far, Tallinn has been an elusive city of labour, not a valued living environment. A European capital city in the 21st century has to be a city that values people. The values of the local living environment need to be found. The environment that is particular to Tallinn needs to be presented. Particularity as a spatial category is the coalescence of the rare (in terms of the world) and the unique (in the local sense). Most cities have their particular environment but in Tallinn it has been forgotten the particular no longer stands out among too many different environments. It is necessary to amplify Tallinn s spatial strengths. They need to be worked on. The ideas of a city must be worked with in all perspectives of planning: proceeding from the global, local, meaningful and economic points of view. On the global level in the international competition between cities, the idiomatic traits of the spatial environment and how they play themselves out have an important role. The global world is becoming ever more uniform and places that differentiate become attractive. Ideas help us market our city. There are many green capital cities and even more seaside cities. Yet there is only one city in the world where the Christmas tree was born Tallinn has to create its image around what is particular to us in order to attract attention! We have all the prerequisites here to develop into a very desirable environment. The hunt is on for highly educated top-notch specialists in the spatial competition. Regardless of whether we are dealing with potential emigrants or new immigrants a quality living environment has to be provided in addition to a good salary in order to keep bright minds from moving on. On the local level, it is necessary to improve how the city functions. Upon examining life in the city more closely, it becomes clear that it is necessary to rethink the municipal transportation system it is necessary to make living and moving about in the city effective and convenient for all, to make it European-style. By paying attention to the living environment and the question of what is local, we can replace the image of a working mass-city with the image of a colourful and multicultural free city. On a symbolic level, the ideas of a city play a particularly large role. The comprehension and description of a city s urban space always takes place through signs and metaphors. Images in their simplicity can be grasped more quickly and can be more readily conveyed than actual space in its nuances. Tallinn can be partially described through images. Parts of Tallinn located farther from the centre of town also need figurative simplifications. Finding Tallinn s ideas is a continuous process that will not be completed 24 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

23 Ideid on vaja vaadata terviksüsteemina - kumuleeruvad ideed toovad suuremat kogukasu, kui ideid ükshaaval käsitledes. Ideas need to be viewed as a complete system cumulating ideas bring greater benefit on the whole than considering ideas one at a time.

24 LINNA "IDEED" Linna planeerimise eeldused Eriomasus ruumikategooriana on haruldase (maailma mõttes) ja omapärase (kohalikus mõttes) kokkulangemine. Particularity as a spatial category is the coalescence of the rare (in terms of the world) and the unique (in the local sense). protsess, mis selle raamatu ilmumisega valmis ei saa. Nüüdseks oleme tegelenud kesklinnaga, kuid idee -põhist käsitlust vajab terve Tallinn. Tallinna linnaruumi tulevikuvisioone on olnud rohkem, kui eelkirjeldatud ajaloolõigus märgitud. Igasugune idee ei ole tõsiseltvõetav ega pea ajaproovile vastu aastal välja käidud arhitekt Paul Härmsoni idee rajada magistraal kaubamaja ja Balti jaama vahele läbi vanalinna tundub tänases kontekstis absoluutselt kohatu. Liiga jõuline ning negatiivse programmiga idee leiab palju kriitikat ning ei ole realiseeritav. Ta ei pea vastu ajaproovile. Tänapäeva majanduskontekstis tuleb olla kavalam. Tõsiseltvõetav visionäär ei saa hakata varandust ümber jagama ega minna eraomandi kallale. Tänapäeva linnaplaneerimise töövahendiks on tuleviku ehitusõigus ressurss, mida kontrollib linnaplaneerimise amet. Ehitusõiguse visioonitu jagamine süvendab valitsevat eklektikat, strateegilise ( ideede ) tasandiga mittearvestamine sulgeb võimalused, mida valminud keskkonnas enam parandada ei saa. Linna ideed korraldavad detailide kokkumängu linnas tervikuna. Visioonide põhjal tuleb sõnastada planeeringute eesmärke, kontseptsioone ja lähteülesandeid. Kokkuvõtvalt võiks öelda, et linna ideed on linna planeerimise eeldused. Ideid on vaja vaadata terviksüsteemina kumuleeruvad ideed toovad suuremat kogukasu, kui ideid ükshaaval käsitledes. with the publication of this book. For now we have dealt with the city centre, but all of Tallinn needs an idea based approach. There have been more visions of the future for Tallinn s urban space than were indicated in the historical section described above. Every idea cannot necessarily be taken seriously and does not stand the test of time. Architect Paul Härmson s idea proposed in 1963 to build a highway through the Old Town connecting the Kaubamaja department store to Baltic Station seems absolutely inappropriate in the present day context. An idea that is too vigorous and has a negative programme receives a great deal of criticism and cannot be implemented. It will not stand the test of time. One must be more clever in the present day economic context. A visionary who can be taken seriously cannot start redistributing property and infringing on private property. The right to build in the future is the instrument of contemporary urban planning a resource controlled by the City Planning Department. Lack of vision in distributing building rights entrenches the prevailing eclecticism. Ignoring the strategic level (of ideas ) shuts off opportunities that can no longer be corrected in a completed environment. The ideas of a city bring about the co-effect of details in the city as a whole. The objectives, concepts and base missions of plans need to be worded according to visions. In summary, it could be said that the ideas of a city are the prerequisites of urban planning. Ideas need to be viewed as a complete system cumulating ideas bring greater benefit on the whole than considering ideas one at a time. 26 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

25 THE "IDEAS" ENG LINNA OF CITIES IDEED Preconditions ENG inna planeerimise For Urban eeldused Planning Skeem/Diagram: Alvin Järving TALLINN KUJUNDITES Figurative Tallinn Meie pealinn on nahkhiire kujuline. Mere ja järve vahele surutud linn ajab oma tiivad laiali kaugele itta ja läände. Üleval põhjas on selle nahkhiire kõrvad Kopli ja Paljassaare näol. Nahkhiire keha on linna kõige kitsamas kohas. Sellel kehal on keskaegne süda, mida ümbritseb roheline parkide ring. Südame kõrval on tänapäevane city, mis koosneb kõrghoonetega äripiirkonnast, eestiaegsest esinduslikust perimetraallinnast ning vana tööstusarhitektuuri keskele rajatud nüansirikast merele avatud linnaruumist. City t ja vanalinna ümbritseb katkematult miljöövöönd, vaid siinsele piirkonnale iseloomulik puulinn, mille armsate madalate agulimajade juurde kuuluvad hubased viljapuuaiad... Our capital is shaped like a bat. The city jammed between the lake and the sea spreads its wings out a long way to the east and to the west. The ears of this bat are up in the north in the form of Kopli and Paljassaare. The bat s body is in the city s narrowest place. This body has a medieval heart surrounded by a green ring of parks. The contemporary city is beside the heart and consists of a business district with high-rise buildings, a presentable city around the perimeter dating back to the first period of Estonian independence, and an urban space open to the sea and with an abundance of nuances, built in the middle of an area of old industrial architecture. The Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt, a city district of wooden houses characteristic of this region alone with cosy orchards that belong to delightful low-rise period houses, uninterruptedly surrounds the city and the Old Town THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 27

26 TALLINNA TIHENDAMINE Alternatiiv valglinnastumisele Valglinnastumisega võitlemiseks on vaja linna tihendada. 19. sajandist pärit müüdid ei ole enam aktuaalsed sanitaarsed katastroofid, transpordi ülekoormatus, õhu ning vaba ruumi puudus on ammu võidetud. Jätkusuutliku ühiskonna ideaal esitab linnadele uusi väljakutseid. Nii nagu muudame paindlikuks ja dünaamiliseks oma majanduskeskkonda, peaksime reorganiseerima ka elu linnas. Baaskulutused on vaja muuta võimalikult madalaks näiteks peaksid transport ja küttesüsteemid olema üles ehitatud maksimaalselt efektiivselt. Halvaks näiteks on sellel skaalal Ameerika linnad, mis enamasti koosnevad laiali valgunud eramajade regioonist ning väiksest kõrghoonetega ärikeskusest ameeriklaste väiksemgi toimetamine on sõltuvuses autost. Headeks näideteks on aga Euroopa linnad, mille struktuur on tihedam, segipaisatum ning elukorraldus üles ehitatud ühistranspordile. Mõlemad õhtumaade elamismudelid on eeldatavasti suurte katsumuste ees, kuid dünaamilisemateks osutuvad need, kes saavad igapäevaste arvete (kulutused suurte majade kütmiseks; kulutused auto soetamisele, remondile, kütusele) maksmise asemel suunata oma ressursi elukvaliteedi tegelikule parandamisele. Valglinn ei ole sotsiaalses ega majanduslikus plaanis jätkusuutlik lahendus. Cities must be densified in order to combat urban sprawl. Nineteenth century myths are no longer topical sanitary catastrophes, transportation congestion, and the shortage of air and open space have long since been overcome. The ideal of a sustainable society presents cities with new challenges. Just as we make our economic environment more flexible and dynamic, we should also reorganise life in the city. Base expenses need to be reduced as much as possible for instance, transportation and heating systems should be built up as effectively as possible. A poor example on this scale is American cities, which mostly consist of a sprawling region of private homes and a small business centre with high-rise buildings the smallest errand for Americans depends on the automobile. Good examples, on the other hand, are European cities, the structure of which is denser, more jumbled and where the ordering of the affairs of life is built up around public transportation. Both of these Western models of living are presumably facing serious trials, yet those models that can direct their resources towards actually improving the quality of life instead of paying everyday bills (expenditures on heating large houses; expenditures on purchasing and repairing automobiles, and on gasoline) prove to be more dynamic. The sprawling city is not a sustainable solution either socially or economically. Ainult kompaktne ja tihe linn võimaldab mugavat ühistranspordivõrgustikku ja energiasäästu tsentraalsete süsteemide suurema kasuteguri näol. Only a compact and dense city renders feasible a convenient public transportation system and energy conservation through the greater efficiency of central systems. 28 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

27 THE DENSIFICATION OF TALLINN An Alternative to Urban Sprawl Kiire pilk Tallinnale. Linnastruktuuri vaadates tundub, et selge kasutuseta ja kindla tulevikuta alasid on linnas palju. Kas kõik need alad on tühjad? Kui palju saaks neist kasutusele võtta linna tihendamiseks? A quick look at Tallinn. Considering the structure of the city, it appears that there are many areas without any clear use and definite future. Are all these areas vacant? How many of them could be utilised for increasing the density of the city? Skeem/Diagram: Alvin Järving, Marten Kaevats, Karina Niinepuu, Helen Rebane, Ivan Sergejev TÜHJAD/HALLID ALAD TALLINNAS Vacant/Gray Areas in Tallinn THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 29

28 TALLINNA TIHENDAMINE Alternatiiv valglinnastumisele Tihedalt koos elamine annab inimesele suurema turvatunde, suurema valiku teenuste ning kaupade osas ning jagab vastutust eluks vajaliku infrastruktuuri väljaehitamisel ja käigushoidmisel. Ainult kompaktne ja tihe linn võimaldab mugavat ühistranspordivõrgustikku ja energiasäästu tsentraalsete süsteemide suurema kasuteguri näol kokkuvõttes ka väiksemat ökoloogilist jalajälge. Tihedust saab vaadelda mitme erineva parameetri järgi. Ehitatud keskkonna tihedust saab võrrelda FAR (Floor Area Ratio) suhtarvuga. FAR näitab hoone korruste pinda võrreldes krundi suurusega. Kui terve krunt on otsast lõpuni ühekordse hoonestusega, on FAR 1,0. Mida suurem on FAR, seda suurem on keskkonna tihedus. Võrreldes maailma suurlinnadega, on Tallinna täisehitatus väike. FAR ei näita meile funktsioonide tihedust ega piirkonnas elavate inimeste arvu, kuid annab meile siiski teatava võrdlusskaala. Living close together gives people a greater feeling of security, a larger selection of goods and services, and shares responsibility for building up the infrastructure necessary for life and for keeping it in operation. Only a compact and dense city renders feasible a convenient public transportation system and energy conservation through the greater efficiency of central systems all in all a smaller ecological footprint as well. Density can be viewed according to several different parameters. The density of a constructed environment can be compared using FAR (Floor Area Ratio). FAR indicates the floor area of the storeys of the building compared to the size of the lot. If the entire lot is covered from end to end by one-storey buildings, its FAR is 1.0. The greater FAR is, the greater the density of the environment. Compared to the big cities of the world, the extent to which Tallinn is built up is small. FAR does not show us the density of functions nor the number of people living in the area, yet it does nevertheless give us a certain scale of comparison. It is even better to compare the density of cities according to the number of people living in the environment. This ratio, which Multifunktsionaalne ja valikuid pakkuv linnaruum nõuab kesklinlikku linnakultuuri, mille peamiseks eelduseks on kriitiline mass. Multifunctional urban space that offers options requires the urban culture of the city centre and its main prerequisite is critical mass. Linna tihedust on veel parem võrrelda keskkonnas elavate inimeste hulga järgi. Suhtarv, mis näitab inimhulki ehitatud keskkonnas (m 2 /in. kohta) on pidevalt suurenemas. See on loomulik protsess. Elanikkonna jõukamaks muutumisel elatakse järjest suuremates korterites ja majades. Näiteks oli aastal Eestis ühe inimese kohta keskmiselt 10 m 2 eluruumi pinda, aastal loeme selleks näitajaks aga 30 m 2. Euroopa keskmine on 37 m 2 /in., nii et arenguruumi veel on. Keskkonnad, mis kunagi olid tihedad ning elust pulbitsevad, ei pruugi seda enam olla aastatega võrreldes on ruutmeetrite arv inimese kohta suurenenud 3 korda. See tähendab, et siis ehitatud piirkondades elab nüüd kordades vähem inimesi. shows the numbers of people in the constructed environment (m 2 /person), is constantly increasing. This process is natural. As the population becomes more prosperous, people live in everlarger apartments and houses. For instance, there was an average surface area of 10 m 2 of living space per person in Estonia in In 2010, however, we consider this index to be 30 m 2. The European average is 37 m 2 /person, so there is still room to develop. Environments that were once densely populated and pulsated with life are not necessarily so any longer. Compared to the 1930 s, the number of m 2 per person has increased threefold. This means that many times fewer people now live in areas that were built then. 30 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

29 THE DENSIFICATION OF TALLINN An Alternative to Urban Sprawl Skeemid/Diagram: Ott Alver, Alvin Järving, Martin Tago Kõrghoonetega City/High-rise FAR 4,87 (TARTU MNT, KIVISILLA, TORNIMÄE) Vanalinn/The Old Town FAR 1,44 (VENE, APTEEGI) Kesklinn/City Centre FAR 1,01 (REIMANI, GONSIORI) Modernistlik linn/modernistic city FAR 1,01 (LAAGNA, PAE) Tööstuspiirkond/Industrial area FAR 0,98 (MADARA) Stalinistlik kvartal/stalinistic quarter FAR 0,67 (SÕLE, LÕIME) Segahoonestus/Mixed housing FAR 0,50 (TEDRE, NÕMME, TIHASE) Puitasum/Wooden housing FAR 0,42 (SOO, TÖÖSTUSE, GRANIIDI) Aedlinn/Garden city FAR 0,14 (KIRDE, MÄNGU, RAHUMÄE) THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 31

30 TALLINNA TIHENDAMINE Alternatiiv valglinnastumisele Pidev juurdeehitamine, sekkumata olemasolevatesse keskkondadesse, on pannud paljud linnad, ka Tallinna, viimasel ajal kasvama väljapoole. Seda elanikkonna ümberjaotumise fenomeni nimetamegi valglinnastumiseks. Valglinnastumisel on mitu põhjust: autotranspordi suhteline mugavus, vaba ruumi kättesaadavus, uus tarbimus ja elamiskultuur. Kuid kordame üle selline linn ei ole efektiivne! Ja Tallinnal on alternatiive. The constant building of new buildings without interfering in existing environments has made many cities grow expansively, including Tallinn in recent years. This phenomenon of redistribution of the population is what we call urban sprawl. There are many reasons for urban sprawl: the relative comfort of automobile transportation, the availability of open space, new volumes of consumption and culture of lifestyles. Yet let us repeat this kind of city is not effective! And Tallinn has alternatives. Inimeste saamiseks piirkonda on kaks võimalust: külaliste saabumine doonorpiirkondadest või uute elanike meelitamine keskkonna tihedamaks ehitamise abil. There are two options for attracting people to the area: the arrival of visitors from donor areas or the attraction of new residents to densify the environment through construction. Efektiivsuse kõrval on tihedal linnaelul teisigi mõõtmeid, mis ei räägi samuti valglinnastumise kasuks. Kultuuri- ning haridusasutuste kontsentratsioon on seotud tihedusega. Ainult tihe linn tagab multifunktsionaalsuse. Lähestikku eksisteerivate eripalgeliste funktsioonide olemasolu annab inimesele suurema valikuvõimaluse. Ainult tihedas linnakeskkonnas on võimalik tunda city-tunnet näha ja kogeda elust pulbitsevat linnaruumi. Kuid ka tihe linn peab pakkuma oma tunnet. Tihendada tuleb kavalalt, tihendamisega ei tohi liiale minna. Juurde ehitatavad keskkonnad ei tohi olemasolevat miljööd solkida. Peame küsima: Millal on tihedus paras? Kuhu maani saab tihendada ilma piirkondade iseloomu rikkumata? Kus jookseb kriitiline piir, et saabuks soovitud linnalikkus? Tihendamine pole eesmärk iseeneses. Niisiis: Millist linna ja millist elu me tahame? See küsimus on alati kompromissküsimus linnaelu väärtused tuleb tähtsuse järgi paika seada. Hõre asustus seab esiplaanile individuaalsed väärtused. Oma maja mitme tuhande ruutmeetrisel krundil Alongside effectiveness, dense cities have other dimensions that also do not show urban sprawl in a positive light. The concentration of cultural and educational institutions is associated with density. Only a dense city ensures multifunctionality. The existence of different functions in the near vicinity provides people with more options. Only in a dense urban environment is it possible to experience that city feeling to see and experience urban space pulsating with life. Yet a dense city also has to offer its own feeling. Densification must be done cleverly. Densification must not be overdone. The new environments that are to be built must not spoil the existing atmosphere. We must ask: When is the density just right? To what point can we densify without ruining the character of the areas involved? Where is the critical limit for achieving the desired urbanity? Densification is not an objective in and of itself. So: What sort of city and what sort of life do we want? This question is always a compromise question the values of urban life have to be set in order of importance. Sparse settlement sets individual values in the forefront. Your own house on a lot measuring several thousand square metres is what Estonians typically picture as the ideal home, yet owning this sort of house is possible only in the suburbs. (One of the main questions of contemporary architecture is: Can the qualities of a private house 32 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

31 1930. aastatega võrreldes on ruutmeetrite arv inimese kohta suurenenud 3 korda. See tähendab, et siis ehitatud piirkondades elab nüüd kordades vähem inimesi. Compared to the 1930 s, the number of m 2 per person has increased threefold. This means that many times fewer people now live in areas that were built then.

32 TALLINNA TIHENDAMINE Alternatiiv valglinnastumisele on eestlase koduideaal, kuid selle omamine on võimalik vaid äärelinnas. (Kaasaegse arhitektuuri üks põhiküsimusi on: Kas eramaja kvaliteete saab ka kesklinna ära pakkida?) Tihedad keskkonnad pakuvad enam valikuvõimalusi sotsiaalses plaanis. Elust pulbitsevad tänavad, kohalikud kohvikud, kvaliteetsed kauplused, pargid ja väljakud ei iseloomusta äärelinna piirkondi. Räägime multifunktsionaalsuse saavutamisest lihtsustatud mudeli abil kui me soovime nurgapealseid kohvikuid ja mõnusaid poode, kus tuttava poemüüjaga lobiseda, peame tagama eeldused nende toimimiseks. Väikestel äridel ja kohvikutel on vaja piisavalt kliente. Multifunktsionaalne ja valikuid pakkuv also be packed up into the city centre as well?) Dense environments provide more alternatives socially. Streets pulsating with life, local cafés, quality shops, parks and squares do not characterise suburban areas. We speak of achieving multifunctionality through a simplified model if we want corner cafés and pleasant shops where you can chat with the shopkeeper you have gotten to know, we have to make sure that the prerequisites for them to function are provided. Small businesses and cafés need sufficient numbers of customers. Multifunctional urban space that offers options requires the urban culture of the city centre and its main prerequisite is critical mass. Variety of options, however, is clearly a value that improves the quality of life. Tallinn on hõre, täis tühje/halle alasid ning ruumi tihendamiseks on. Tallinn is sparse, full of vacant/grey areas, and generally speaking, there is room for densification. linnaruum nõuab kesklinlikku linnakultuuri, mille peamiseks eelduseks on kriitiline mass. Valikute paljusus on aga selgelt elukvaliteeti tõstev väärtus. Inimeste saamiseks piirkonda on kaks võimalust: külaliste saabumine doonorpiirkondadest või uute elanike meelitamine keskkonna tihedamaks ehitamise abil. Doonorluse toimimisest tuleb juttu järgmise teema all, esialgu on luubi all Tallinna tihendamaks ehitamise vajadus ja võimalused. Milline on Tallinna potentsiaal? Lihtne vastus on: Tallinn on hõre, täis tühje/halle alasid ning ruumi tihendamiseks on. There are two options for attracting people to the area: the arrival of visitors from donor areas or the attraction of new residents to densify the environment through construction. The way donorship operates will be discussed as part of the next topic. Presently, the need and opportunities for building Tallinn to become denser are at the centre of our attention. What is Tallinn s potential? The simple answer is: Tallinn is sparse, full of vacant/ grey areas, and generally speaking, there is room for densification. 34 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

33 THE DENSIFICATION OF TALLINN An Alternative to Urban Sprawl EKSPERIMENT Uurisime täpsemalt Tallinna kesklinna tihendamise võimalusi. Karina Niinepuu, Helen Rebane, Ivan Sergejev Eksperimendi käigus vaatlesime Tallinna kesklinna. Kui palju siia inimesi mahuks? Milline oleks maksimaalne piir? Otsisime üles kõik tühjad/hallid alad, kuhu oleks võimalik juurde ehitada. Lisaks endistele tööstuse, raudtee ja sadama aladele olid vaatluse all kõik tühjad krundid kesklinna piirkondades, välja arvatud vanalinn. Analüüsis säilitasime maksimaalselt realistlikkust. Nimelt ei puudutanud me üldse praegu olemasolevaid hooneid, parke, platse, vaid vaatlesime ainult tühjasid alasid. Elamispinda lisades arvestasime erinevate miljöödega ning hoidsime tihedust ümbritsevaga korrelatsioonis. Sinna, kus praegu seisavad 2 3-korruselised hooned (Kassisaba, Uus Maailm), lisasime ainult analoogseid hooneid. Sinna, kus võimalik Maakri kvartalis ja city s, lisasime aga kõrghooneid. Arvestasime ka kehtivate kõrguspiirangute ja vaatekoridoridega. Tallinna linnasüdame elanike arv on praegu ligi Kesklinna tihenemispotentsiaali uurides selgus, et siia mahub üle kahe korra rohkem elanikke. Eksperimendi järgi on Tallinna kesklinna elanike potentsiaal elanikku. Lisasime kesklinna ainult eluhooneid. Rohkemate funktsioonide puhul elanike arv langeks. Siiski, potentsiaal on vägev! Uuringut kirjeldavad kaardid on järgmisel leheküljel. EXPERIMENT: We examined more closely the possibilities for densifying the centre of Tallinn. Karina Niinepuu, Helen Rebane, Ivan Sergejev We observed the centre of Tallinn in the course of the experiment. How many people would fit here? What would be the maximum limit? We searched for and found all vacant/grey areas where it would be possible to build additional buildings. In addition to the former industrial, railway and harbour areas, we looked at all vacant lots in areas in the centre of the city with the exception of the Old Town. We tried to be as realistic as possible in our analysis. Namely, we did not touch on presently existing buildings, parks and squares at all; rather we observed only empty, vacant spaces. In the course of adding living space, we took different areas of cultural and environmental heritage into account and maintained density in correlation with the surroundings. We added only analogous buildings wherever two to three storey buildings presently stand (Kassisaba (Cat s Tail) and Uus Maailm (New World) districts). Wherever possible in the Maakri quarter and the City we added high rise buildings. We also took existing height restrictions and view corridors into account. The number of residents in Tallinn s city centre is presently nearly In studying the densification potential of the city centre, it became apparent that there is room here for over two times more residents. According to the experiment, Tallinn s city centre has the potential for residents. We added only residential buildings to the city centre. The number of residents would drop in the event that buildings with more functions are added. Nevertheless, the potential is awesome! Maps describing the study are on the next page. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 35

34 TALLINNA TIHENDAMINE Alternatiiv valglinnastumisele Skeem/Diagram: Karina Niinepuu, Helen Rebane, Ivan Sergejev 9 korrust/floors 1 korrus/floor Olemasolev Kesklinna tihedus Existing density in the city centre TALLINNA KESKLINNA HOONESTUS Built-up area of Tallinn s city centre. Hetkel on Tallinna linnasüdame elanike arv ligi elanikku. The number of residents in Tallinn s city centre is presently nearly EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

35 THE DENSIFICATION OF TALLINN An Alternative to Urban Sprawl Skeem /Diagram: Karina Niinepuu, Helen Rebane, Ivan Sergejev Sadam kuni inimest Kassisaba inimest Südalinn kuni 1000 inimest Kesklinn ja Kadriorg - kuni inimest Tõnismägi inimest 9 korrust/floors Uus Maailm inimest Veerenni/Sossimägi inimest 1 korrus/floor Tühjade alade tihendamine Densifying vacant areas TALLINNA TIHENDATAV KESKLINN Tallinn s city centre subject to densification. Eksperimendi järgi on Tallinna Kesklinna elanike potensiaal elanikku. According to the experiment, Tallinn s city centre has the potential for residents. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 37

36 MILJÖÖVÖÖND Vanalinnad 2.0 Vanalinn on täis saanud see on ruum, kuhu kohalikud elanikud enam ei mahu. Tallinnale iseloomulik linnakeskkond on muutunud üheteemaliseks kruiisiturismi sihtpunktiks. Sellist monofunktsionaalset turismisihtkohta ei väärtusta ei Tallinna elanikud ega ka uued turistid. Uus turist otsib reisides enamat, kui suudab pakkuda kommertsialiseerunud teemapark. Ta vaatab küll vanalinna, kuid soovib lisaks museaalsuse nägemisele kohtuda linna elanikega ja tajuda kohalikkust. Ta soovib näha rohkem, kui giid oma standardekskursioonil näitab, ta tahab, et tal oleks rohkem kui üks võimalus, kuhu minna. Vanalinn ei ole Tallinnas ainuke eriomane ja väärtuslik ajalooline keskkond. Puitlinnaosad on läbimas samasugust kaitse alla võtmise protsessi, nagu vanalinn läbis 20. sajandi keskel. Kehtestatud on miljööalade teemaplaneering, mille eesmärk on säilitada Tallinna asumite terviklikke ja iseloomulikke piirkondi. Puitlinnaosad, miljööalad, on iseloomulikud ainult Tallinnale. Teistes suurtes linnades on need hävinud ja ümber ehitatud, jõukamates keskustes pole niisuguseid linnaosasid olnud kunagi nii massiliselt. Siinsetes puitasumites on vaid Tallinnale omane arhitektuuritüüp Tallinna maja. Mainitud tüpoloogia, ühe trepikojaga väike kortermaja, kirjeldab eestlaste koduväärtusi siinse linnastumise algaegadel. Sajandi alguses maalt linna The Old Town is full it is a space where no more local residents can fit anymore. The urban environment characteristic of Tallinn has become a thematic destination of cruise tourism. Neither Tallinn s residents nor the new tourists appreciate this sort of monofunctional tourist destination. The new tourists are looking for more in their travels than what a commercialised theme park can offer. They do look at the Old Town yet in addition to seeing the town like a museum, they want to meet city residents and perceive a sense of localness. They want to see more than what a guide shows them on a standard excursion. They want to have more than one option of where to go. The Old Town is not the only distinct and valuable historical environment in Tallinn. Municipal districts of wooden architecture are undergoing the same sort of process of being placed under cultural protection as the Old Town underwent in the mid-20th century. A thematic plan for areas of cultural and environmental heritage has been established with the aim of preserving complete and characteristic areas of Tallinn s districts. Districts of wooden architecture, and areas of cultural and environmental heritage are characteristic of Tallinn alone. Such municipal districts have been destroyed and rebuilt in other large cities. In earlier times, these kinds of municipal districts were plentiful in more prosperous centres. Local districts of wooden architecture feature a type of architecture that is characteristic of Tallinn alone the Tallinn House. The above-mentioned typology, a small apartment house with one stairwell, describes the domestic values of Miljöövööndis on olemas eeldused saada uuteks vanalinnadeks. The Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt has the prerequisites to become new Old Towns. 38 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

37 CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE BELT Old Towns 2.0 Skeem/Diagram: Ott Alver, Alvin Järving, Martin Tago BASTIONITE RING ÜMBER VANALINNA JA MILJÖÖVÖÖND - VANALINN JA UUED VANALINNAD THE RING OF BASTIONS AROUND THE OLD TOWN AND THE CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE BELT the Old Town and new Old Towns THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 39

38 MILJÖÖVÖÖND Vanalinnad 2.0 tulnud töölised elasid suurte viljapuuaedadega kruntidel, mille puust eluhooned on täpselt nii suured, et iga elanik tunneb oma naabreid. Kogukondlikku ja maaga ühenduses olevat linnalist eluviisi on lõhkunud mustamägede ja lasnamägede impersonaalne elamismudel. Nüüd toimub mägedest põgenemine peamiselt äärelinna, kuid miljööpiirkonnad on uuesti muutumas elukeskkonna etalonideks. Räägime inimestest, kes on sellised piirkonnad teadlikult oma kodudeks valinud need inimesed, miljöökodanikud, väärtustavad ajaloolist elukeskkonda ja inimmõõtmelist arhitektuuri. Viljapuudega hoovid, kuhu saab ka hommikumantlis minna sõstraid sööma, ja elukeskkonna mõõtkava, mis võimaldab naabrite tundmist, on tavapärased aedlinna väärtused. Kuid nad peavad lugu ka väärtuslikust avalikust ruumist, südalinna lähedusest, elust pulbitsevast linnakogukonnast ning multifunktsionaalsest teenusteruumist. Miljöökodanikud ei taha olla ära lõigatud sotsiaalsest ruumist ega sõltuda autost. Miljöökodanikeks ongi enamasti noored eneseteadlikud pered ja haritlased, kes on valinud linliku alternatiivi vastupidiselt oma põlvkonna peavoolule. Puitlinnaosad on tekkinud enne Teist maailmasõda ja kunagised eeslinnad paiknevad nüüd peamiselt praeguses kesklinnas. Estonians at the beginning of Estonia s urbanisation. Workers who had come to the city from the countryside at the beginning of the century lived on lots with large orchards, and the size their wooden dwellings was exactly such of that every resident knew his neighbours. The impersonal model for living of the concrete panel apartment buildings in Mustamäe and Lasnamäe have destroyed this community urban lifestyle that was connected with the land. Nowadays people are fleeing from those newer residential areas primarily to the suburbs, yet the areas of cultural and environmental heritage are once again becoming the benchmark for living environments. We are speaking of people who have consciously chosen these kinds of areas as their homes these people, citizens of cultural and environmental heritage areas, appreciate historical environments and human scale architecture. Yards with fruit trees where you can go in your bathrobe to eat currants, and the scale of the living environment, which makes it possible to get to know your neighbours, are the ordinary values of a garden town. At the same time, they appreciate quality public space, near proximity to the heart of the city, life in the pulsating urban community, and space offering multifunctional services. Citizens of cultural and environmental heritage areas do not want to be cut off from social space or to be dependent on the automobile. Citizens of cultural and environmental heritage areas are mostly young, self-aware families and intellectuals who have chosen the urban alternative contrary to the mainstream of their generation. Puitlinnaosad on läbimas samasugust kaitse alla võtmise protsessi, nagu vanalinn läbis 20. sajandi keskel. Municipal districts of wooden architecture are undergoing the same sort of process of being placed under cultural protection as the Old Town underwent in the mid-20th century. Sõda ja suurte teede rajamine on puitasumite piire kohendanud, kuid iga miljööväärtuslikuks tunnistatud ala kuulub linnaasumisse, mis on säilitanud tervikliku identiteedi. Erinevad puitlinnaosad moodustavad Tallinna kesklinna ümber puitasumite pärja, väärtustatud elukeskkonna vööndi. Miljöövööndis on olemas eeldused saada uuteks vanalinnadeks. Nendes piirkondades on Eesti kaasajale iseloomulik elu, Districts of wooden architecture developed prior to the Second World War and these former suburbs are now located mostly in the present day centre of the city. The war and the construction of major roads have adjusted the boundaries of the districts of wooden architecture, yet every area that is recognised as having cultural and environmental heritage is part of a city district that has preserved its complete identity. Different municipal districts with wooden architecture form a wreath of districts of wooden architecture around Tallinn s city centre, a belt that 40 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

39 CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE BELT Old Towns 2.0 forms a living environment that is highly appreciated. The Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt has the prerequisites to become new Old Towns. Life in these areas is characteristic of the present day in Estonia. The architecture is characteristic of Estonian history. These environments are capable of offering new tourists the uniqueness that they are looking for, and offering citizens of cultural and environmental heritage areas an open and abundant environment in which they want to live. It is possible to show this belt of new Old Towns to foreigners in such a way that locals can also find space in the environment. Yet the ring of districts of wooden architecture needs to be given meaning in urban construction terms. Various new Old Towns under cultural heritage protection have to be tied together to form an integral environment with continuous public space. If the fragments of districts of wooden architecture are joined together, the chopped up wreath around the centre of the city acquires new meaning. The nature of the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt should be put to use there is transverse motion within it from the city centre out to the roaring highways of automobiles here a peaceful tempo of living is in contrast to the interrupting working speed of the city. The continuity of moving in a circle also has to be visible in space and available on an everyday basis. In order to make it possible to speak of a continuous Cultural and Environmental Heritage Eesti ajaloole iseloomulik arhitektuur. Need keskkonnad suudavad pakkuda uuele turistile eripära, mida ta otsib, ja miljöökodanikule avatud ja rikkalikku keskkonda, milles ta elada soovib. Seda uute vanalinnade vööndit on võimalik välismaalastele näida niiviisi, et ka kohalikud mahuvad keskkonda ära. Kuid puitasumite ring vajab linnaehituslikku mõtestamist. Erinevad kaitsealused uued vanalinnad tuleb siduda ühtseks jätkuva avaliku ruumiga keskkonnaks. Kui puitasumite killud omavahel liita, omandab hakitud pärg linnakeskme ümber uue tähenduse. Tuleb ära kasutada miljöövööndi olemus seal on ristipidine liikumine linnakeskusest välja tormavatega magistraalidega siin on rahulik elukiirus vastandumas linna katkestavale töökiirusele. Ringliikumise jätkuvus peab olema ruumis ka nähtav ja igapäevaselt kasutatav. Selleks aga, et oleks võimalik rääkida jätkuvast miljöövööndist, on vaja omavahel siduda puitasumite avalik ruum, ületada automagistraalid ja lappida augud linnakoes. Miljöövööndit mööda võiks liikuda tramm ning hoonete vaheline tänavaruum võiks olla inimestele, mitte autodele. Siinne tänavaruum võiks olla täidetud pisikeste äride ja kohvikutega. Uusi vanalinnu kesklinna ümber võiksid ühendada Selleks aga, et oleks võimalik rääkida jätkuvast miljöövööndist, on vaja omavahel siduda puuasumite avalik ruum, ületada automagistraalid ja lappida augud linnakoes. In order to make it possible to speak of a continuous Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt, it is necessary to join together the public space of the districts of wooden architecture, surmount the automobile highways and patch up the holes in the fabric of the city. Belt, it is necessary to join together the public space of the districts of wooden architecture, surmount the automobile highways and patch up the holes in the fabric of the city. A streetcar line could run along the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt and the street space between buildings could be reserved for people, not for automobiles. The street space here could be filled with tiny businesses and cafés. A pedestrian street, a jogging path and roads for light traffic, for instance, could connect the new Old Towns around the city centre. Architectural requirements for new buildings would ensure visual continuity the entire Cultural and Environmental Heritage näiteks jalakäijate tänav, jooksurada ning kergliiklusteed. Visuaalse jätkuvuse tagaksid arhitektuurinõuded uutele hoonetele kogu kesklinna ümber olev miljöövöönd võiks olla puust ning jätkata Tallinna majade rütme, hoovides võiksid olla viljapuuaiad, nagu sellises puitkesklinnas kombeks on olnud. Miljööalade ideaalkujund pärineb aastatest. Paljude väikeste äridega, kunagi elust pulbitsenud kvartalid vaevlevad täna THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 41

40 MILJÖÖVÖÖND Vanalinnad 2.0 kriitilise massi puuduse käes. Peale Teist maailmasõda on ruutmeetrite arv inimese kohta suurenenud ligi kolm korda, puitasumite tihedus on jäänud aga samaks. Sellest võib järeldada, et miljööalade elanikkond on samuti mitmekordselt vähenenud. Enamik Tallinna majade keldrites paiknevatest äripindadest on kasutuseta ning mõnusaid kohvikuid peaaegu ei eksisteerigi. Ruutmeetrite arv inimese kohta tõuseb Eestis kindlasti veel, sest Euroopa keskmisest oleme me maas. Julgen väita, et miljööalasid ähvardab monofunktsionaalseks muutumine, kuna lihtsalt ei jätku kriitilist massi, et tänavad elama panna. Igale probleemile on olemas lahendus. Kriitilise inimmassi saamiseks piirkondadesse on olemas kaks võimalust. Nii nagu vanalinn, saaksid uued vanalinnad kriitilist massi doonorpiirkondadest. Ruumiline keskkond, mis on ajalooline ning Belt surrounding the city centre should be of wood and continue the rhythms of the Tallinn houses. There could be orchards in the yards as has been the custom in this wooden city centre. The ideal image of cultural and environmental heritage areas originates from the 1930 s. City quarters with lots of small businesses that used to pulsate with life struggle nowadays with the lack of a critical mass of people. After the Second World War, m 2 per person has increased nearly threefold while the density of districts with wooden architecture has remained the same. This leads to the conclusion that the population of cultural and environmental heritage areas has decreased in orders of magnitude as well. Most of the commercial space located in the cellars of the Tallinn houses is unused and pleasant cafés practically do not even exist. The amount of m2 per person will certainly increase in Estonia even further because we are behind the European average. I forecast that cultural and environmental heritage areas are threatened with becoming monofunctional Paljude väikeste äridega, kunagi elust pulbitsenud kvartalid vaevlevad täna kriitilise massi puuduse käes. City quarters with lots of small businesses that used to pulsate with life struggle nowadays with the lack of a critical mass of people. algupärane, muutub piirkonda tulemise põhjuseks. Doonorluse toimimiseks on aga vaja juurutada uue vanalinna kujundit. Selleks, et turistid ja külalised muudest Tallinna piirkondadest siia jõuaksid, on vaja ka miljööpiirkondi siduvat ühistransporti. Suurepäraselt sobiks selleks ringtramm. Väikeste erinevustega ringtrammi ideed on esitletud peatüki lõpus. Turistid ja külalised on üks viis, kuidas lahenda kriitilise massi probleemi, kuid ainult nendest ei piisa. Miljööring vajab rohkem kohalikke elanikke. Õnneks on Tallinna kesklinn hõre ja auguline. Ka miljöövööndis on palju tühjasid alasid, kuhu saab juurde ehitada ilma olemasolevat linnastruktuuri muutmata. Siin on sõja jooksul tühjaks pommitatud krunte ning endiseid tööstuspiirkondi. Neid auke täites tuleks aga arvestada miljöövööndi jätkuvusega. Uute planeeringute abil tuleks ühendada erinevaid puitasumeid. since there simply is no critical mass to bring the streets to life. Every problem has its solution. There are two possibilities for getting a critical mass of people into these areas. Like the Old Town, the new Old Towns could get their critical mass from donor areas. The spatial environment, which is historical and original, becomes the reason for coming to the area. In order for the donor programme to function, however, the image of the new Old Town has to be established. In order for tourists and visitors from other areas of Tallinn to find their way here, public transportation is needed to connect the cultural and environmental heritage areas. A streetcar line that forms a ring through these areas would be excellently suited for this. Ideas with minor differences for a circular streetcar line are presented at the end of this chapter. Tourists and visitors are one way to resolve the critical mass problem but they alone are not enough. The ring of cultural and environmental heritage needs more local residents. Fortunately, the centre of Tallinn is sparse and filled with holes. The Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt also has many vacant areas where new buildings can be added without changing the existing urban structure. There are lots here that were turned into vacant areas 42 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

41 Erinevad puitlinnaosad moodustavad Tallinna kesklinna ümber puitasumite pärja, väärtustatud elukeskkonna vööndi. Different municipal districts with wooden architecture form a wreath of districts of wooden architecture around Tallinn s city centre, a belt that forms a living environment that is highly appreciated.

42 MILJÖÖVÖÖND Vanalinnad 2.0 Linnastruktuuri aukude lappimine ja endiste tööstuspiirkondade väljaehitamine aitab lahendada kriitilise massi probleemi kaitsealustest miljööpiirkondadest väljaspool. Kuid ka miljööalade tihendamine ei ole niivõrd hull, nagu eelarvamuslikult kardetakse. Selle asemel, et miljööd solkida uute hoonemassidega, tuleks kasutusele võtta juba olemasolevad ehitised. Piisav potentsiaal leidub hoonete katusealuste, keldrite, endiste pesuköökide ja kuuride elamuteks ehitamise näol. Selline tihendamine annaks hoovidele vanalinlikku feeling ut ja võimaldaks rahastada vanade majade renoveerimist. Väikeste hoovimajade ehitamisega võiks kaasas käia maa-aluste parklate rajamine ja viljapuudega hoovide korrastamine. through bombing, and former industrial areas. The continuity of the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt should be taken into account, however, when filling these holes. Different districts with wooden architecture should be connected through new plans. Patching up holes in the structure of the city and building up former industrial areas will help solve the critical mass problem outside of the cultural and environmental heritage areas that are under protection. Yet the densification of cultural and environmental heritage areas is not as bad as is biasedly feared. Instead of spoiling the atmosphere with masses of new buildings, already existing buildings should be made use of. There is sufficient potential in converting attics, cellars, former laundry rooms and sheds into dwellings. This sort of densification would give yards Miljööring vajab rohkem kohalikke elanikke. Miljööalade tihendamine ei ole niivõrd hull, nagu eelarvamuslikult kardetakse. The ring of cultural and environmental heritage needs more local residents. The densification of cultural and environmental heritage areas is not as bad as is biasedly feared. Uued vanalinnad on leidmas omale identiteete kohalikud seltsid on kujundamas erinevatele asumitele omanäolisi imagoid. Väärtuslikule linnaruumile tähelepanu juhtivaid festivale korraldatakse juba Uues Maailmas ja Telliskivis. Tulevikus võiksid kõikide asumite festivalid moodustada kokku aasta läbi vältavad uute vanalinnade päevad. Kriitilist massi on vaja selleks, et sellelaadne alaline kultuurifestival muutuks isetoimivaks ning loomulikuks. Linnalikkus võiks püsima jääda ka siis, kui seltside liidrid väsivad. an Old Town feeling and would make it possible to finance the renovation of old houses. The building of small houses in yards could be accompanied by the building of underground parking lots and the fixing up of the yards where fruit trees grow. New Old Towns are finding their identities local associations are shaping distinctive images for different districts. Festivals that direct attention to quality urban space are held nowadays in the Uus Maailm and Telliskivi districts. In the future, the festivals of all districts together could form a new Old Towns festival that lasts all year round. Critical mass is needed for this kind of continual cultural festival to become self-generating and natural. Urbanity could then survive even if the leaders of the various associations tire out. 44 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

43 CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE BELT Old Towns 2.0 HEAD MÕTTED SÜNNIVAD KORRAGA Tallinna miljööalasid ühendava ringtrammi idee sündis sõltumatult Kunstiakadeemia arhitektuuriosakonnas Marten Kaevatsil aasta sügisel ning AB Kosmos arhitektidel Reedik Poopuul ning Villem Tomistel aasta kevadel (viimane avaldatud ka artiklis Tallinn vajab ringtrammi EPL ). Kaevatsi välja pakutud ringtramm kulgeb mööda praegust raudteed. Läbi Kadrioru liigub see tramm mööda kunagist kitsarööpmelise raudtee trassi. See tramm sõidab tuleviku Tallinnas läbi enamikust suurtest arenduspiirkondadest (tänased hallid alad). AB Kosmos arhitektide poolt välja pakutud ringtramm on aga suunatud rohkem olevikku. Mere ääres ja Kopli kaubajaama juures läbib see tramm ka uusi arenduspiirkondi, kuid enamasti liigub ta vanas kesklinnas. Mõlemad idee-trammid ületavad nutikalt mööda raudteeviadukte Paldiski maantee ja Endla tänava. Sadama juures sõidavad trammid üle (tulevase) silla otse teisele poole Admiraliteedi basseini. GOOD IDEAS OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY Marten Kaevats independently came up with the idea for a circular streetcar line to link together Tallinn s cultural and environmental heritage areas in the autumn of 2009 at the Estonian Academy of Arts Department of Architecture. AB Kosmos architects Reedik Poopuu and Villem Tomiste hit upon the same idea in the spring of 2010 (the latter is also published in the article Tallinn Needs a Circular Streetcar Line Eesti Päevaleht, 10 June 2010). The circular streetcar line proposed by Kaevats proceeds along the present railroad. This streetcar line passes through Kadriorg along the former narrow-gauge railway line. This streetcar passes through most of the future major development areas in Tallinn (the present day grey areas). The circular streetcar line proposed by the AB Kosmos architects, on the other hand, is aimed more at the present day. This line also passes through new development areas along the seashore and at the Kopli freight yard, but for the most part, it passes through the old city centre. Both idea streetcars pass over Paldiski Highway and Endla Street by cleverly utilising railroad viaducts. In the harbour area, the streetcars ride across the (future) bridge straight to the other side of the Admiralty Basin. RINGTRAMMI ETTEPANEK - MARTEN KAEVATS Idea for a circular streetcar line by Marten Kaevats RINGTRAMMI ETTEPANEK - REEDIK POOPUU JA VILLEM TOMISTE Idea for a circular streetcar line by Reedik Poopuu ja Villem Tomiste THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 45

44 ÜHISTRANSPORDI ARENG Vastukaaluks autostumisele Linna ressursside hulk on piiratud. Tark linn tahab nende ressursside eest saada võimalikult head keskkonda. Tark linn panustab ühistranspordile. Pikemas plaanis on kõrgekvaliteediline ühistranspordivõrk majanduslikult kõige soodsam valik. Keeruline on üle minna autot soodustavalt transpordisüsteemilt ühistransporti soosivaks, kuid teist valikut ei ole. Tallinna võtmeristmike rekonstrueerimise hinnad ulatuvad samasse suurusjärku trammiliinide arendamise hindadega. Selgeks on saanud see, et ummikute probleemi lahendamine võimsamate ristmikega vaid võimendab autostumist ning teede ehitamiseks lihtsalt ei jätku ruumi, rahast rääkimata. The amount of the city s resources is limited. The smart city wants to get the best possible environment for those resources. The smart city places its stakes on public transportation. In the long run, a high quality public transportation network is the most economical choice. Making the transition from a transportation system that favours the automobile to one that favours public transportation is complicated, yet there is no other option. The costs of reconstructing Tallinn s key intersections extend into the same order of magnitude as the costs of developing streetcar lines. What has become clear is that solving the problem of traffic jams through intersections with greater capacity only adds impetus to automobilisation and there simply is not enough space for building roads, to say nothing of money. Tark linn panustab ühistranspordile. Pikemas plaanis on kõrgekvaliteediline ühistranspordivõrk majanduslikult kõige soodsam valik. The smart city places its stakes on public transportation. In the long run, a high quality public transportation network is the most economical choice. Efektiivse transpordisüsteemi rajamine nõuab suuri investeeringuid. Esimese asjana on vaja muuta ühistransport kõige kiiremaks ja mugavamaks transpordiliigiks, siis saab hakata rääkima inimeste transpordieelistuste muutumisest. Ühistranspordi maine peab muutuma laitmatuks bussid ja trammid peavad olema puhtad, kaasaegsed ja piisavalt tühjad, et nendega hakkaksid sõitma ka praegused autokasutajad. Ühistransporti arendades peab pidevalt võrdlema kergliikluse, auto ja ühistranspordi vahekorda. Vahekorra hindamiseks sobib Dago Antovi (OÜ Stratum) ühistranspordi-uuring: asjalikemaks Building an effective transportation system requires large investments. The first thing that needs to be done is to make public transportation the quickest and most convenient type of transportation. Thereafter we can begin speaking of changing people s transportation preferences. Public transportation s reputation must become flawless buses and streetcars must be clean, modern and sufficiently empty so that people who presently use automobiles would also start riding in them. In the course of developing public transportation, the relationship between non-motorised transport modes, automobile and public transportation must be compared constantly. Dago 46 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

45 DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION As a Counterbalance to Offset Automobilisation Antov s (Stratum) study of public transportation is suitable for evaluating the relationship: the most logical point of comparison is the time required to travel from door to door. In this kind of comparison, the automobile is often faster in Tallinn, but the city centre is nearing capacity in terms of automobiles and ever more additional time is spent on parking. Buses travelling in separate public transportation lanes in Tallinn are a little bit faster for pedestrians than express streetcars that race along tracks separated from other traffic. The network of bus lines is more dynamic and denser, and the time saved comes at the expense of the walk to and from the bus stop. Non-motorised transport modes are the fastest for short distances. Streetcars and buses at a standstill in traffic jams in dense city traffic are obviously the least competitive in terms of speed. võrdlusmomendiks on uksest ukseni kuluva liikumise aeg. Sellises võrdluses on Tallinnas tihti auto kiirem, kuid kesklinn on autosid täis saamas ning parkimisele kulub järjest enam lisaaega. Tallinnas on eraldi ühistranspordi rajal sõitvad bussid jalakäija jaoks natukene kiiremad kui eraldi rajal kihutav kiirtramm. Bussiliinide võrgustik on dünaamilisem ja tihedam ning ajavõit tuleb jalakäigu arvelt peatusesse tulekul ja peatusest minekul. Kergliiklus on kiireim lühikestel distantsidel. Kiiruse mõttes on tihedas linnaliikluses ummikutes seisvad trammid ja bussid ilmselgelt kõige vähem konkurentsivõimelised. Esimese asjana on vaja muuta ühistransport kõige kiiremaks ja mugavamaks transpordiliigiks, siis saab hakata rääkima inimeste transpordieelistuste muutumisest. The first thing that needs to be done is to make public transportation the quickest and most convenient type of transportation. Thereafter we can begin speaking of changing people s transportation preferences. Yet we should consider the public transportation system together with non-motorised transport modes city lines together with the bicycle paths that service them. The combination of nonmotorised transport modes and public transportation is most likely the fastest way to get from door to door. The combination of non-motorised transport modes with public transportation gives the advantage to the streetcar since bicycles can be taken onboard streetcars. It is also possible to install bicycle stands in buses but loading and unloading bicycles significantly increases the bus s waiting time at the bus stop. These kinds of buses could be used on countywide bus lines, where there is practically no alternative to the automobile. In combination with non-motorised transport modes, only the streetcar provides sufficiently rapid public transportation within the city on lines with many stops. The need for clean city air is a factor in favour of public transportation. Types of transportation powered by electricity give us cleaner air and the chance to be independent of unpredictable developments on the world market. Kuid peaksime vaatlema ühistranspordi süsteemi koos kergliiklusega linnaliine koos neid teenindavate rattateedega. Tõenäoliselt on kergliikluse ja ühistranspordi kombinatsioon kõige kiirem uksest ukseni jõudmise viis. Kergliikluse ja ühistranspordi ühendamine annab eelise trammile, kuhu saab jalgratta salongi võtta. Rattaraame on võimalik paigaldada ka bussidele, kuid ratta peale- ja mahalaadimine pikendab bussi peatuses seismise aega märkimisväärselt. Niisugused bussid võiksid sõita maakonnaliinidel, kus alternatiivi autole peaaegu ei ole. Koos kergliiklusega tagab ühistranspordile linna sees paljude peatustega liinil piisava kiiruse vaid tramm. Ühistranspordi kasuks räägib vajadus puhta linnaõhu järele. Elektri jõul töötavad transpordiliigid annavad meile puhtama õhu ning võimaluse olla sõltumatud ettearvamatutest arengutest maailmaturul. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 47

46 ÜHISTRANSPORDI ARENG Vastukaaluks autostumisele Tallinn ei lõppe linnapiiriga, metropol jätkub valg- ja satelliitlinnade kujul. Tallinna tagamaa ulatub Raplani, kuid ühistransporti on mõistlik arendada vaid tiheasustustega aladele. Tallinnas nagu igas teiseski linnas on arenemas linnapiiri taha, suurte maanteede lähedusse kõrgtehnoloogilised tööstuse ja ladude linnakud, mis kasutavad oma vahepealset asukohta logistilise eelisena. Linna transpordisüsteemi planeerides peavad tekkima ühenduspunktid hõreda ja tiheda linnakoe vahele. Kaasaegne ühistranspordisüsteem tuleb rajada koos strateegiliselt heades kohtades asuvate parklasüsteemidega, mis on linnaliinide ja automagistraalide ristumispunktis. Tallinn does not end at the city limits. The metropolis extends further in the form of sprawling satellite towns. Tallinn s hinterland extends to Rapla but it is sensible to develop public transportation only in densely populated areas. As in every other city, high technology industrial and warehouse towns that use their borderland location as a logistical advantage are evolving in Tallinn beyond the city limits near major highways. Junctions between sparse and dense urban textures have to be created in planning the municipal transportation system. The modern public transportation system has to be established together with a system of parking lots situated in strategically good locations at the intersections of municipal transportation lines and automobile highways. Kaasaegne ühistranspordisüsteem tuleb rajada koos strateegiliselt heades kohtades asuvate parklasüsteemidega, mis on linnaliinide ja automagistraalide ristumispunktis. The modern public transportation system has to be established together with a system of parking lots situated in strategically good locations at the intersections of municipal transportation lines and automobile highways. Targa linna ühistranspordisüsteemi rajamine toimub pika aja jooksul ning koosneb paljudest väikestest otsustest. Esimeste sammudena rajatakse tasulise parkimise tsoonid, mis hakkavad laienema. Autodele eelistatakse tänaval ühistransporti ning varem ummikute all koormatud linnaruum antakse inimeste kasutusse. Ühistranspordi liine arendatakse järk-järgult ning linna tagamaid teenindavad parkimisjaamad liiguvad kesklinnast järjest kaugemale. Tervislik tsoon laieneb pidevalt. Tallinnale on vaja lisaks ringteedele ringtranspordiliine, mille abil tsentrist vajaduse korral kiiresti mööda sõita; ringtransport võiks omavahel siduda ka parkimisjaamasid. Tuleviku Tallinna transpordisüsteemide rajamise tasuvusanalüüse tuleb vaadelda koos kasutajatega peale transpordisüsteemi rajamist, mitte praegusest keskkonnast lähtuvalt. Targalt ressursse kasutav linn peab ehitusõigust jagama vastavalt The building of a public transportation system for a smart city takes place over a long period of time and consists of many minor decisions. Pay parking zones are established as a first step and these zones begin to expand. Public transportation is preferred on the street over automobiles and city space that was previously burdened by traffic jams is placed at the disposal of people. Public transportation lines are developed step by step and the parking stations servicing the city s hinterland move progressively farther from the city centre. The healthy zone expands continually. Tallinn needs transportation lines encircling the city in addition to roads encircling the city. These make it possible to travel quickly past the city centre when necessary. Transportation encircling the city could also connect the parking stations among themselves. Cost-benefit analyses of the building of the future transportation system for Tallinn should be considered together with its users after the transportation system is built, not on the basis of the present environment. A city that uses its resources intelligently 48 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

47 DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION As a Counterbalance to Offset Automobilisation TALLINN RÖÖBASTEL - 500m JA 2500m PEATUSEST Tallinn on Rails 500 m and 2500 m from the stop Skeem/Diagram: Marten Kaevats, Egon Metusala (täiendades Tallinna Trammi visiooni ringtrammiga) (supplementing Tallinn s Streetcar Vision with a circular streetcar line) THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 49

48 ÜHISTRANSPORDI ARENG Vastukaaluks autostumisele transpordi arenguplaanile. Linna tasub tihendada kooskõlastatult ühistranspordi planeerimisega. Tark linn peab ise olema muutuste eestvedaja. Transpordisüsteem on linnaehituslik tööriist, millega saab siduda ja käima tõmmata olulisi piirkondi. Sellega saab keskkondadesse tuua uusi turiste ning luua eelduseid arendusplaanidele jne. has to distribute building rights according to its transportation development plan. It pays to densify the city in coordination with public transportation planning. The smart city has to be the instigator of its own changes. The transportation system is an urban construction tool through which important areas can be connected and jump-started. It can be used to bring new tourists into environments and to create the conditions for development plans, and so on. Tõenäoliselt on kergliikluse ja ühistranspordi kombinatsioon kõige kiirem uksest ukseni jõudmise viis. The combination of non-motorised transport modes and public transportation is most likely the fastest way to get from door to door. 50 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

49 Linna tasub tihendada kooskõlastatult ühistranspordi planeerimisega. Transpordisüsteem on linnaehituslik tööriist, millega saab siduda ja käima tõmmata olulisi piirkondi. It pays to densify the city in coordination with public transportation planning. The transportation system is an urban construction tool through which important areas can be connected and jump-started.

50 ÜHISTRANSPORDI ARENG Vastukaaluks autostumisele AUTOSTUMISEST TALLINNAS: Noppeid Imre Antso magistritööst Autokasutuse muutuse mõju Tallinna liiklusele (TÜ 2010, juh. Dago Antov). Frickeri ja Whitfordi uuring USA-s tõestas, et 69% liikluse suurenemisest/probleemidest on seotud valglinnastumisega. (Olukord Tallinnas on analoogne.) kahekordistus Tallinna linnapiiri ületuste arv autodega (tänu uuselamurajoonidele). Tallinna liikluse mahu kasv on olnud oluliselt väiksem võrreldes piiriülese mahu kasvuga. Võib väita, et Tallinna liiklusprobleemid on enamasti loodud mittetallinlaste poolt. Maanteeameti järgi on võrreldes aastaga autosid Eestis (ja Tallinnas) 3 korda rohkem (1000 elaniku kohta: autot, autot). Litmani uuring tõestab, et suurenev autokasutus viib sõltuvuse tsüklini: 1. Suurenev autostumine. 2. Autokeskne transpordi planeerimine. 3. Vähenevad liikumisviiside valikuvõimalused. 4. Alternatiivsete liikumisviiside kasutamisvõimalus halveneb. 5. Linnaruumi kvaliteedi halvenemine ja valglinnastumine. 6. Autokeskse maakasutamise planeerimine. 7. Paranenud parkimistingimused. 8. Hajutatud asustus. 9. Suurenev autostumine... ABOUT AUTOMOBILISATION IN TALLINN: Excerpts from Imre Antso s master s thesis The Effect of Changes in Automobile Use on Tallinn s Traffic (TÜ 2010, advisor Dago Antov) Fricker and Whitford s study in the USA in proved that 69% of the increase/problems in traffic are associated with urban sprawl (The situation in Tallinn is analogous). The number of crossings of Tallinn s city limits by automobile doubled in (due to new residential areas). The increase in traffic volume in Tallinn has been considerably smaller than the increase in volume beyond the city limits. It can be stated that Tallinn s traffic problems are for the most part caused by people who do not live in Tallinn. According to the Estonian Road Administration, there are presently 3 times more automobiles in Estonia (and in Tallinn) than in 1990 (per 1000 residents: 150 automobiles in 1990; 420 automobiles in 2009). Litman s study proves that increasing use of automobiles leads to a cycle of dependency: 1. Increasing automobilisation 2. Automobile-oriented transportation planning 3. Options regarding means of transportation decrease 4. Possibilities for using alternative means of transportation deteriorate 5. Deterioration in the quality of urban space, and urban sprawl 6. Automobile-oriented planning of land usage 7. Improved parking conditions 8. Dispersed settlement patterns 9. Increasing automobilisation... Source: Trammile! (Get on the Streetcar!) 2009 Tallinn Vision Conference (Members of Tallinn s Vision Advisory Chamber Hardo Aasmäe, Ignar Fjuk and Erik Terk and urban planning experts Dago Antov, Endrik Mänd, Ike Volkov, Irina Raud and Mart Port) 52 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

51 DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION As a Counterbalance to Offset Automobilisation Allikas/Source: Tallinna VII visioonikonverents Trammile! Brošüür, 2009 (Tallinna visiooninõukoja liikmed Hardo Aasmäe, Ignar Fjuk ja Erik Terk ning linnaplaneerimise asjatundjad Dago Antov, Endrik Mänd, Ike Volkov, Irina Raud ja Mart Port) TRAMMID TÄNA TASULINE PARKIMINE TÄNA Existing streetcars lines Present day pay parking TRAMMIDE VISIOON TRAMMIDE VISIOON KOOS TÄNASTE PARKIMISJAAMADEGA Planned streetcar lines Planned streetcar lines with existing car parks Allikas/Source: Tallinna VII visioonikonverents Trammile! Brošüür, 2009 TRAMMID RINGTRAMMIGA Planned streetcar lines with circular streetcar line Skeem/Diagram: Alvin Järving, Marten Kaevats THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN Allikas/Source: Tallinna VII visioonikonverents Trammile! Brošüür, 2009 LAIENEV AUTOVABA TSOON Expanding pedestrian zone Skeem/Diagram: Alvin Järving, Marten Kaevats EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 53

52 MUUTUSED LIIKUMISES Kiire rongiühenduse loomine Ida-Euroopaga Nafta tarbimise tipp on möödas alles jäänud naftavarud on raskesti kättesaadavad ja nende kaevandamine on suurel määral keskkonda reostav. Globaalne kliimakontroll survestab tugevalt ka transpordisektori toodetavat saastet. Fossiilsetel kütustel baseeruvat riikidevahelist transporti ootavad ees suured muutused Eesti füüsiline keskkond peab olema Euroopaga seotud rohkemate otseühendustega kui kergesti haavatav lennuliiklus võimaldab. Euroopa Liidu transpordikavas on Rail Baltica prioriteetsete ühenduste seas Eesti kontekstis on kiirrongi terminali näol tegemist võtmetranspordisõlmega, mille linnaehituslik asukoht Tallinnas on äärmiselt oluline. Transpordisõlm pakub kõige suurema logistilise efekti siis, kui sinna koondada erinevad transpordiliigid. Tallinnasse on võimalik rajada ülelinnaline transpordikeskus, milles saavad korraga toimida rongi-, lennu- ja maanteetransport või rongi-, mere- ja maanteetransport. Kaubavahetuses pakub kiirrongitransport Euroopa suunal alternatiivi raskeveokitele, mis võimaldab Tallinnal Venemaaga kaupade vahetamisel hoida oma positsiooni transiidiväravana. The peak of oil consumption is past the remaining oil reserves are difficult to extract and drilling for them pollutes the environment to a great extent. Global climate control is also applying intense pressure on the pollution produced by the transportation sector. Major changes are in the offing for international transportation based on fossil fuels Estonia s physical environment has to be connected with Europe by more direct connections than what easily vulnerable air travel permits. Rail Baltica is among the priority connections in the European Union s transportation plan the high-speed train terminal is a key transportation junction in the context of Estonia. The terminal s location is extremely important in terms of urban construction in Tallinn. A transportation junction provides the greatest logistical effect when different types of transportation converge there. It is possible to build a citywide transportation centre in Tallinn where rail, air and highway transportation or rail, sea and highway transportation can operate simultaneously. High-speed rail transportation offers an alternative to heavy tractor-trailers in trade with Europe, enabling Tallinn to maintain its position as a transit gate in trading goods with Russia. The advantage of rail transport over air transport in hauling passengers is its usual location in the centre of the city. Trains Tallinn saab Helsingi ühendada Rail Baltica süsteemi enne tunneli valmimist, kui raudteejaam suhestub sadamaga ja kesklinnaga. Tallinn can connect Helsinki with the Rail Baltica system before the completion of the tunnel if the railway station is in the appropriate relationship with the seaport and the city centre. 54 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

53 CHANGE IN TRAVELLING fast train connection RAIL BALTICA Rail Baltica Allikas/Source: Demos Helsinki. Talsinki / Hellinna. Brošüür, 2009 Helsingi Tallinn Peterburi Riia Vilnius Berliin Varssavi ÜLELINNALISE TRANSPORDISÕLME VÕIMALUSED Possibilities for a large-scale regional transportation hub Skeem/Diagram: Alvin Järving, Marten Kaevats Kopli Kaubajaam Ülemiste Kaubajaam THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 55

54 MUUTUSED LIIKUMISES Kiire rongiühenduse loomine Ida-Euroopaga Inimeste vedamisel on raudteetranspordi eeliseks lennuliikluse ees jaamade tavapärane asukoht linna keskuses. Raudtee on lennukist aeglasem, kuid peale- ja mahaminek võtab seevastu vähem aega. Kiirrongi kasutuspotentsiaal on kõrge ainult siis, kui jaam paikneb linnakeskuses või ideaalse ühistranspordiga logistilise sõlme vahetus läheduses. Tallinn peaks vaatlema kiirrongijaama koos selle linnaehitusliku kasuga võimaliku raudteejaama city seisukohast. Oluline on raudteetranspordi arengu ajaperspektiiv tõenäoliselt valmib Rail Baltica kõigepealt Tallinnani ning selle pikenemine Helsingisse tunneli näol on toimub hilisemas faasis. Tallinn saab Helsingi ühendada Rail Baltica süsteemi enne tunneli valmimist, kui raudteejaam suhestub sadamaga ja kesklinnaga. are slower than airplanes but boarding and disembarking, on the other hand, takes less time. The potential for use of highspeed trains is high only if the station is situated in the city centre or in the near vicinity of a logistical junction with ideal public transportation. Tallinn should consider a high-speed train station together with its urban construction benefit from a potential railway station city. The temporal perspective of rail transportation development is important Rail Baltica will most likely be completed as far as Tallinn first and its extension to Helsinki by way of a tunnel will take place in a later phase. Tallinn can connect Helsinki with the Rail Baltica system before the completion of the tunnel if the railway station is in the appropriate relationship with the seaport and the city centre. Allikas/Source: Demos Helsinki. Talsinki / Hellinna. Brošüür, 2009 Kiirrong TGV Lennuk* Aeroplane Kiirlaev Hydrofoil ship Kiire parvlaev Catamaran Helsingi-Vantaa* Peterburi, Pulkova** Tallinn, Lennart Meri* Rong Train Aeglane parvlaev Slow ferry Kiire parvlaev Catamaran Kiirlaev Hydrofoil ship Lennuk Aeroplane REISIAEG HELSINGI-TALLINN *sisaldab lendu ja taksosõitu kesklinnast kesklinna Travelling time from Helsinki to Tallinn *includes flight duration and a taxi ride from city centre to city centre. REISIJATE ARV LENNUJAAMADES *2008 **2006 Number of passengers in airports annually. HELSINGI-TALLINNA REISI MÕJU KLIIMALE *kg CO 2 - ekv./reisija CO 2 emissions in kilos per person travelling from Helsinki to Tallinn. TRANSPORDISUHTED TALLINN - HELSINGI Transportation relations TALLINN HELSINKI 56 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

55 A transportation junction provides the greatest logistical effect when different types of transportation converge there. Transpordisõlm pakub kõige suurema logistilise efekti siis, kui sinna koondada erinevad transpordiliigid.

56 TALSINKI KAKSIKLINN Regiooni keskus Euroopa Liidu kontekstis Skeem/Diagram: Grete Soosalu ja Hilla Rudanko Tallinna linna ei saa planeerida linnapiirini. Linn ulatub kaugemale elanike jaoks ja igapäevaste toimetamiste jaoks halduspiire ei eksisteeri. Tallinna sadamast käib aasta jooksul läbi 6 miljonit reisijat, suhtlus Helsingiga teeb Tallinna sadamast ühe maailma intensiivsema reisisadama. Avatud piiridega Euroopa Liidus ei lõppe Tallinn ära ka riigipiiriga, Euroopa kaardil oleme Helsingiga üks linnastu. Helsingi on mures Euroopa perifeeriasse jäämise pärast ning on oma linnakeskkonda oluliselt arendamas, et olla globaalses ruumikonkurentsis edukas. Lisaks inimsõbraliku keskkonna loomisele on Helsingi huvitumas ka end ümbritseva regiooni arengust, et Läänemere piirkonnas mitte alla jääda Stockholmile ja Kopenhaagenile, mis on Euroopa Liidu geograafia mõttes paremas positsioonis. Helsingi on huvitumas oma linna ühendamisest Tallinna ja Peterburiga, et tekitada ühine suurem linnakeskus, mis oleks ühenduslüliks Euroopa ja Ida vahel. Helsingi ja Peterburi vahelise kiirrongiliini toimima hakkamine on vaid aja küsimus, Tallinna ja Helsingi vaheline tunnel teeks kahest linnast, mis on tihedas ühenduses Peterburiga, tõsiseltvõetava keskuse Euroopa kontekstis. Kiirrong hakkab Rail Baltica abil ühendama Helsingit Kesk- ja Lõuna-Euroopaga. The City of Tallinn cannot be planned to the city limits. The city extends farther administrative boundaries do not exist for residents and everyday doings. Over the course of a year, 6 million passengers pass through the Port of Tallinn. Interaction with Helsinki makes the Port of Tallinn one of the world s most intensive passenger ports. Tallinn does not end at the national border in the European Union with its open borders. We are one conurbation together with Helsinki on the map of Europe. Helsinki is worried about being left in the periphery of Europe and so it is significantly developing its urban environment in order to be successful in the global spatial competition. In addition to creating a people-friendly environment, Helsinki is becoming interested in the development of the surrounding region so as not to fall behind Stockholm and Copenhagen, which are in better position in terms of the European Union s geography. Helsinki is becoming interested in joining its city with Tallinn and St. Petersburg in order to create a larger joint city centre that would be a connecting link between Europe and the East. It is only a matter of time before a high-speed rail line begins operating between Helsinki and St. Petersburg. A tunnel connecting Tallinn and Helsinki would turn these two cities, which are closely connected to St. Petersburg, into a centre that can be taken seriously in the context of Europe. A high-speed rail line would then connect Helsinki to Central and Southern Europe via Rail Baltica. Tallinna ja Helsingi vaheline tunnel teeks kahest linnast, mis on tihedas ühenduses Peterburiga, tõsiseltvõetava keskuse Euroopa kontekstis. A tunnel connecting Tallinn and Helsinki would turn these two cities, which are closely connected to St. Petersburg, into a centre that can be taken seriously in the context of Europe. 58 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

57 TALSINKI TWIN CITY A Regional Centre in the Context of the European Union Allikas/Source: Demos Helsinki. Talsinki / Hellinna. Brošüür, 2009 Kerava Helsinki-Vantaan Lentoasema Vantaankoski Mellunmäki Leppävaara Pasila Itäkeskus Vuosaari Kivenlahti Helsinki Rautatientori Kopli Balti Jaam Muuga J.Poska Ülemiste Lilleküla Tondi Klooga-rand Aegviidu Metrojaam/Subway station Rongijaam/Train station Paldiski Trammipeatus/Streetcar stop Rong/metroo/Train/subway Riisipere TALSINKI ÜHINE RÖÖBASTRANSPORDI VÕRK Talsinki s Joint Rail Transportation Network Maa all/under ground Tramm/Streetcar Ehitamata/Unbuilt THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 59

58 TALSINKI KAKSIKLINN Regiooni keskus Euroopa Liidu kontekstis Võtmeküsimuseks on kiirrongijaama paigutamine nii Tallinnas kui ka Helsingis raudteejaama õige paigutamine viib kaksiklinna omavahelise läbikäimise uuele tasemele. Tunnelis tormav kiirrong võimaldab siduda omavahel kahe linna ühistranspordisüsteemid soome-ugri metropolil võiks olla ühine vereringe. Kaksiklinna tuleb arendada nii ruumiliselt kui ka kultuuriliselt. Ühenduse tõeliseks toimima hakkamiseks peavad siinsed elanikud end defineerima kaksiklinlastena. Kultuuriliste sidemete tugevdamiseks oleks vaja ühiseid pidustusi näiteks kaksiklinna päevi nii kevadel kui ka sügisel. Kevadisel pööripäeval võtaks linnastu omale Talsinki nime ning sügisesel pööripäeval muutuks ta Hellinnaks. Siinne soome-ugri metropol vajab omale talvist identiteet, kaksiklinn peab oma põhjamaise talvega saama eriliseks turismi sihtkohaks. A key question is the location of the high-speed train station in both Tallinn and Helsinki the correct placement of the railway station will take the mutual interaction of this twin city to a new level. High-speed trains racing through the tunnel will make it possible to link up the public transportation systems of the two cities this Finno-Ugric metropolis could have a common circulatory system. The twin city needs to be developed both spatially and culturally. In order for the unification to truly begin functioning, residents here in Tallinn have to define themselves as residents of a twin city. Joint celebrations such as twin city festivals in the spring and in autumn would be needed to strengthen cultural ties. The conurbation would take the name Talsinki for itself on the vernal equinox and on the autumnal equinox it would become Hellinn. This Finno-Ugric metropolis needs a winter identity for itself. The twin city has to become a special tourist destination with its Nordic winter. Võtmeküsimuseks on kiirrongijaama paigutamine nii Tallinnas kui ka Helsingis - raudteejaama õige paigutamine viib kaksiklinna omavahelise läbikäimise uuele tasemele. A key question is the location of the high-speed train station in both Tallinn and Helsinki the correct placement of the railway station will take the mutual interaction of this twin city to a new level. Tallinn ja Helsingi on väga erinevad linnad ning omavahelise konkurentsi asemel võimaldab kaksiklinn erisustest rikastumist. Oluline on, et kiirrongiühendus ei jääks äärelinna raudteejaama, vaid paneks kaksiklinna keskused omavahel sünergiliselt suhtlema. Tallinn saab kaksiklinnas olla Helsingi kõrval passiivne osapool, kuid ta võib sellest kooselust ka märgatavalt rohkem võita. Helsingi potentsiaali ära kasutades saab Tallinn oma kesklinnale ja Eesti majandusele võimsa lisamootori. Kaksiklinna raudteejaam on masin, mille kaudu liiguks Tallinna ja Helsingi vahel mitukümmend tuhat reisijat päevas. Raudteejaam tuleb paigutada Tallinnale iseloomuliku keskkonna keskele, pannes rongilt mahatulijad miljöövööndi, kesklinna ja city vahetusse lähedusse. Tallinn and Helsinki are very different cities and instead of competing between themselves, a twin city makes it possible to become enriched by their differences. It is important that the high-speed rail connection is not established in a suburban railway station. Rather, it should make the centres of the twin city interact synergetically between themselves. Tallinn can be the passive party in the twin city alongside Helsinki but it can also gain considerably more from this symbiosis. By using Helsinki s potential, Tallinn would gain a powerful extra motor for its city centre and for Estonia s economy. The railway station of the twin city is a machine through which tens of thousands of travellers would pass daily between Tallinn and Helsinki. The railway station should be situated in the middle of the environment that is characteristic of Tallinn, placing the people disembarking from the train in the immediate vicinity of the City, the city centre, and the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt. 60 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

59 Raudteejaam tuleb paigutada Tallinnale iseloomuliku keskkonna keskele, pannes rongilt mahatulejad miljöövööndi, kesklinna ja city vahetusse lähedusse. The railway station should be situated in the middle of the environment that is characteristic of Tallinn, placing the people disembarking from the train in the immediate vicinity of the City, the city centre, and the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt.

60 TALSINKI KAKSIKLINN Regiooni keskus Euroopa Liidu kontekstis Kiirrongijaamast kujuneb omamoodi kaksiklinna keskus Tallinnas. Siin elab või töötab kaksiklinlane, kes saab siit mugavalt teise linna minna. Kaksiklinlane on enesekindel spetsialist, kes on valmis töötama ja karjääri tegema ka välisriigis, kuid kes tänu kahe linna vahelisele heale transpordiühendusele saab siiski jääda kodumaale. Kaksiklinna Tallinna keskuses asuvad ettevõtted, mis eelistavad soodsamat majanduskliimat, kuid vajavad spetsialiste ka mere tagant. Siin elavad pered, millest pool töötab Soomes, pool Tallinnas. Tänu raudteejaamale saavad tallinlased nautida kõrgkultuuri Helsingis ning soomlased ajaloolist linna ning kaasaegset ja pulbitsevat elu Tallinnas. Kahe linna vahelise tunneli rajamist tuleb vaadelda koos uue majandusmootori, linliku raudteejaama city, kasuga. Kiirrongiühenduste tasuvusanalüüse koostatakse üldjuhul puhtalt piletihindade ja reisijate hulga baasil, kuid kaksiklinna The high-speed railway station will develop into a kind of twin city centre in Tallinn. Twin city residents live or work here and they can go to the other city conveniently from here. The twin city resident is a confident specialist who is prepared to work and forge a career in a foreign country, yet who can nevertheless remain in his homeland thanks to the good transportation connection between the two cities. Businesses that prefer a more favourable economic climate yet which also need specialists from the other side of the sea are located in the city centre of the twin city Tallinn. Families, of which half works in Finland and half in Tallinn, live here. Through the railway station, Tallinners can enjoy high-level culture in Helsinki and Finns can enjoy the historical city and contemporary, pulsating life in Tallinn. The building of the tunnel between the two cities should be viewed together with the benefits of the new economic motor, the urban city of the railway station. Generally speaking, profitability analyses of high-speed rail connections are drawn up purely on the basis of ticket prices and the amount of passengers, Kahe linna vahelise tunneli rajamist tuleb vaadelda koos uue majandusmootori, linliku raudteejaama city, kasuga. The building of the tunnel between the two cities should be viewed together with the benefits of the new economic motor, the urban city of the railway station. kontekstis on vaja tunneli tasuvust vaadelda koos uue majandusmootori kasuga. Kaksiklinna toimima hakkamiseks peavad piletihinnad olema piisavalt soodsad kriitiline mass peab hakkama kahe linna vahel niivõrd tihedalt ja sujuvalt liikuma, et kaks linna muutuks üheks ja linnakeskused saaksid uue hoo. Kiirrongijaama tuleb doteerida tekkivast majandusmootorist saadava kasumi põhjal, tunneli ja kaksiklinna keskuste käibed on omavahel eristamatud. yet in the context of the twin city, the profitability of the tunnel should be considered together with the benefits of the new economic motor. Ticket prices have to be sufficiently inexpensive in order for the twin city to begin functioning a critical mass has to start travelling between the two cities sufficiently frequently and smoothly that the two cities become one and city centres would gain new impetus. The high-speed railway station should be subsidised on the basis of the profits earned from the economic motor that is generated. The turnover from the tunnel and the centres of the twin city are indistinguishable. 62 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

61 TALSINKI TWIN CITY A Regional Centre in the Context of the European Union Esimene Talsinki mainimine: Jaan Kaplinski (Tallinn + Helsingi Talsinki või Hellinn), juuni 1992 Ühendlinna elanikkonna suurus: 1. Soome-Ugri Kaksiklinn Tallinn-Helsingi Talsinki 1,9 miljonit 2. Valgete-Ööde Kolmiklinn Tallinn-Helsingi-St. Peterburg Talsinkburg 6 miljonit Talsinki linnaaktivistid: Demos (Soome), Dodo (Soome), Linnalabor (Eesti), Uus Maailm (Eesti) Materjale Talsinki kohta: * Grete Soosalu ja Hilla Rudanko. Talsinki An Alternative Urban Story. ZTH, 2009 * Martti Kalliala. Talsinki Island A 21st Century Pragmatic Utopia. Helsinki University of Technology, 2008 * Talsinki / Hellinna. Demos Helsingi, 2009 First mention of Talsinki: Jaan Kaplinski (Tallinn + Helsinki Talsinki or Hellinn) June 1992 Size of the population of the joint city: 1. Finno-Ugric Twin City Tallinn-Helsinki Talsinki 1.9 million 2. White Nights Triple City Tallinn-Helsinki-St. Petersburg Talsinkburg 6 million Talsinki city activists: Demos (Finland), Dodo (Finland), Linnalabor (Urban Laboratory, Estonia), Uus Maailm (New World, Estonia) Materials concerning Talsinki: *Grete Soosalu and Hilla Rudanko Talsinki An Alternative Urban Story ZTH 2009 *Kalliala, Martti. Talsinki Island A 21st Century Pragmatic Utopia. Helsinki University of Technology, * Talsinki / Hellinn Demos Helsinki Allikas/Source: Demos Helsinki. Talsinki / Hellinna. Brošüür, 2009 Helsingi Helsigi madal/ Shallow of Helsinki Rahvusvahelised laevaliinid/ Tallinna madal/ International ferry routes Shallow of Tallinn Tallinn Pehme kalju/soft rock Kõva kalju/solid rock KAKSIKLINN MERE ALL Twin City Connected through the Bottom of the Gulf of Finland THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 63

62 ERIILMELINE TALLINN Identiteetide paljususe soodustamine Linn peab olema inimese jaoks isiklik. Linnas elades peab linlane tundma sidet oma elukohaga: oma koduga, oma tänavaga, oma linnajao ja linnaga. Inimene peab koduseks pidama igat ruumitasandit linnast. Linna ja riigi tasandil on oma kodu tunded peamiselt vaimsed. Kõige selgem oma tunne on inimestel korteris, oma pere ruumis. Koduselt tuntakse ka ennast oma majas ja trepikojas esimese astme ühisruumis, mida omatakse koos naabritega. Linna tasandi ja majaühistu vahele jääb kodukandi ruumitasand kodupargid, -väljakud ja -tänavad avalik ruum, milles me iga päev enim aega veedame. Kodukandi ja elaniku suhestumise alustala on eriline kodu aura piirkonnas. Iga linnaasum vajab omale tugevat identiteeti, mis eristaks selle piirkonna muust linnast. Asumi erisuse aluseks on oma kindel identiteet, mille peamisteks kujundajateks on kohalike omavaheline suhtlus linnakogukondade näol. Linnaasumite identiteetide loomisel on esimese töö ära teinud lihtne asumisiltide paigaldamine, mis on defineerinud kodukantide piirid. Erinevate asumite piire peab võimendama nendele omalaadsete tänavate kujundamisega ning arhitektuurilise eripalgelisuse andmisega. Kuid linnaasumi, linnakogukonna identiteet ulatub kaugemale ruumi disainist, seda ei saa linnavõim otseselt korraldada. Cities must be personal for people. Living in the city, the city dweller has to feel a connection with his place of residence: with his home, his street, his city borough and the city. People have to feel at home at every spatial level of the city. The feelings of one s own home are mainly intellectual on the level of the city and of the state. People sense the feeling of what is one s own most clearly in their apartment, in the space of one s own family. People also feel at home in their building and in the stairwell the first level of common space that is owned jointly with one s neighbours. The spatial level of one s home neighbourhood the parks, squares and streets in one s home neighbourhood public space in which we spend the most time from day to day is somewhere between the city level and the level of the building association that a person s apartment belongs to. A particular home aura in the area is the main support for how residents relate to their home neighbourhood. Every city district needs a strong identity to distinguish that area from the rest of the city. The basis for the distinctness of a district is its definite identity. The interaction of locals among themselves in the form of city communities is the main factor that shapes this identity. The simple placement of district signs to define neighbourhood boundaries has done the initial work in creating the identities of city districts. The boundaries of the different districts should be amplified by designing streets that are characteristic of and particular to each district and giving their architecture their own distinct appearance. Yet the identity of the city district, the identity of the city community extends beyond the design of space. The municipal authorities cannot directly organise this. Linnas elades peab linlane tundma sidet oma elukohaga: oma koduga, oma tänavaga, oma linnajao ja linnaga. Living in the city, the city dweller has to feel a connection with his place of residence: with his home, his street, his city borough and the city. 64 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

63 DIVERSE TALLINN Fostering Diversity of Identities Skeem/Diagram: Marten Kaevats ERIILMELISED TALLINNA ASUMID Tallinn's Districts with Distinct Appearances THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 65

64 ERIILMELINE TALLINN Identiteetide paljususe soodustamine Kodukant on linnale kuuluv avalik ruum, samas on tegemist vahepealse ruumitasandiga, mille iseloomu määravad linnavõimu tehtavatest otsustest tunduvalt rohkem inimestevahelised suhted. Kodukandi eriilme loovad inimeste tegevused linnas. Identiteeti kujundavad igapäevased trikitamised ja ühine seltsielu avalikus ruumis. Kohalikustaja on kodukandi elanike omavahelise suhtluse eestvedaja, kes loob asumi avalikus ruumis toimuvatest tegevustest piirkonnale identiteedi ja selle abil elanikule kodu tunde. Kohalikustajad on tänapäeva Tallinna mõistes erinevad seltsid või seltsingud. Linnavõim peab soodustama kõikvõimalike kohalikustajate tegevust. Kohalikustajad on kaasaegse Eesti kodanikuühiskonna võimsamad organisaatorid. One s home neighbourhood is public space that belongs to the city, while at the same time it is an intermediate level of space, the nature of which is defined far more by relationships between people rather than by decisions made by the municipal authorities. The activities of people in the city create the distinct appearance of one s home neighbourhood. Everyday pranks and common social life in public space form identity. A localiser is the organiser of interaction among the residents of a neighbourhood who creates an identity for the area from the activities that take place in the district s public space and in so doing, creates a feeling of home among residents. Various societies or clubs are localisers in terms of present day Tallinn. The city authorities should foster the activities of all manner of localisers. Localisers are the most powerful organisers of contemporary Estonian civil society. Iga linnaasum vajab omale tugevat identiteeti, mis eristaks selle piirkonna muust linnast. Every city district needs a strong identity to distinguish that area from the rest of the city. Suured linna ideed, mis seovad linna tervikuks, peavad saama omale toeks kohaliku erisuse. Miljöövööndis loovad kohalikustajad Kalamajast, Kassisabast, Uuest Maailmast, Veerennist ja Kadriorust erinevate identiteetidega mõnusaid keskkondi, mis ei konkureeri omavahel, vaid rikastavad üksteist ning loovad vööndipõhisele ringliiklusele eriilmelise programmi. Lisaks puitasumite identiteediloomele võiksid omalaadset kohalikku omapära rõhutada kõik Tallinna piirkonnad. Grand ideas of the city that unite the city into a complete whole need the support of local distinctness. Localisers in the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt are turning Kalamaja, Kassisaba, Uus Maailm, Veerenni and Kadriorg into pleasant environments with different identities that do not compete among themselves but rather enrich each other and create a programme with a distinct appearance for traffic within the ring based on that zone. In addition creating identity for districts of wooden architecture, all areas of Tallinn should emphasise unique local flavour. 66 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

65 Kodukandi eriilme loovad inimeste tegevused linnas. Identiteeti kujundavad igapäevased trikitamised ja ühine seltsielu avalikus ruumis. The activities of people in the city create the distinct appearance of one s home neighbourhood. Everyday pranks and common social life in public space form identity.

66 TALLINN VEELE Looduslike eripärade esiletõstmine Kõik teavad, et Tallinn on merelinn mööda Tallinna veeliini kulgev promenaad ei ole enam hullumeelne visioon, see on lähiajal sündimas. Meri on üks Tallinna linna kujundanud eripäradest. Esiletõstmist väärivad ka teised Tallinna kujundanud looduslikud eripärad Härjapea ja Pirita jõgi, Tallinna paeklint ning Ülemiste järv. Mere ja järve vaheline kitsaskoht muudab Tallinna palju tihedamaks ja linnalikumaks kui teised sama suured linnad tavaliselt tunduvad. Seda kitsaskohta võiks veel enam rõhutada. Kasutamata potentsiaal on olemas: Ülemiste järve rohelus ulatub läbi Siselinna kalmistu ja keskstaadioni ala linnakeskusesse. Tihe kesklinn, kust on võimalik minna mõne minutiga linnaserva, järveäärsesse parki, on Tallinna eelis teiste linnade ees. Ülemiste järv asub linnast lõunas ning tal on puhkekohana eeliseid kirdetuultele avatud mere ees. Tallinn tuleb avada nii merele kui ka järvele. Parim on, kui vastavalt ilmale ja tujule on võimalik valida, millise vee ääres viibida. Ülemiste järve lõunasse vaataval kaldal on puhkealana suurt potentsiaal seda enam, et tehnoloogiate paranedes ei pea joogivee kvaliteedi pärast muretsema. Järve ja mere vahelises kitsaskohas on ka Härjapea jõgi, mille maastikuline mõju tuleks uuesti esile tuua. Kadunud jõe säng tuleks uuesti maha märkida ning siduda avaliku ruumiga. Everyone knows that Tallinn is a maritime city. A promenade proceeding along Tallinn s shoreline is no longer a demented vision it will become a reality in the near future. The sea is one of the features that has shaped the city of Tallinn. Other natural features that have shaped Tallinn deserve to be pointed out as well the Härjapea and Pirita rivers, Tallinn s limestone clint, and Lake Ülemiste. The narrow area between the sea and the lake makes Tallinn much denser and more urban than other cities of the same size ordinarily seem. This narrow area should be emphasised even more. Unused potential exists: the greenery of Lake Ülemiste extends through Siselinna Cemetery and the Central Stadium area into the centre of the city. A dense city centre from which it is possible to go to the edge of the city in a matter of minutes to a lakeside park is one of Tallinn s advantages over other cities. Lake Ülemiste is situated south of the city and has advantages as a recreational area over the sea, which is open to northeasterly winds. Tallinn needs to be opened up to both the sea and the lake. The best arrangement would be to have the option of choosing which shore of which water body to spend time at according to the weather and one s mood. The shore of Lake Ülemiste facing south has great potential as a recreational area even more so because as technologies improve, there is no need to worry about water quality. Härjapea River is also in the narrow area between the lake and the sea, and its effect on the landscape should be made prominent once again. The riverbed of the dried up river should be marked out once again and tied in with public space. Meri on üks Tallinna linna kujundanud eripäradest. Esiletõstmist väärivad ka teised Tallinna kujundanud looduslikud eripärad Härjapea ja Pirita jõgi, Tallinna paeklint ning Ülemiste järv. The sea is one of the features that has shaped the city of Tallinn. Other natural features that have shaped Tallinn deserve to be pointed out as well the Härjapea and Pirita rivers, Tallinn s limestone clint, and Lake Ülemiste. 68 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

67 TALLINN TO WATER Giving Prominence to Natural Skeem/Diagram: Marten Kaevats TALLINNA VESI, ROHELUS JA KLINT Tallinn s Water, Greenery and Clint THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 69

68 TALLINN VEELE Looduslike eripärade esiletõstmine Tallinna seob ristipidiselt kitsaskohale tervikuks Tallinna Talje (tabava nimetuse on andnud Katrin Koov ja AB Kavakava) paeklint, mis kulgeb Tiskrest läbi Mustamäe Lasnamäele ja Viimsisse. Tallinna paeklindi kujundamisega sidusaks rekreatsioonialaks saaks kõik linnaosad siduda ühtseks puhke- ja sporditsooniks, mis jätkub ka linnast välja. Paeklint oma mõjusa kõrguste vahega on praegu suurel määral selge identiteedi ja kasutuseta. See vägev maastikuline omapära on linnaosade Tallinn s Waist (Katrin Koov and AB Kavakava has christened it with this apt name), limestone clint that runs from Tiskre through Mustamäe to Lasnamäe and Viimsi, ties Tallinn together into an integral whole crosswise with the narrow area. By turning Tallinn s limestone clint into a cohesive recreational area, all boroughs of the city would become connected to a joint recreational and sports activity zone that would extend beyond the city as well. The limestone clint with its powerful difference in heights has no clear identity and use nowadays Tihe kesklinn, kust on võimalik minna mõne minutiga linnaserva, järveäärsesse parki, on Tallinna eelis teiste linnade ees. A dense city centre from which it is possible to go to the edge of the city in a matter of minutes to a lakeside park is one of Tallinn s advantages over other cities. piiriks ja eristajaks, kuid võiksime seda vaadelda ka linnaosade ühisosana. Klindivööndist võikski kujuneda linnaosasid ja peamiseid Tallinna rohe- ja spordialasid ühendav selgroog. Nagu miljöövööndit, on ka Tallinna Taljet vaja ühendada ja siduda. Jooksu- või suusaradu mööda võiks saada sujuvalt üle magistraalide. for the most part. This mighty feature of the landscape forms a boundary nowadays separating city boroughs from one another, yet we could look at it as an area that the city boroughs share in common. The clint could potentially develop into a backbone joining together city boroughs and Tallinn s main green areas and sports fields. Just as with the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt, Tallinn s Waist needs to be joined together and connected. People could smoothly cross highways by running or skiing here. 70 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

69 Tallinna seob ristipidiselt kitsaskohale tervikuks Tallinna Talje, paeklint, mis kulgeb Tiskrest läbi Mustamäe Lasnamäele ja Viimsisse. Tallinn s Waist, limestone clint that runs from Tiskre through Mustamäe to Lasnamäe and Viimsi, ties Tallinn together into an integral whole crosswise with the narrow area.

70 MASTER PLANS Veerenni The Freight Yard Territory The Harbour Territory

71 PLANEERINGUD Veerenni Kaubajaama Sadama-ala

72 Planeeringute asukohad Locations of the Master Plans

73 II Kaubajaama / The Freight Yard Territory III Sadama-ala / The Harbour Territory I Veerenni

74 VEERENNI PLANEERING VEERENNI MASTER PLAN OTT ALVER ALVIN JÄRVING MARTIN TAGO Olemasolev situatsioon Existing situation Ala asub Veerennis, Lõunaväila ja Tartusse kulgeva raudtee vahel. Seni planeerimata maa-ala on muutunud kesklinna asustamata ääreks, kust edasi liikumine on blokeeritud raudteega. Kontaktvööndi uued planeeringud näitavad ilmselgeid aktiivsuse märke endistele tehase ja vangla aladele on ette nähtud elamu- ja ärikvartalid, mis nõuavad ääreala ümbermõtestamist. Kesklinna kalmistu roheala lõppemine Lõunaväilaga ei kasuta ära Ülemiste järve potentsiaali saada kesklinnale oluliseks rekreatsioonialaks. Seetõttu muutub antud ala võtmekohaks kogu piirkonnale ja suuremas plaanis ka kesklinna funktsioneerimisele. The area is situated in Veerenni between the Lõunaväil (Southern Motorway Passage) and the railroad that runs towards Tartu. This hitherto unplanned territory has become an uninhabited peripheral area on the outskirts of the city centre. The railroad blocks off passage through this area. New master plans for the Contact Belt indicate very clear signs of activity residential and business districts are planned for the territories of the former factory and prison, requiring the reinterpretation of this peripheral area. The end of the green area of the Kesklinna (City Centre) Cemetery at the Lõunaväil (Southern Passage) does not use the potential of Lake Ülemiste to become an important recreation area for the city centre. For this reason, this area becomes the key location for the entire area and more generally speaking, for the functioning of the city centre as well. Planeering seob omavahel Järve roheala ja kesklinna, muutes ääreala mitmekülgselt ligipääsetavaks ja atraktiivseks. The master plan links the Järve green area and the city centre together, making this peripheral area attractive and accessible in a variety of ways. 76 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

75 SKEEM 1 PLANEERINGU MAA-ALA LINNAEHITUSLIK ASENDISKEEM. Diagram 1 Urban construction location scheme for the territory of the master plan. Kalamaja sadam/ port Pelgulinn Vanalinn/ The Old Town City Raua Kadriorg Kassisaba Keldrimäe Torupilli Uus Maailm Veerenni lennujaam/ airport NEW OLD TOWNS WOODEN LIVING AREAS UNDER PROTECTION DISTRICTS MAIN WOODEN LIVING AREAS OLD TOWN PROTECTED MEDIVAL CITY BASTIONAL BELT PARKS AROUND OLD TOWN "Uued vanalinnad" - kaitse alla kuuluvad puitasumid "New Old Towns" - municipal districts of wooden houses under cultural protection Asumid - peamised puitasumid Districts - main municipal districts of wooden houses Tallinna Vanalinn The Old Town Bastionaalvöönd pargid ümber Vanalinna The Bastion Belt the ring of parks around the Old Town SKEEM 2 MILJÖÖVÖÖND ÜMBER VANALINNA. Veerenni planeering tähistatud sinisega. Diagram 2 Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt around the Old Town. Indicated below in the general context of the Veerenni area. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 77

76 PLANEERINGUD MASTER PLANS Planeeringu idee Käesolev planeering näeb ette kesklinna sidumist Ülemiste järvega. Kõrguste vahe kesklinnaga ja tema ümber jäävate autoteedega annab väga hea võimaluse ühenduste loomiseks nii Ülemiste järve kui ka Veerenni elamurajooniga. Looduslikke eripärasid kasutades on võimalik kesklinna äärealale luua suurepärane elukeskkond, mis on tihedalt ühendatud kesklinnaga, kuid millel on linnaääre kvaliteedid. Siit saab jala kümne minutiga kesklinna ja kahe minutiga linnast välja sportima. Miljöövööndi jätkumiseks on oluline täita tühimik funktsioonidega, mis tagaksid täisväärtusliku elukeskkonna ning samas võimaldaksid kerget läbiliikumist. Seosed Tallinna ideedega Idea of the Master Plan This master plan proposes linking the city centre to Lake Ülemiste. The difference in height compared to the city centre and the motorways around it provides a very good opportunity for implementing easy crossings in the direction of both Lake Ülemiste and the Veerenni residential area. It is possible by using this natural feature to create a superb living environment at the periphery of the city centre that is closely connected with the city centre yet has the qualities of the outskirts of the city. This area is a ten-minute walk from the city centre and it is a two-minute walk to get out of the city for sports activities. It is important to fill the gap with functions that would ensure a complete living environment with all necessary components and at the same time allow easy passage through the area in order to facilitate continuity of the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt through the area. Connections with the Idea of Tallinn (Diagram 2) The structure of the master plan is based on two previously discussed ideas for Tallinn, namely the Cultural and PLANEERINGU LÄHTEIDEED: 1. Miljöövöönd ümber Vanalinna 2. Tallinna kesklinna tihendamine SOURCE IDEAS OF THE MASTER PLAN: 1. Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt around the Old Town 2. Densifying Tallinn s City Centre (Skeem 2) Planeering lähtub oma ülesehituselt kahest eelnevalt käsitletud Tallinna ideest, milleks on miljöövöönd ümber vanalinna ja kesklinna tihendamine. Miljöövööndile iseloomuliku madaltiheda ja õdusa keskkonna jätkumine on suunatud läbi planeeringu keskme ja rõhutatud kahe kõrgema hooneteblokiga põhjas ja lõunas, mis vormistavad ida-lääne suunalise liikumissuuna ja samas blokeerivad keskme suuremast transpordimürast. Lõunaküljelt piirab väikeelamute kvartaleid suurem elumajade plokk, mis kõrguste vahe tõttu võimaldab suurepäraseid vaateid linnale ja Ülemiste järvele. Põhjas paikneb Lõunaväila äärne kõrgem ärifront. Environmental Heritage Belt around the Old Town, and the densification of the city centre. It is necessary to block the Lõunaväil (Southern Motorway Passage) and rail traffic in the direction of Tartu in order to move through the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt, thus the master plan proposes a business front on its northern side (Diagram 3), which makes crosswise travel possible only from key junctions. The areas of small dwellings is bounded on the southern side by a large block of residential buildings that has excellent views of the city and Lake Ülemiste due to their difference in height. 78 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

77 [Academic use only] SKEEM 3 PÕHJA-LÕUNA SUUNALINE LÕIGE LÄBI PLANEERITAVA ALA. Diagram 3 North-south cross-section through the planned area. Academic use only] SKEEM 4 ERINEVAD SÜNDMUSED ALALT LÄBI LIIKUDES. Diagram 4 Different events in moving through the area. SKEEM 5 FUNKTSIONAALNE JAOTUMINE. Diagram 5 Functional distribution Miljöö tüpoloogia Ühe trepikojaga, privaatse aiaga puust korterelamud. Cultural and environmental heritage typology Wooden apartment buildings with one stairwell and a private yard. Segatüpoloogia Eramajad väikeste büroodega. Mixed typology Private houses with small offices. Äri Büroohooned. Commercial Office buildings. Poolavalik Promenaadile avatud hoovidega tõstetud. "Semi-public Raised with courtyards open to the promenade. Poolprivaatne Nurgaga promenaadile avatud hoovidega kortermajad. Semiprivate Apartment buildings with courtyards open to the promenade at an angle. Poolprivaatne Suletud hoovidega kortermajad. Semiprivate Apartment buildings with closed courtyards. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 79

78 PLANEERINGUD MASTER PLANS Miljöövöö kui programm (Skeem 4) Linliku keskkonna tekkeks on oluline silmas pidada võimalikult eriilmelist programmi. Planeeringu koostamisel on lähtutud erinevatest sündmustest miljöövööndi kulgemise trajektooril. Alates kohvikutest, mänguväljakutest, äridest kuni lasteaiani, mis võimaldavad elanikel, aga ka möödaminejal või miljöövööndi nautijal, olla lähedal täisväärtuslikule elukeskkonnale, võimaldades jälgida vaatemängulist linnaruumi. Lisaks arvestab planeering põhjast tuleva kergliiklussillaga, mis jõuab välja Järve metsa. Funktsioonide jaotamine (Skeem 5) Funktsionaalselt on planeeringus erinevad hoonetüübid. Lõunaväila ja Veerenni tänava äärde jäävad äritsoonid, millele on hea ligipääs otse tänavalt. Samuti tõkestavad mahud liigset tänavamüra ja muudavad piirkonna aktiivseks just päeva esimesel poolel. Tegu on atraktiivse äritsooniga just kesklinna läheduse tõttu. Lõunaküljele jäävad suuremad elukvartalid, kus on kortereid ennekõike suurtele peredele, kuna seal on väga head ühendused rohealade ja mänguväljakutega. Poolprivaatsed sisehoovid soodustavad sotsiaalset kontrolli ja läbikäimist. Lineaarselt kulgevate hoonemahtude vahele on planeeritud miljöökeskkonda kaasaegses võtmes käsitlev piirkond, mis on oma olemuselt väga inimmõõtmeline ja jalakäijasõbralik. Seal asuvad poed ja erinevad töökeskkonnad inimestele, kes ei ole seotud asukohaga. Ala sisejuhatused on lahendatud kvartalitega, mis kasutavad ära kitsaskohtade kontsentratsiooni ja tekitavad linlikult tihedad segatüpoloogiaga keskkonnad. The Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt as a Programme (Diagram 4) It is important to bear in mind a programme that is as distinct as possible in order for an urban environment to develop. Different events in the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt s progress trajectory are the reference points for drawing up the master plan. From cafés, playgrounds and businesses on through to the kindergarten, facilities enable residents to be near a complete living environment with all the necessary components while at the same time allowing passers-by or visitors enjoying the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt to observe the spectacle of this urban space. Additionally, the plan takes into account the bridge for non-motorised transport modes coming from the north that extends to the Järve wooded area. Distribution of Functions (Diagram 5) The master plan includes functionally different types of buildings. Business zones with good access directly from the street line the Lõunaväil (Southern Motorway Passage) and Veerenni Street. At the same time, the building masses block excess street noise and make the area active during the first half of the day in particular. This is an attractive business zone especially due to its proximity to the city centre. Large residential areas are on the southern side with apartments primarily for large families since they have very good access to green areas and playgrounds. Their semiprivate backyards foster social control and interaction. An area that treats the cultural and environmental heritage environment in a contemporary manner is planned between the building masses that proceed linearly. This area is by its nature very human scale and pedestrian-friendly. Shops and various work environments are located in this area for people who are not tied to locations. City blocks that utilise a concentration of bottlenecks and give rise within themselves to very urban, dense environments with mixed typologies serve as introductions to the area. 80 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

79 Ala on piiratud suurte magistraalidega ja temast jookseb läbi Balti klint (kõrgus ~5m) The area is bounded by major arterial roads. The boundary of the Northern Estonian clint (height about 5 m) runs through the area. Miljööpromenaad on autovaba. Lõunaväila ääres kulgeb hoonete aluste autoparklate teenindustänav. Raudtee ääres on elamute juurde viiv autotee. The cultural and environmental heritage promenade is free of automobiles. A road servicing the parking garages under the buildings proceeds along the side of the Lõunaväil (Southern Motorway Passage). An automobile service road along the railroad leads to the residential buildings. Lõunaväila ääres väheneb müra tänu kõrguste vahele. Raudtee müra on perioodiline, kuid kaugele ulatuv. Noise will be reduced beside the Lõunaväil (Southern Motorway Passage) due to the difference in height. Railroad noise is periodic but extends for long distances. Parkimine on enamjaolt lahendatud promenaadi ja ärihoonete all. Lisaks on parkimiskohad raudtee äärsetel tänavatel. Parking is provided under the residential buildings and under the commercial buildings. There are additional parking spots along the railroad and on the streets. Miljööpromenaad on viidud ala linnapoolsesse serva. Kirdetuulte, külma ning Lõunaväila müra eest varjestab promenaadi ärihoonete front(sinine). Promenaad avab end linnale jalakäijate silla juures, kus tekivad vaated vanalinnale ja cityle. Lõunas on raudteemüra blokeeritud eluhoonete massiga. Public space the cultural and environmental heritage promenade is situated at the edge of the city side of the area. The front of commercial buildings shelters the promenade from northeasterly winds, cold and noise from the Lõunaväil (Southern Motorway Passage). The promenade is open to the city at the pedestrian bridge, where there are also views of the Old Town and the City. The mass of residential buildings blocks railroad noise coming from the north. Avalikku ruumi on paigutatud kohaliku elu võtmekohad, mis kõrguslikku vaheldumist võimendades loovad mitmekülgse promenaadi. The key locations of local life are placed in public space and they create a complete promenade while providing variation in height. PLANEERINGU ASENDIPLAAN Master plan THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 81

80 PLANEERINGUD MASTER PLANS ELAMUKVARTALITE RUUMILISED PÕHJENDUSED SPATIAL JUSTIFICATIONS OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS Väärtuslik elamine ELAMISALA RESIDENTIAL AREA KÕRGUS (max 5 korrust) HEIGHT (max 5 storeys) ELAMISALA RESIDENTIAL AREA KÕRGUS 3 korrust HEIGHT 3 STOREYS Elamutüpoloogiate planeerimisel on arvestatud müra, päikese liikumist, privaatse ruumi vajadust, avaliku ruumi vajadust. Planeeringu mahuline struktuur soosib võimalikult eriilmeliste arhitektuurilahenduste ja elamismudelite kasutamist. Living Well DISTANTS raudteest - 30m, promenaadist - 15m DISTANCE from: promenade - 15m railway - 30m PRIVAATSED HOOVID PRIVATE COURTYARDS Noise, the trajectory of the sun, the need for private space, and the need for public space have been taken into account in planning the dwelling typologies. The volumetric structure of the master plan fosters the use of architectural solutions and models of living with as great a variety of appearances as possible. TEED parkimise ligipääs ROADS entrances to the parking area HOOVIDE AVAMINE OPENING UP COURTYARDS HOOVID COURTYARDS MILJÖÖ 6,4% m 2 milieu 6,4% SOTSIAAL 1,3% 2500 m 2 social 1,3% AVATUD HOOVID PUBLIC COURTYARDS "TALLINNA MAJA" RÜTM RHYTHM OF THE "TALLINN" TYPE HOUSES SEGA 8,5% m 2 mixed use 8,5% ELU 50,2% m 2 residential 50,2% PÄIKESELISED HOOVID madalam lõunakülg SUNNY COURTYARDS lower south side NURGALAHENDUSED ENTRANCES TO THE COURTYARD ÄRI 33,6% m 2 commercial 33,6% KOKKU/TOTAL m 2 FAR 1,0 SUUR ELAMUKVARTAL LÕUNAS LARGE RESIDENTIAL AREA IN THE SOUTH MILJÖÖ KVARTAL CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE AREA 82 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

81 MILJÖÖVÖÖNDI TELG Axis of the Cultural and Envirionmental Heritage Belt MILJÖÖVÖÖNDI TELG Axis of the Cultural and Envirionmental Heritage Belt VAADE PLANEERINGULE Bird's-eye View of the Masterplan THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 83

82 KAUBAJAAMA PLANEERING FREIGHT YARD MASTERPLAN MARTEN KAEVATS EGON METUSALA Tallinna ühendamine Unification of Tallinn Tallinn on ruumiliste katkestuste linn, mille arengu üheks olulisemaks küsimuseks on liikumine. Seda nii linnas endas kui ka ühenduses teiste Euroopa linnadega. Praeguste liikumisvõimalustega piirdumise korral on võimalik Eesti pealinna, mis hakkab tõmbekeskusena aina enam kohta loovutama Riiale, ääremaastumine ja kapseldumine. Seda nii sisemiselt kui ka väliselt. Küsimuse lahendamata jätmine lööks Tallinna eriti valusalt, kui peaks toimuma mõni muutus inimeste ja kauba liikumist võimaldavates transpordi hindades. Samuti on küsimus ikkagi ka linna olemuses: kas see on võluv ja võimaldav või närvitsev ja ülbe linn. See töö esitab ühe võimaluse, kuidas Tallinn integreerida, kuidas muuta Tallinn jätkusuutlikumaks nii majanduslikus, ühiskondlikus kui ka kultuurilises mõttes. Või lihtsamalt öeldes: kuidas Tallinn ühendada. Tekib võimalus inimeste kriitiliseks massiks, mis elavdaks terve linna majanduselu. Töö ruumiline suurejoonelisus soovib rõhutada Kopli kaubajaama ala linlikku potentsiaali. Töö lähtub eeldusest, et nafta-baasiline liikumine kui selline muutub lähitulevikus kallimaks ning rahvusvahelise rongiliikluse tähtsus kasvab transpordiefektiivsetel ja regionaalsetel põhjustel. Tallinn is a city of spatial interruptions. Movement is one of the most important questions in its development. This is true both within the city itself as well as in connection with other European cities. If Estonia s capital restricts itself to its present transportation options, it is possible that it will retreat into its shell and become peripheral, both internally and externally, as it starts to relinquish its place as a supply centre to Riga more and more. Leaving this issue unresolved would be a particularly painful blow to Tallinn if some sort of change should take place in transportation costs. At the same time, the question is nevertheless in the nature of the city: is it a charming city of opportunity, or a high-strung and arrogant city? This project presents an opportunity for integrating Tallinn, for making Tallinn more sustainable economically, socially and culturally. Or more simply stated: how to unify Tallinn. The project is based on the assumption that movement as such will become more expensive in the near future and that the importance of international rail traffic will increase for regional reasons and due to considerations of the effectiveness of transportation. 84 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

83 SKEEM 1. KAUBAJAAMA PLANEERINGU INFRASTRUKTUURSE VERERINGE ASENDISKEEM DIAGRAM 1. LOCATION PLAN FOR THE INFRASTRUCTURAL CIRCULATION OF THE FREIGHT YARD MASTER PLAN PLANEERINGU LÄHTEIDEE: Rahvusvaheline transpordisõlm linnasüdamesse. GUIDING IDEA OF THE MASTER PLAN: An international transportation hub in the heart of the city. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 85

84 PLANEERINGUD MASTER PLANS Liikumine teistesse linnadesse Plaanitav kiirraudtee ühendab Kirde-Euroopa regiooni nii selle siseselt kui ka Kagu-, Kesk- ja Lääne-Euroopaga. Lõuna poole viib see Berliini, põhja poole aga tunneli abil Helsingisse. Väga kiiresti sõitvad rongid (kuni 255 km/h) tooksid reisija Helsingist Tallinnasse 30 minutiga, ja viiks Tallinnast reisija 1,5 tunniga Riiga, 2 tunniga Kaunasesse, 3,5 tunniga Varssavisse ja 6 tunniga Berliini aasta suvel avati Peterburi-Helsingi kiirrongiühendus, mis ühendab poliitilises mõttes stabiilselt mainitud transpordiühendusse ka Peterburi. Peterburist tulijad läheksid siis Helsingi ja Tallinna kaudu Euroopasse. Kuid tähtis on, et rong viib reisija otse kõikide nende linnade südamesse. Liikumine Tallinna sees Ja samas mängib sellise mahuga rahvusvaheline transpordikanal need linnasüdamed ümber. Antud planeeringu üks keskne idee on nii Tallinna külastavate kui ka siin elavate inimeste ühendamine ühistranspordi ja kergliikluse abil mis tahes linna punktiga ning Tallinna kesklinna elavdamine. Selleks on vaja võtta linna südame ümber kokku praegused idalääne suunalised ühistranspordikoridorid, kusjuures samal ajal integreeritakse ka vanalinna ümbritsevate miljööväärtuslike puitasumite, kesklinna ja mere vöönd. Linnalikult ja kergelt haaratavalt lahendab küsimuse ringtrammitee, mis loob mugavaid ümberistumisi võimaldavad transpordisõlmed (vt. skeemi lk. 41). Ükskõik, kust reisija ringtrammi ka ei satuks, oleks ta ikkagi ühendatud terve Tallinna ühistranspordisüsteemiga. Riikidevahelistel reisijatel peaks olema võimalus ja põhjus eelistada Tallinna kas sihtkoha või transiidikeskusena. Selle jaoks on tähtis erinevate transpordiliikide ja potentsiaalse turismiala sujuv ühendamine. Senisest suurema mõju saavad Tallinna puitlinnaosad, mis liidetakse Tallinna turismialasse. Linna südamesse jooksvad arterid väljastpoolt on reisisadam, lennujaam ning uus raudtee- ja bussijaam. Ringtrammiteele jääks neist kaks: reisisadam ning raudtee- ja bussijaam, lennujaam oleks ringtrammiteest paari (trammi)peatuse kaugusel. Transportation to Other Cities The planned high-speed rail line will link the region of Northeastern Europe internally as well as linking it to Southeastern, Central and Western Europe. To the south, the rail line will link the region to Berlin, and to the north with the aid of the tunnel, the region will be linked to Helsinki. Trains that travel at very high speeds (up to 255 km/h) would bring passengers from Helsinki to Tallinn in 30 minutes, and take passengers from Tallinn to Riga in 1.5 hours, to Kaunas in 2 hours, to Warsaw in 3.5 hours, and to Berlin in 6 hours. A high-speed rail connection between St. Petersburg and Helsinki was opened in the summer of 2010, which in political terms stably links St. Petersburg to this transportation system. Passengers from St. Petersburg would then travel to Europe via Helsinki and Tallinn. It is important, however, that the train takes passengers directly to the heart of all these cities. Transportation within Tallinn And it similarly creates the hearts of those cities. The objective of this project is to connect people visiting Tallinn and people living in Tallinn with their destinations in the city by way of public transportation and non-motorised transport modes as much as possible, and to liven up Tallinn s city centre. To this end, it is necessary to bring together the presently existing public transportation corridors running east-west around the heart of the city, whereas the belt consisting of the city centre, the sea, and the wooden architecture districts with cultural and environmental heritage surrounding the Old Town will also be integrated by the same process. The circular streetcar line will accomplish this in an urban manner that is easy to comprehend, creating transportation junctions that allow convenient transfers (see the diagram on pg. 41). Wherever passengers board the circular streetcar line, they would be connected here to Tallinn s entire public transportation system. International travellers should have the opportunity and reason to prefer Tallinn as either a destination or as a transit centre. To this end, the smooth linking of different types of transportation and the potential tourism area is important. By offering new, improved quality, the reputation of public transportation will also be improved. The harbour passenger terminal, the airport and the new international railway and bus station are arteries leading to the heart of the city from outside the city. Two of them would be on the circular streetcar line: the harbour passenger terminal and the railway and bus station. The airport would be a couple of (streetcar) stops from the circular streetcar line. 86 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

85 SKEEM 2. LINNALÄHIRONGIDE RAUDTEEJAAM 300 X 100 X 10 M DIAGRAM 2. RAILWAY STATION FOR METROPOLITAN AREA RAIL CONNECTIONS. 300 x 100 x 10 m SKEEM 3. RAHVUSVAHELINE RAUDTEEJAAM 300 X 100 X 50 M DIAGRAM 3. INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY STATION 300 x 100 x 50 m Planeering ühendab endas mitu jaama. The Master Plan connects several stations. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 87

86 PLANEERINGUD MASTER PLANS Uus raudteejaam Ühendatud linnasüdame peanärviks saab uus raudtee- ja bussijaam, kust sisenevad linna nii paljud turistid kui ka praktiliselt kõik Eesti-sisesed reisijad. See töö pakub sellise mahuga transpordisõlme asupaigaks praegust Kopli kaubajaama ala. Uude raudteejaama saab loogiliselt koonduda kogu Tallinna ühendav kaasaegne ühistranspordiskeem Tallinna kiir- ja ringtrammid, auto- ja rongitunnelid, lisaks saaks siit alguse kogu linna hõlmav kergliiklusvõrgustik. Trikk on ära kasutada senised transpordikoridorid, aga mõtestada nad teistmoodi: rongid ja bussid siseneksid linna tunnelite kaudu, mis ehitataks praeguste raudteetammide alla ning mille peal oleks kergliiklusja jalakäijate teed. Kogu planeeringut läbib tunnelis 4-realine magistraal, mis on ühendatud 2700 parkimiskohaga. See tekitab sellise ehitusmahu jaoks vajaliku kriitilise massi. Tihe rongijaam tekitab keskuse. Üks Tallinna ajalugu arvestav lisaväärtus on see, et see avab ukse Kopli ja Paljassaare poolsaarele, mille areng on seni ruumilise äralõigatuse tõttu soiku jäänud. Kopli poolsaarel asub 362 ha mereäärseid kõrge potentsiaaliga krunte. Kui praegused kinnised sadamad ja tööstusalad avataks inimestele ja segakasutusele, muudaks see kogu linna pilti. Ühe-kahe peatuse kaugusel raudteejaamast on paljud mereäärsed sihtkohad ja miljööalad. Raudteejaama ja suurte inimliikumiste lähedusse koondub kahtlemata ka äritegevus. See töö pakub lisaks transpordilahendustele ka äri- ja elukeskkonna nägemuse. Maapinna tasandil luuakse kesklinnaline avalik ruum ja madalad elukvartalid, mis meelitaks ka linna külastajat. Maapinnast allpool elab aga hoopis teistsugune linn, mis on mitmelt poolt vaadeldav. New International Railway Station The new international railway and bus station will become the nerve centre of the unified heart of the city, through which the number of tourists entering the city will be the same as the total of practically all travellers within Estonia. This project proposes the present day Kopli freight yard area as the location for this transportation junction on this scale. The entire contemporary public transportation system linking Tallinn can logically be concentrated in the new railway station Tallinn s high-speed streetcars and the circular streetcar line, automobile and rail tunnels, and in addition, the network of non-motorised transport modes covering the entire city would have its starting point here. The trick is to use already existing transportation corridors but to interpret them differently: trains and buses would enter the city through tunnels which would be built under the present day railroad embankments and on which would be roads for pedestrians and non-motorised transport modes. Business would also undoubtedly converge in the vicinity of the railway station as well. In addition to transportation solutions, this project also proposes a vision of a completely planned business and living environment in which city centre-style public space can be created. One added value that takes Tallinn s history into account is that it would open the door to Kopli and the Paljassaare Peninsula, the development of which has come to a standstill due to the fact that it is spatially cut off from the rest of the city. There are 362 hectares of seaside lots with great potential on the Kopli Peninsula. If the present day closed ports and industrial areas were to be opened up to people and mixed usage, it would change the picture of the entire city. Yet another of those worn Tallinn slogans would come to fruition: Tallinn would once again become a maritime city. Many seaside destinations are one or two stops away from the railway station, including harbours that could be connected to each other by a water streetcar. Yet thinking this idea through is no longer the objective of this project. 88 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

87 SKEEM 4. BUSSIJAAM -1 KORRUSEL. DIAGRAM 4. BUS STATION ON THE -1 STOREY. SKEEM 5. ÜHENDAV AVALIK RUUM. SKEEM 5. ÜHENDAV AVALIK RUUM. Tükike Manhattanit Pelgulinna ja Kalamaja vahel. A piece of Manhattan between Pelgulinn and Kalamaja. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 89

88 PLANEERINGUD MASTER PLANS Tallinna värav Raudteejaama planeeringu peamine eesmärk on luua Tallinnale läbikäidav värav, millel oleks ka monumentaalne väärtus. Luuakse ruum, milles on ühendatud vajadused ja kujund. Töö pakub välja, et Tallinn-Helsingi raudteetunneli trajektoor läbiks Paljassaare poolsaart, jõuaks praeguse Kopli kaubajaama alani ja suunduks sealt edasi lõuna poole praeguseid raudteekoridore pidi. Raudteejaama ala on kujundatud väljakuna, mis on jaotatud kaheks. Ülemiselt raudteejaamaplatsilt laskub väljak korruseliste terrassidena 50 meetri sügavusele. Seal asub suur, ruutmeetrine alumine raudteejaamaplats, mida ääristavad äri-, kontori- ja meelelahutuspinnad. Rahvusvahelised rongid saabuvad alumise raudteejaamaplatsi all asuvasse, samuti ruutmeetrise pindalaga raudteejaama. Peamine jalakäijate liikumissuund viib vanalinna poole Reisijate tänavat pidi, ühendades raudteejaamad Tallinna linna poolt planeeritava bussijaamaga. Osa väljakaevatavast pinnasest kasutatakse raudteejaama Pelgulinna-poolsele küljele kunstliku nõlva tekitamiseks, mis looks pehme ülemineku Pelgulinna. Lõunapoolsele küljele tekib tihe 3 4-korruselise segakasutusega puithoonestuse ja rahustatud liiklusega asum. Väljaku teisel kaldal on ida-läänesuunalised hoonemahud. Mahud on astmelised, et tagada maksimaalne lõunapäike. Planeeringu teemapüstitus seisneb kiire ja linnaliku raudteejaama ning magusate ja aeglaste miljööalade ruumilis-sotsiaalses kontrastis. Ehk: kuidas teha uus ja tihe linn nii, et see arvestaks vana mitmekesisust maksimaalselt, aga samas looks piisaval arvul ruutmeetreid, tagamaks arenduse jätkusuutlikkuse. Gateway to Tallinn The main objective of the master plan for the railway station is to create a gateway to Tallinn with a monumental value that people pass through. A space will be created in which needs are combined with design. The project proposes that the trajectory of the Tallinn-Helsinki railway tunnel should pass through the Paljassaare Peninsula, continuing on to the territory of the presently existing Kopli Freight Yard, and from there on southward along presently existing railway corridors. The railway station territory is designed as a square that is divided into two. The square descends from the upper railway station area downwards in the form of terraces that form storeys down to a depth of 50 metres. A large m2 lower railway station area is located there, skirted by commercial, business and entertainment space. International trains arrive at the railway station which also has a surface area of m2 and is located under the lower railway station area. The primary direction of pedestrian movement leads towards the Old Town along Passengers Street, connecting the railway stations to the bus station that is being planned by the City of Tallinn. Part of the soil that is to be dug out of the ground will be used to create an artificial slope on the side of the railway station facing Pelgulinn that would create a smooth transition to Pelgulinn. A dense district with 3 4 storey wooden buildings with mixed usage and limited traffic will be created on the southern side. Building volumes running east-west are proposed for the opposite embankment of the square. The building volumes are stepped in order to provide the maximum amount of sunlight from the southern direction. The theme as posed in the master plan lies in the spatial and social contrast between the fast-paced, urban railway station and the delightful, slow-paced cultural and environmental heritage areas. In other words: how to make a new and dense city so that it takes the old diversity into account as much as possible yet at the same time creates a sufficient number of square metres to ensure the sustainability of development. 90 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEED

89 SKEEM 6. TRAMMILIINID SKEEM 6. THE STREETCAR LINES SKEEM 7. AUTOLIIKLUS SKEEM7. AUTOMOBILE TRAFFIC Kiire ja aeglane linn. Fast and slow city. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 91

90 PLANEERINGUD MASTER PLANS 92 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEED

91 MÕÕDUD / DIMENSIONS kontor/office: m² äri/commercial: m² elamine/residential: m² parkimine/parking: m² pindala / area of the plot: m² FAR: 3,5 KOKKU / SUM: m² THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 93

92 SADAMA ALA PLANEERING HARBOUR AREA MASTER PLAN IVAN SERGEJEV HELEN REBANE KARINA NIINEPUU Sissejuhatus Introduction Vaatamatu sellele, et sadam on ajalooliselt üks Tallinna keskseid punkte, on ta hetkeseis nutune. Meie sadam on põld keset linna. Sadam ei ole ainult pump, mis toob inimesi/turiste Tallinna ja viib siit ära, vaid on ka terve linna logistilise võrgustiku koondumise koht linna logistiline keskpunkt. Ta asukoht kohe vanalinna, mis on Tallinna rahvusvaheline visiitkaart, ning tekkiva city kõrval tugevdab veelgi ala olulisust. Samuti saab sadam lähitulevikus linna üheks kultuurikeskuseks. Jäädes linnavalitsuse, Kultuurikatla, Linnahalli ning vanalinna vahele, kerkib ta uue Tallinna üheks põhiliseks avalikuks ruumiks. Planeeringu ideed ja eesmärgid Planeeringu kandvaks ülelinnaliseks ideeks on Tallinna kesklinna tihendamine ning sellega kaasnevate väljakutsete lahendamine. Eesmärgiks on tihendada Tallinna sadama ala ning arendada sellest välja tihe, mitmekesine ja efektiivne linnaruum. Sadama sõlm Lähtudes üldisest põhimõttest tihendamine, oli otsustatud, et planeeringu raames tihendatakse mitte ainult sadamaala, vaid ka sadamat ennast. Regardless of the fact that the Harbour is historically one of Tallinn s central points, its present condition is depressing. Our harbour is a field in the middle of the city. The harbour is not merely a pump that brings people/tourists to and from Tallinn. Rather, it is the place where the logistical network of the entire city meets the logistical centre of the city. Its location immediately beside the Old Town, which is Tallinn s international calling card, and beside the City that is being developed makes this area even more important. At the same time, the harbour will in the near future become one of the city s cultural centres. Located between the Municipal Government, the Kultuurikatel (Cultural Boiler), the Linnahall and the Old Town, it will emerge as one of the new Tallinn s main public spaces. Ideas and Objectives of the Master Plan The key citywide idea of the plan is the densification of Tallinn s city centre and the solution of the challenges that come with it. The objective is to densify Tallinn s harbour area and to develop it into a dense, diversified and effective urban space. The Harbour Junction Based on the general principle densification it was decided to densify not only the harbour area, but also the harbour itself within the framework of the master plan. 94 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

93 N AN M TE R RO THE CITY C N KESKLIN ENTRE KA DR IO RG SKEEM 1. PLANEERITUD MAA-ALA ASEND LINNAS. Sadamas saavad kokku mitu erinevat linnaehitusliku stiili, mis annab võimaluse luua tihe ja mitmekesine keskkond. DIAGRAM 1. LOCATION OF THE PLANNED TERRITORY IN THE CITY. Urban construction connections: several different urban construction styles meet at the harbour, providing the opportunity to create a dense and diverse environment. SKEEM 2. PLANEERINGU PÕHILINE LÄHTEIDEE: Tallinna kesklinna tihendamine linnasiseste hallide alade arvelt (täpsem idee kirjeldus vt. Tallinna ideedest). DIAGRAM 2. MAIN SOURCE IDEA OF THE MASTER PLAN: The densification of Tallinn s city centre using the grey areas within the city (see the discussion above about Tallinn s Ideas for a more precise description of the idea). THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 95

94 PLANEERINGUD MASTER PLANS Olemasolev sadam ei ole mitte transpordisõlm, vaid poole kesklinna ulatuses laiali määritud amööb, mis mitte ainult ei lõika linna ära merest ega takista igasugust tunnet, et Tallinn on merelinn, vaid on ka ruumikasutuse suhtes äärmiselt ebaefektiivne ala siseselt on terminalid laiali jaotatud, nendevaheline kommunikatsioon nõrk, ühtne aktiivne kese puudub. Väliselt puudub selge side linnaga nii ruumiliselt kui ka logistiliselt. Säilitades käesolevat võimsust, koondab pakutav lahendus kogu sadama ning sellega seotud infrastruktuurid ja institutsioonid sadama poolsaarele, kuhu kerkib modernne ja tihedalt integreeritud mitmekorruseline struktuur (vt. sadama hoone skemaatiline lõige). Pärast Tallinna lennujaama läbikukkumist Baltikumi keskusena on nüüd sadamal võimalus selles õnne proovida. Vaatamata sellele, et uus kompleks tundub liiga tihe, on ta täiesti realistlik. Meie sadamasse suunduvaid regulaarreise sooritavad praamid, mis on väga manööverdamisvõimelised neil pole probleem parkida samamoodi nagu autodel parkimismajas, tekitades lisaks maksimeeritud efektiivsusele ka täiesti unikaalse ruumilise situatsiooni. Poolsaarele, hoone alla, mahub ilusti nii veoautode parkla kui ka manööverdusplats. The existing harbour is not only a transportation junction but also an amoeba smeared across half the city centre which not only cuts the city off from the sea and hinders all manner of feeling that Tallinn is a maritime city, it is also extremely ineffective in terms of its use of space within its territory, the terminals are spread out, communication between them is weak, it lacks a single active centre ; externally it lacks a clear connection to the city both spatially and logistically. The proposed solution preserves the present capacity and concentrates the entire port area and the infrastructure and institutions associated with it on the harbour peninsula, where a modern and closely integrated multi-storey structure will be built (see the schematic section of the port building). After the failure of Tallinn s airport as the centre of the Baltic region, the harbour now has the opportunity to try its hand. Regardless of the fact that the new complex seems to be too dense, it is completely realistic. The regular voyages that come to our harbour are ferries that are very manoeuvrable it is no problem for them to park the same way as automobiles in a parking garage, creating an entirely unique spatial situation as well in addition to maximised effectiveness. The tractor-trailer parking lot and manoeuvring lot fits nicely on the peninsula under the building. Jäädes linnavalitsuse, Kultuurikatla, Linnahalli ning vanalinna vahele, kerkib sadam uue Tallinna üheks põhiliseks avalikuks ruumiks. Located between the Municipal Government, the Kultuurikatel (Cultural Boiler), the Linnahall and the Old Town, it will emerge as one of the new Tallinn s main public spaces. Kolimisega vabastab uus terminalihoone tohutu ala sadama lõunapoolsel küljel, kus praegu asub veoautode parkla. See aitab arendada sadama piirkonna atraktiivseks mereäärseks keskkonnaks ning hoida rannapromenaadi pidevust. Lisaks tihendatud terminalile näeb planeering ette ka Mereakadeemia kolimist Admiraliteedi basseini äärde ning uue Merekeskuse rajamist, võttes nõnda kokku sadama ala mereteemalise arenduse. By moving, the new terminal building will free up an enormous area on the southern side of the harbour where the tractortrailer parking lot is presently located. This will help to develop the harbour area as an attractive seaside environment and will also help to maintain the continuity of the seashore promenade. In addition to the densified terminal, the master plan calls for the Estonian Maritime Academy to move to the edge of the Admiralty Basin and for a new Maritime Centre to be built, thus bringing together the maritime theme development of the Harbour area. 96 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

95 sadama ala/ harbour area sadama hooned/harbour buildings praam/ ferry avalik pääs veele/ public access to the seaside SKEEM 3. OLEMASOLEVA SADAMA SKEEM NING PLANEERITAVA SADAMA SKEEM Olemasolev sadam katab hiiglaslikku piirkonda ning kasutab oma territooriumi erakordselt ebaefektiivselt. Pakutud lahendus koondab kogu sadama logistika ühte tihedasse sõlme, vabastades veeäärse ala avalikkusele ja arendusele. DIAGRAM 3. DIAGRAM OF THE EXISTING HARBOUR AND DIAGRAM OF THE PLANNED HARBOUR The existing harbour covers an enormous area and uses its territory exceptionally ineffectively. The proposed solution concentrates the logistics of the entire harbour into one dense junction, freeing up the seashore for the public and for development. SKEEM 4. PAKUTAVA SADAMAHOONE SKEMAATILINE RISTLÕIGE Sadamahoone on jaotatud alt üles kolmele tasandile: sõidukite terminal, inimeste terminal ning büroode, konverentsi- ja hotelli tasand. DIAGRAM 4. SCHEMATIC CROSS-SECTION OF THE PROPOSED PORT BUILDING The port building is divided into three levels ascending from below to above: vehicle terminal, passenger terminal, and office, conference and hotel level. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 97

96 PLANEERINGUD MASTER PLANS Kolm ringteed Tallinna kesklinna ümber on arenemas kolm erinevat ringteed, mis kõik ühelt poolt ühendavad Tallinnat kui tervikut, kuid samas ka killustavad tema erinevaid piirkondi. Põhja-Tallinnas on asi eriti terav, kuna vanalinna ja sadama vahelt läbi kulgev maariba on kitsas ning selle pikutine mitmekordne läbilõikamine asfaldiga muudab ristipidise kesklinna ja sadama ühendatuse keerukaks. Neist kolmest ringteest kulgeb üks juba praegu selgelt ümber vanalinna. Ka teine on peaaegu välja kujunenud ning koosneb Tehnika, Suur-Ameerika, Liivalaia, Pronksi ning Jõe tänavast. Kolmas on praegu vähem märgatavam, kuid Põhjaväila väljaehitamisega saab ka selle olemus ilmseks. Linna tihendamise ja elanike arvu kasvuga ni muutub nende ringteede tähtsus aina suuremaks. Kõik need kolm teed saavad alguse Balti jaamas, kulgevad erinevate raadiustega ümber kesklinna ning tulevad taas kokku sadamas. Kui jätkata kolmandat ringi ning ühendada need kõik ühte selgesse süsteemi, anda neile omapärane väljanägemine, arendada mööda neid trammi- ja kergliiklust, muutuvad nad palju efektiivsemaks ja selgemaks transpordisüsteemiks. Hea on ka see, et enamik nendest teedest on juba olemas või projekteeritud ja Tallinnas pole vaja läbi viia Haussmannlikke liigutusi. Planeeringu arendus Three Circular Bypass Roads Three circular bypass roads are emerging around Tallinn s city centre. All of them share one sector on the northern side of the city centre and are thus joined together. Already now they bring the city together yet in the event of Tallinn s densification and population growth in the city centre to , these roads will take on an even more important role. Of these three roads, one of the circular bypass roads already clearly encircles the Old Town. The second road is also apparent now and consists of Tehnika, Suur-Ameerika, Liivalaia, Pronksi and Jõe streets. The third road is presently the newest, yet with the completion of the Põhjaväil (Northern Motorway Passage), its nature will also become clear. The starting point of all three roads is Baltic Station. They proceed around the city centre with different radiuses and come back together again at the Harbour. If the third circular road is extended and all three roads are joined together into a single clear system, if they are given a distinct appearance, if streetcar lines and non-motorised transport modes are developed along them they will contribute to a far more effective and comprehensible transportation system. Another positive factor is that most of these roads already exist or have been planned and designed and so there is no need to implement Haussmann-type actions in Tallinn. Development of the Master Plan Võttes kokku kõik linnaehituslikud arendused ja ideed, millest oli juttu varem, esitab planeering Tallinna sadama ala linnaehitusliku visiooni. Planeeritav ala on jaotud nelja ossa: Rotermanni lõpetus koosneb mitmefunktsioonilistest hoonetest; keskkond on sobilik inimestele, kellel on kiire elutempo. Soov oli siduda visuaalselt ning ruumiliselt Ahtri tänaval lõppev Rotermanni kvartal Admiraliteedi basseiniga, tekitades samas tiheda ja kiire linna tunde. Rotermann vs. Lootsi läbitavus, suhtlus teljel Rotermann Lootsi. Külalise jaoks asuvad esimese korruse tasandil väiksed boutique id ja ateljeed. Elanike jaoks tekib katusepealne aed, kus naabritega mõnusalt vestelda ja aega veeta / sotsialiseeruda. Summarising all the urban construction developments and ideas that have been discussed previously, the master plan presents an urban construction vision of Tallinn s Harbour area. The territory covered by the plan is divided into four parts: The completion of the Rotermann Quarter consists of multifunctional buildings; the environment is suitable for people with a fast tempo of living. The aim was to connect the Rotermann Quarter ending at Ahtri Street to the Admiralty Basin both visually and spatially, and at the same time to create the feeling of a dense and fast city. Rotermann vs. Lootsi passability, interaction on the Rotermann Lootsi axis. Small boutiques and studios for visitors are located on the first storey level. A rooftop garden will be created for residents where they can have pleasant conversations with neighbours and spend time/socialise with them. 98 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

97 SKEEM 5. TALLINNA KOLM RINGTEED Käesolev situatsioon ning ettepanek tulevikus kolme ringtee ühendamiseks ühte süsteemi. DIAGRAM 5. TALLINN S THREE CIRCULAR BYPASS ROADS The present situation and the future proposal to join the three circular roads into a single system. Sadam Linnavalitsus Vanalinn Mereakadeemia Rotermanni kvartal Merekeskus Lootsi kvartal SKEEM 6. TÕMBEKESKUSED JA HUVIOBJEKTID DIAGRAM 6. CENTRES OF ATTRACTION AND OBJECTS OF INTEREST planeeritav ala/development area kergliiklustee/road for non-motorised transport modes planeeritav autotee/planned motorway olemasolev autotee/existing motorway uus trammiliin/new streetcar line SKEEM 7. MAAKASUTUSSKEEM DIAGRAM 7. LAND USE PLAN ühiskondlik maa/municipal land segafunktsiooniga maa/mixed-use land SKEEM 8. KERGLIIKLUSSKEEM DIAGRAM 8. PLAN FOR NON-MOTORISED TRANSPORT MODES kergliiklustee/road for non-motorised transport modes and pedestrians elumaa/residential land äri + elumaa/commercial+residential land äri/büroo/commercial/office kaubandus/retail THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 99

98 PLANEERINGUD MASTER PLANS SADAMAALA PLANEERING Ühtlane beež hatch markeerib olemasolevaid tühje alasid, mida on võimalik arendada, kuid mida ei ole planeeringus otseselt käsitletud. HARBOUR AREA MASTER PLAN Uniform beige hatching marks existing vacant areas that can be developed but are not directly dealt with in the master plan. 1 ROTERMANNI JÄTK/Continuation ehitusalune pind/built-up land 9886m 2 korruseid/storeys -1/6 äri/commercial 61% elu/residential 39% parkimiskohti/parking spots ROTERMANN VS. LOOTSI ehitusalune pind/built-up land 13448m 2 korruseid/storeys -1/8 äri/commercial 20% elu/residential 80% parkimiskohti/parking spots UUS KADRIORG/New Kadriorg ehitusalune pind/built-up land 18970m 2 korruseid/storeys -1/5 elu/residential 100% parkimiskohti/parking spots MERE KVARTAL/ The Sea Quarter ehitusalune pind/built-up land 33382m 2 korruseid/storeys -1/6 elu/residential 100% parkimiskohti/parking spots 1636 Merekvartali tekke määrajaks oli mereäärsus ja külmad põhjatuuled. Et anda inimesele mõnusat vaadet laevade maabumisele ja samas kaitsta ilmaolude eest, tõime antud alale kvartaalse olemuse. Sooviks oli pakkuda üheaegselt nii eraldatust e. eramaja/ridamaja tunnet kui ka sotsiaalsust. Uus-Kadriorg on kahe- ja kolmekorruseliste elamutega ala, mis püüab samastuda oma idapoolse naabriga Kadrioruga, võttes aga mõned iseloomulikud jooned ka kesklinnast. Elamine planeeritud alal on täiendatud teiste funktsioonidega, milleks on nii igapäevaelu vajadused Lootsi kvartali kaubanduskeskus, kool, polikliinik, ülikool, kui ka vabaaja veetmiskohtadega, nagu akvaariumihoone, boutique-id, kohvikud. Mereäärne promenaad läbib sadama planeeritud kvartali ja on suunatud edasi Kalamaja linnaosa poole, luues uue sadamaväljaku. The denominator of the origin of the seaside quarter was location on the seashore and cold north winds. Namely, we gave this area the character of a city quarter to give people a pleasant view of ships as they dock and at the same time to provide shelter from weather conditions. The aim was to simultaneously provide both sociality and seclusion, in other words the sense of private houses/row houses. New Kadriorg is an area of two and three storey dwellings that aspires to identify with its neighbour to the east Kadriorg, while at the same time adopting some character traits from the city centre as well. Living in the planned area is supplemented by other functions: the needs of everyday life such as the Lootsi Quarter shopping centre, a school, a polyclinic, the university; and places for spending leisure time, such as the aquarium building, boutique shops, cafés. The seaside promenade passes through the planned Harbour Quarter and is directed onwards towards the Kalamaja municipal borough, creating a new harbour square. 100 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

99 LÕIGE MEREKVARTALIST NING UUEST SADAMA VÄLJAKUST Cross-section of the Seaside District and of the New Harbour Square VAATED PLANEERINGULE Bird's-eye view of the Masterplan THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 101

100 APARTMENT BLOCKS

101 KORTERMAJAD

102 Veerenni planeeringu asukoht Location of the Veerenni masterplan

103 Planeeringuline jaotumine Distribution of the Master Plan Veerenni planeeringu sissepääsud Entrances of the Veerenni Master Plan Veerenni planeeringu miljöömajad Cultural And Environmental Heritage Houses In The Veerenni Master Plan Veerenni planeeringu dramaatika The drama of the Veerenni Master Plan Perimetraalne büroohoonete vöönd Perimetrical Belt of Office Buildings

104 Veerenni planeeringu sissepääsud Entrances of the Veerenni Master Plan OTT ALVER Mitmekesine elukeskkond soosib tihedama, huvitavama ning elamiseks sobilikuma ruumi teket. Sellise keskkonna tekke üheks alustalaks on suurde planeeringusse ette kirjutatud hoonetüpoloogiate varieeruvus, mis võimaldab erineva kultuurilise tausta, jõukuse, ühiskondliku staatusega inimeste kooselamist. Esile kerkib erinevate tüpoloogiate ruumiline kokkumängimine. Veerenni kvartali olemus jaotub kolmeks erinevaks elumajatüpoloogiaks, nagu võib näha eelmisel leheküljel paiknevalt skeemilt: miljöötüpoloogiat kandvad kvartalid planeeringu keskel, suur elamismaht lõunas ning planeeringu kolme sissepääsuga tegelevad kvartalid. Suure planeeringu sissepääsude kvartalid jaotuvad omakorda kaheks erinevaks tüpoloogiaks: kortermaja ja urbaansed villad. Nende omavaheline paiknemine loob linliku tänavaruumi, mis annab sissepääsule kindla identiteedi. Urbaansete villade vertikaalsed mahud vastanduvad kortermaja horisontaalsusele, luues sellega mitmekesise linnaruumi. Sissepääsude kvartaleid läbistavad diagonaalsed tänavad võimaldavad jõuda Veerenni planeeringu ida-lääne suunalisele keskteljele ning loovad visuaalse jätkuvuse, mis on linnaruumis kergema orienteerumise eelduseks. Vaatekoridorid annavad külastajale aimu kvartali erinevatest ilmetest. Kortermaja põhjaküljel paikneb linlik väljak, mille tunnusteks on tihedalt piiritletud ruum, mitmefunktsionaalsus, planeeritus ning erinevate tasandite mänglevus. Väljakult lähevad sissepääsud korteritesse ning kortermaja all paiknevasse spordisaali. Sellele vastandub urbaansetest villadest lõunas looklev ruraalne väljak, mis on kui looduslik aas linlikus keskkonnas. A diverse living environment fosters the emergence of denser, more interesting space that is better suited to living. One of the main supports for the formation of this kind of environment is the variability of building typologies prescribed in the master plan, which makes it possible for people of different cultural backgrounds, with different levels of affluence and different social status to live together. The spatial combination of different typologies emerges. The nature of the Veerenni Quarter is divided into three different dwelling typologies as can be seen from the diagram on the previous page: city blocks with cultural and environmental heritage typology in the centre of the plan, a large residential building on the southern side and city blocks connected with the three entrances to the planned area. The city blocks at the entrances on the general plan are in turn divided into two different typologies: an apartment building and urban villas. Their location in relation to each other creates an urban street space that gives the entrance a definite identity. The vertical volumes of the urban villas are in contrast to the horizontality of the apartment building, thus creating a diverse urban space. Diagonal streets pass through the city blocks at the entrances and provide access to the east-west directional central axis of the Veerenni master plan, creating a visual continuity that makes it easier to get one s bearings in the urban space. View corridors immediately give visitors an idea of the different aspects of the quarter as a whole. An urban square is located on the northern side of the apartment building. The attributes of this square are a compactly defined space, multifunctionality, planning, and playfulness on different levels. Entrances lead from the square to apartments and to a gym located under the apartment building. A rural square that meanders south of the urban villas is in contrast with the urban square and is like a natural meadow in an urban environment. 106 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

105 Vaade kvartalile läänest. Bird s-eye view from west. Variability also carries over to the storeys of the three-storey apartment building. The apartments are distributed according to size onto different storeys: the smaller apartments below and the larger ones on the upper storeys where there are better views. At the same time, all the apartments have views to at least three sides, and each apartment has its own terrace. The console volume of the luxury villa typology points south with a view of Lake Ülemiste, creating a space for living with an excellent view on the upper storey. The main entrance to the villas is from the south from under the console, creating a natural shelter there and emphasising magnificence. Varieeruvus kandub edasi ka kolmekordse kortermaja korrustele. Korterid jagunevad suuruse järgi erinevatele korrustele: väiksemad alla ja suuremad ülemistele korrustele, kust on võimalik saada paremaid vaateid. Samas on kõigil korteritel vaated vähemalt kolme külge ning igaühel on oma terrass. Luksuslik villatüpoloogia konsoolne maht on suunatud lõunasse, vaatega Ülemiste järvele, luues ülemisele korrusele suurepärase vaatega elamise ruumi. Villade peasissepääs on lõunast, konsooli alt, tekitades sinna loomuliku varjualuse ning rõhutades suurejoonelisust. Lõige vaatega itta. Section looking east. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 107

106 KVARTAL / KORTER CITY BLOCK / APARTMENT KORTERMAJA SÜSTEEM THE APARTMENT BUILDING SYSTEM I Aluseks võetakse pikk 3-kordne kortermaja. A long 3-storey apartment building is used as the basis.. II Korrused jaotatakse korteriteks nii, et üleval on suuremad ja all väiksemad korterid. The storeys are divided up into apartments so that larger apartments are above and smaller apartments are below. III Terrasside jaoks ja ruumi andmiseks lükatakse korterid üksteisest lahku. The apartments are pushed apart from each other in order to provide space and terraces. IV Võttes arvesse treppide paiknemist ning paremate vaadete saamist, lükatakse osad kortereid ka teistpidi nihkesse. Taking the location of stairs and the achievement of better views into account, some apartments are dislocated the opposite way. V Terviku vormi loomiseks ümbritsetakse legoklotsid raamiga. A large frame is placed as a cover to achieve completeness of the building. VI Maja koos treppidega. The building together with stairs. 108 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

107 LÄÄS WEST LÕUNA SOUTH IDA EAST PÕHI NORTH Legomaja vaated. Elevations of the Legohouse. N 1 : 200 Näidis 2-toaline korter Sample two-room apartment Korter paikneb kortermaja I korrusel. Korteri pindala on 50 m 2 + terrass. Kokku on I korrusel 5 sarnase suurusega korterit. The apartment is situated on the 1 st storey of the apartment building. The apartment floor area is 50 m 2 + terrace. There are 5 apartments in total of similar size on the 1 st storey. [Academic use only] 1 : 200 Näidis 3-toaline korter Sample three-room apartment Korter paikneb kortermaja II korrusel. Korteri pindala on 67 m 2 + terrass. Kokku on II korrusel 4 sarnase suurusega korterit. The apartment is situated on the 2 nd storey of the apartment building. The apartment floor area is 67 m 2 + terrace. There are 4 apartments in total of similar size on the 2 nd storey. 1 : 200 Näidis 4-toaline korter Sample four-room apartment Korter paikneb kortermaja III korrusel. Korteri pindala on 91 m 2 + terrass. Kokku on III korrusel 3 sarnase suurusega korterit. The apartment is situated on the 3 rd storey of the apartment building. The apartment floor area is 91 m 2 + terrace. There are 3 apartments in total of similar size on the 3 rd storey. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 109

108 Veerenni planeeringu dramaatika The Drama of the Veerenni Master Plan MARTIN TAGO Planeeringu kõige suurema elumahu lahendamisel on lähtutud põhimõttest luua kesklinna lähedusse alternatiiv eramajadele linna lähiümbruses. Oluline on elamumahu liigendatus, moodustades nii poolprivaatsed sisehoovid, kuhu on paigutatud ka väikelaste mänguväljakud. Sisehoovide tekitamisel saab eraldada kahte mahtu. Neljakorruselist maapealset mahtu, mis suhestub sisehoovi ja majatagusega, ning kahekorruselist õhus olevat mahtu, kust on suurepärased vaated linnale ja Ülemiste järvele. Liikumiste suunaga risti on paigutatud spordiväljakud, mis seovad miljöömajade ja elamumahu vahelise ruumi ühtseks tervikuks. Spordiväljakud on avalikud ning muudavad elukvartalid aktiivseks ja vaatemänguliseks. Kortermaja toalisus on mitmekesine. Esimesel korrusel on väiksemad, enamjaolt ühetoalised korterid, millel on suur tagaaed. Teisel, kolmandal ja neljandal korrusel asuvad peredele mõeldud kolme- kuni viietoalised korterid, mille vaated on põhjalõuna suunalised, võimaldades suurte rõdude paigutamist mõlemale poole maja. Viiendal ja kuuendal korrusel on korterid läbi korruste, andmaks mõlemapoolseid vaateid. Korterites on valdavalt kolm kuni viis tuba. Liiklus ümber maja on rahustatud ja inimsõbralik, kohalike elanike parkimine on lahendatud maja all oleva parklaga, jätmaks maa peale võimalikult palju rohealasid ja avalikku linnaruumi. Hoone on paigutatud miljöömajadest piisavale kaugusele, et tagada küllaldane valguse juurdepääs, ent tekitada tihe linnatänav. The principle of creating an alternative to private dwellings near the city centre in the near vicinity of the city was the starting point in designing the largest residential building of the master plan. The articulation of this residential building is important, thus forming semiprivate backyards where playgrounds for small children are also set up. Two volumes can be distinguished in creating the inner courtyards. A four-storey volume on the ground that relates with the inner courtyard and the area behind the building, and a twostorey volume in the air that has excellent views of the city and Lake Ülemiste. Sports fields are situated crosswise to the direction of movements, linking the space between the residential building and the cultural and environmental heritage houses into an integral whole. The sports fields are public and make the residential areas active and visually entertaining. The number of rooms per apartment varies within the apartment building. Smaller, mostly one-room apartments with large backyards are on the first storey. Three to five-room apartments intended for families are on the second, third and fourth storeys with views to the north and south, allowing the placement of large balconies on both sides of the building. The apartments on the fifth and sixth storeys extend clear through the building from one side to the other, providing views in both directions. These apartments have mostly three to five rooms. Traffic around the building is light and people-friendly. Parking is provided for local residents in the parking lot under the building, leaving as much green space and public urban space on the ground level as possible. The building is situated at a sufficient distance from cultural and environmental heritage houses to ensure sufficient access to natural light yet at the same time to create a dense city street. 110 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

109 KESKLINN Lõunaväil MILJÖÖ Vaade kvartalile läänest. Bird s-eye View from west. N Raudtee Täpsem lahendus /More precise solution Spordiväljakud / Sports fields Mänguväljakud / Playing fields Haljasala / Green area ÜLEMISTE JÄRV THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 111

110 KVARTAL / KORTER CITY BLOCK / APARTMENT KORTERMAJA SÜSTEEM Apartment building system I Kortermajale jäetav maa-ala. Territory set aside for the apartment building. II Blokeerimaks raudtee müra, paigutatakse lõunapoolsesse serva kuuekordne elamu maht. A six-storey residential building will be erected on the southern side to block railroad noise. III Poolprivaatsete sisehoovide tekitamiseks lüüakse ülemised kaks korrust hoonest lahku. The two upper storeys are to be separated from the building in order to create semiprivate inner courtyards. IV Nokkade suunamine vastavalt juurdepääsudele. Placement of the direction of the beaks according to means of access. V Liiklus ja juurdepääs maa-alustesse parklatesse. Traffic and access to the underground parking garages. VI Spordiväljakud viiakse majade vahele ja mänguväljakud sisehoovidesse. Sports fields are to be established between the houses and playgrounds in the inner courtyards. 112 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

111 IDA EAST PÕHI NORTH N 1 : 250 I korrus / 1 st storey 1 : 250 V korrus / 5 th storey Viienda korruse korterid on viidud läbi kahe korruse, võimaldamaks igale korterile lõunapäikesele avatud terrasse. The fifth storey apartments are duplex two-storey apartments to allow each apartment a terrace facing south for greater sunlight. 1 : 250 VI korrus / 6 th storey Igal korrusel on korterid erinevalt suunatud, et vältida üksteisele tubadesse sisse vaatamist. Sellisel suunamisel tekivad põhja-lõunasuunalised rõdud. The direction of the apartments is set separately for each storey to avoid the situation where apartment residents can look into each other s rooms. This setting of directions creates balconies facing north and south. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 113

112 Veerenni miljöömajad Cultural and Environmental Heritage Houses in the Veerenni Master Plan ALVIN JÄRVING Veerenni kvartali kontseptuaalsus peitub miljöövöö ringliikumise esiletoomises. Miljöömajade eesmärk on jätkata miljööväärtuslike piirkondade hoonestusstruktuuri kvartalit varjestavate büroo- ja elamumahtude vahel. Elavate tänavatega miljöövööndi ideaalkujund pärineb 20. sajandi algusest, mil elukeskkonna ruutmeetreid inimese kohta oli kolm korda vähem kui praegu. Miljöömajade missioon on organiseerida miljööväärtuslikud ruumiprintsiibid kordades tihedamasse keskkonda, et tagada uude elukeskkonda analoogne kriitiline mass kohalikke inimesi nagu ideaalkujundis. Niiviisi on võimalik kvartalisse projekteeritud väikeäride ja kohvikute iseseisev toimimine. Miljöömajade projekt pakub kaasaegset arhitektuurset lahendust, mis lähtub miljööalade hoonestuse peamistest ruumiprintsiipidest. Miljöömajade arhitektuur on inimmõõtmeline hoonete kõrgus ei ületa 4 korrust. Korterite hulk majas on väike naabrite tundmist soosiv keskkond on turvalisem. Kvartalite elukeskkond on avatud aedadesse hoovis on parkla katusel esinduslik eesaed ning selle kõrval viljapuudega tagahoovi maastik. Kaasaegne miljööhoonestus lähtub sajandialguse Tallinna maja rütmidest miljöövööndi jätkuvus on tajutav tänu elukeskkonna rütmide jätkumisele. Miljöömajade trepikojad on samaväärselt avatud hoovi ning kodutänavale. Igal kvartalil on oma sisetänav (autode jaoks tupik) ning oma väikesed koduväljakud. Kvartali korterid, millel on aeda avanevad katuseterrassid ning rõdud, pakuvad koos hubase hooviga alternatiivi eramaja ruumitüpoloogiale. The conceptuality of the Veerenni Quarter lies in the advancement of movement within the ring of the Cultural and Environmental Belt. The objective of the cultural and environmental heritage houses is to continue the building arrangement structure of the areas of cultural and environmental heritage between the office and residential buildings that shield the quarter. The ideal image of the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt with lively streets dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, when there were 3 times less square metres of living environment per person than nowadays. The mission of cultural and environmental heritage houses is to organise spatial principles that value cultural and environmental heritage into a many times denser environment in order to ensure an analogous critical mass of local people in the new living environment like in the ideal image. In this way, the independent functioning of small businesses and cafés designed for the quarter is possible. The cultural and environmental heritage houses project provides a contemporary architectural solution that relies on the primary spatial principles of the buildings in cultural and environmental heritage areas. The architecture of cultural and environmental heritage houses is human scale the height of buildings does not exceed 4 storeys. The number of apartments in buildings is small an environment that fosters knowing one s neighbours is safer. The living environment of the city blocks is opened to yards there is a presentable front yard on the roofs of the parking garage and beside it a backyard landscape with fruit trees. Contemporary cultural and environmental heritage building arrangement follows the Tallinn house rhythms from the turn of the century the continuation of the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt is perceptible due to the continuation of the rhythms of the living environment. The stairwells of cultural and environmental heritage houses are open equivalently to the backyard and to their home street. Each city block has its own inner street (a dead end for automobiles) and its own little home square. Apartments in the quarter with roof terraces and balconies facing the yard provide an alternative in the form of that same cosy yard to the spatial typology of private dwellings. 114 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

113 Arhitektuurne idee FRAKTAL The FRACTAL Architectural Idea Kvartali arhitektuurne idee peitub fraktaalloogikas. Erineva skaala elemente (kvartal, majadegrupp, kortermaja) vaadates selgub, et need on üles ehitatud samale kordusele. Rütmide aluseks on Tallinna maja kolmene rütm: elamisühik-sissepääselamisühik. The quarter s architectural idea lies in fractal logic. By observing elements of a different scale (the city block, a group of houses, the apartment building), it turns out that they are built up according to the same repetition. The rhythm of threes of the Tallinn house forms the basis for these rhythms: residential unit-entranceresidential unit. Tallinna Maja 1930ndad Tallinn type house in the 1930 s ELAMISÜHIK LIVING UNIT SISSEPÄÄS ENTRANCE ELAMISÜHIK LIVING UNIT Tallinna Maja 2010ndad Tallinn type house in the 2010 s THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 115

114 KVARTAL / KORTER CITY BLOCK / APARTMENT KVARTALI ÜLESEHITUS STRUCTURE OF THE QUARTER I Kvartali kuju Perimetraalne hoonestus. SHAPE OF THE QUARTER Buildings placed around the perimeter. II Kvartali sisetänav Maastiku, hoovide ja kvartali siseelu avamine. INNER STREET OF THE QUARTER Opening up the landscape, yards and life within the quarter. III Kvartali sisu avamine Väljakud eriilmeliste tänavate ääres lõuna- ja õhtupäikese suunal. OPENING UP OF THE INTERIOR OF THE QUARTER Streets of distinct appearance with squares at their sides facing south towards the evening sun. IV Haljastuse läbiliikumine Roheruumi jätkuvus läbi miljöövööndi. GREENERY PASSING THROUGH THE QUARTER Continuity of green space through the Cultural and Environmental Heritage Belt. V Autode juurdepääs Lõunapoolne tänav on rahustatud liiklusega, põhjapoolne tänav on ainult jalakäijatele. AUTOMOBILE ACCESS The street on the southern side has limited traffic, the street on the northern side is for pedestrians only. VI Majade grupi sisetänav Sissepääs hoovidesse ühendab maju parkla ja kuuridega ning teenindab aeda. INNER STREET OF THE GROUP OF HOUSES The entrance into the yards links the houses with the parking garage and sheds, and services the yard. 116 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

115 2. korrus 2 nd storey Korterite ülesehitus Structure of the Apartments 3. korrus 3 rd storey Korterid on üles ehitatud pikkadele vaadetele korteris, mis lõppevad aknaga. Pikkade vaadete teljed on korteri perimeetril nii tundub ruum suurem ja luksuslikum. Korter on üles ehitatud jätkuva ruumi põhimõtet kasutades seinad ja laed jätkuvad välisruumi. Töönurgad ja privaattsoonid on seinaga varjestatud. Nurgaaknad loovad linnavilla tunde iga korteri kolm väliskülge tagavad eriilmelised vaated. The apartments are structured for long views within the apartment that end with windows. The axes of the long views are at the perimeter of the apartment this way the room appears to be larger and more luxurious. The apartment is built up using the continuous space principle walls and ceilings continue on into the exterior space. Work spaces and private zones are screened off by walls. Corner windows create a feeling of a city villa the 3 outer sides of each apartment ensure views of different scenes. 4. korrus 4 th storey THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 117

116 Kaubajaama planeeringu asukoht Location of the Freight Yard Master Plan

117 Planeeringuline jaotumine Distribution of the Master Plan Miljöömajad TGV jaama nõlval Cultural and Environmental Heritage Houses on the Slope of the Tgv Station Pelgulinna kalda kortermajad Apartment Buildings on the Embankment on the Pelgulinn's Side Kalamaja kalda hoonestus Buildings On the Embankment on the Kalamaja Side Süviku seinte hoonestus+avalik ruum Buildings in the Walls of the TGV Station Cavity + Public Space

118 Miljöömajad TGV jaama nõlval Cultural and Environmental Heritage Houses on the Slope of the TGV Station MAARJA ELM Valglinnastumise hoos on inimesed elama asunud põldudele identiteeditusse keskkonda, kus tihti puuduvad pea kõik eeldused kvaliteetse elamiskeskkonna tekkimiseks. Elamisüksuste vahel puudub sidus avalik ja kogukondlikult kasutatav tänavaruum, puuduvad kohaliku tähtsusega ärid, teenused ja ajaveetmise võimalused olulisemad tegurid, mille järgi inimene tajub ja defineerib kodukanti või -piirkonda väljaspool oma elamisüksust. Töö põhiideeks on luua linnas selline kvaliteetne kogukondlik elamise ruum luua põhjus kolida (tagasi) kesklinna. Pelgulinna servale tekib omanäoline elamute kude, mis võtab oma alge kõrvalasuvatest miljööasumitest ning loob uue kvaliteetse elukeskkonna, mis keskendub inimesele ning autovabale tänavaruumile. Tegu on kvartaliga, mis seob omavahel kortermajad nii ulatusliku avaliku tänavaruumi, väikeäride ja teenustega kui ka privaatsete aedade ning läbikäidavate sisehoovidega. Kortermajade idee põhineb Kaubajaama planeeringu mahtude jaotamisel väiksemateks hoonete plokkideks nii tekivad lisaks muidu ühtsele tänavatevõrgustikule väiksemad ja mitmekesisemad liikumisvõimalused läbi majade ja sisehoovide ning tekkivad hoonemahud suhestuvad paremini kõrvalasuvate Pelgulinna ja Kalamaja tüpoloogiaga. Kohati sulgeb hoonetevaheline kude end ühe või kahe korterelamu kasutusesse jäävaks privaatseks aiaks. Kvaliteetse avaliku ja tänavaruumi tekkimisel on oluliseks teguriks autoliikluse piiramine. Siin on tänavaruum mõeldud eelkõige inimesele. Parkimine on lahendatud maa all nõlva sees eri tasapindadel, sissepääsud asuvad maa-alusel TGV-jaama äärse kiirtee mahasõitudel ning nõlva Pelgulinna-poolsel küljel (Heina tn. suund). Suurem osa tänavaruumist on läbitav rahus- In the rush of urban sprawl, people have settled down to live in fields in an environment without identity that often lacks practically all the prerequisites for the emergence of a quality living environment. There is no cohesive public street space between residential units that can be used communally, there are no businesses, services and recreational facilities of local importance the most important factors according to which people perceive and define their neighbourhood or their local area outside of their own residential unit. The main idea of this project is to create this kind of quality communal living space in the city to create a reason for moving (back) to the city centre. A distinctive fabric of dwellings will be built at the edge of Pelgulinn fashioned after the cultural and environmental heritage districts located adjacent to the development. It will create a new, quality living environment that focuses on people and street space without automobiles. This is a city quarter that links apartment buildings together among themselves through extensive public street space, small businesses and services, as well as through private yards and traversable inner courtyards. The idea of the apartment buildings is based on cutting up the building volumes of the Freight Yard into smaller buildings this way smaller and more diverse movements through houses and inner courtyards will be created in addition to the otherwise integral street network, and the sizes of the buildings to be erected will relate better to the typology of the neighbouring Pelgulinn and Kalamaja districts. Here and there the fabric between the buildings will close itself off into a private yard at the disposal of one or two apartment buildings. The limitation of automobile traffic is an important factor in the formation of quality public and street space. Here street space is intended for people first and foremost. Parking is provided underground on different levels inside the slope and the entrances are located at the highway exits at the side of the underground TGV Station and on the Pelgulinn side of the slope (in the direction of Heina Street). The greater portion of the street space is passable 120 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

119 as a yard area with limited traffic and provides access to all the buildings along with service access. The underground parking levels under the buildings form what is like separate zones with tree-covered areas in between. The idea of the fabric on the slope is also to link living and working. Building volumes will be divided up such that there will be smaller commercial and office spaces and studios on the first storey along the street front and in some places also as separate building volumes. Rooms for common use such as the laundry room, sheds and storage rooms are located mostly on the first storey along the inner courtyard or inner passageways of the buildings. The idea of the apartments is to provide an alternative to boxshaped private dwellings. The structure of the houses lies in displacing the apartments and terraces in relation to one another in order to create more privacy. Abiköögid, pantries and saunas, for instance, provide added value in the layouts of the apartments. Every apartment also has a large shed/storage room in the yard or on the first storey of the building. Vaade hoonele edelast. Bird's-eye view from south-west. tatud liiklusega õuealana ning tagab kõigile majadele juurde- ja teeninduspääsud. Maa-alused parkimiskorrused hoonete all moodustavad justkui omaette vööndid, mille vahele jäävad kõrghaljastatud alad. Nõlvapealse koe idee on ühtlasi siduda elamist ja töötamist. Hoonemahud jagatakse nii, et esimestel korrustel tänavafrondis ning kohati ka eraldi hoonemahtudena eksisteerivad väiksemad äri- ja büroopinnad ning stuudiod. Esimesel korrusel hoonete sisehoovide või -läbikäikude äärses osas paiknevad enamasti ühisruumid, nt. pesumaja ja kuurid-panipaigad. Korterite idee on pakkuda alternatiivi karperamule. Majade ülesehitust iseloomustab korterite ja terrasside asetamine üksteise suhtes nihkesse, et tekitada rohkem privaatsust. Korterite planeeringutes on lisaväärtuseks näiteks abiköögid, sahvrid ja saunad, samuti kuulub iga korteri juurde kuur-panipaik aias või maja esimesel korrusel. APARTMENT APARTMENT APARTMENT APARTMENT APARTMENT STREET STREET APARTMENT SHEDS/LAUNDRY RETAIL RETAIL Skemaatiline lõige vaatega itta Schematic Cross-section looking east. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 121

120 KVARTAL / KORTER CITY BLOCK / APARTMENT KORTERMAJA SÜSTEEM Apartment building system I JAGAMINE DIVISION Planeeringu 4-kordne maht jagatakse kolmeks eraldi hooneks, mille keskele tekib sisehoov. The 4-storey building volume on the master plan is divided into three separate buildings, in the middle of which an inner courtyard is formed. II PARKIMINE PARKING Hoone all nõlva sees asuvad eri tasapindadel parkimiskorrused. Parking storeys proceed on different levels under the building inside the slope. III ÄRIPINNAD COMMERCIAL SPACE Kortermajade all tänavafrondis äripinnad ning eraldi maht väiksematele büroodele. Commercial space under the apartment buildings along the street front and a separate building volume for smaller offices. IV ÜHISRUUM ROOMS FOR COMMON USE Esimesel korrusel läbikäigu ääres ühisruumid, nt. pesuköök ning panipaigad. Rooms for common use on the first storey along the passageway, for instance the laundry room and storage rooms. V ELAMINE LIVING Korterite paiknemine ülemistel korrustel The location of apartments on the upper storeys. VI KORTER APARTMENT Korterite ja terrasside süsteem. The system of apartments and terraces. 122 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

121 Korrusplaanide näited SAMPLES OF PLANS A MAJA A HOUSE KORTER 1 4-toal. 114,2 m² terrass 10,4 m² Apartment 1. 4 room. 114,2 m² balcony 10,4 m² KORTER 2 2-toal. 51,7 m² terrass 5,5 m² Apartment 2. 2 room. 51,7 m² balcony 5,5 m² N KORTER 3 4-toal. 128,8 m² terrass 14,7 m² Apartment 3. 4 room. 128,8 m² balcony 14,7 m² B MAJA B HOUSE KORTER 1 2-toal. 53,8 m² terrass 8,7 m² Apartment 1. 2-room. 53,8 m² balcony 8,7 m² KORTER 2 4-toal. 116,9 m² terrass 11,8 m² Apartment 2. 4-room. 116,9 m² balcony 11,8 m² Korteri näide 4-toaline 116,9m² Sample apartment, 4 rooms, m² I Jaotatus tsoonideks magamistoad pesemisruumidega ühele poole sissepääsutelge ning elu- ja söögitoad köökidega teisele. II Terrasside asetus hubased sopid hoonemahtude vahele. III Valgus terrassinišš korteri sissepääsu- ja/või keskteljel, valgustades kogu korterit. Nii tekivad ruumi siduvad terrassid, kuhu pääseb korteri erinevatest osadest või tubadest. I Division into zones bedrooms with washrooms on one side of the entrance axis, and living and dining rooms with kitchens on the other side. II Arrangement of terraces cosy nooks between the building volumes. III Light terrace niche on the entrance axis and/or the central axis of the apartment lighting the entire apartment. Thus terraces that tie the space together are formed. The terraces can be accessed from different rooms or parts of the apartment. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 123

122 Pelgulinna kalda kortermajad Apartment Blocks on the Embankment on the Pelgulinn side EGON METUSALA SELETUSKIRI Planeeringu idee kaevuda kuni 50 meetri sügavuseni toob kaasa tugeva ruumilise katkestuse kahe ajaloolise linnajao, Pelgulinna ja Kalamaja vahel. Ajalooliselt ei ole see katkestatuse olukord siin Kopli kaubajaama kohal uus. Kui seni oli läbipääs alalt katkestatud horisontaalselt, siis nüüd on läbilõigatus korraga nii vertikaalne kui ka horisontaalne. KALLAS Just see sügavus ning sellest tekkiv ruumiline intriig on siin esitatud kortermajade loomise allikaks. Maksimaalse ja minimaalse vertikaalsuse kohtumine planeeringu Pelgulinnapoolsel serval koos liitumisega planeeringu Pelgulinna kaldapealse madaltiheda koemustrilise hoonestusega on andnud aluse käesolevale lahendusele. ROHELINE KIIRTEE Algselt madaltiheda hoonestuse keskele planeeritud roheline kiirtee on nüüd toodud kalda servale, et avada kaldapealsed vaated nii süvendi põhja kui vanalinna siluetile. Käesoleva töö raames ette nähtud kortermaja astub suhtesse nii kalda serval kulgeva rohelise kiirteega kui ka selle alla jääva kaetud boulevardiga. Suhestumine toimub läbi lifi ja trepisahti, mis lõikavad kalda serva ja liigendavad süvendi kontuuri ning loovad otseühenduse kalda serva ja pelgulinna madaltiheda hoonestuse vahel. JAGATUD KATUS Põhjamaade kliima on jätnud selge jälje siinsesse katusearhitektuuri, kus harva vormuvad lamekatused ja eelistatakse pigem ilmastikukindlamaid kaldkatuseid. Antud kortermaja püüab ära kasutada hoone kõige kõrgemat tasandit EXPLANATORY LETTER The planned digging to a depth of up to 50 metres will cause a major spatial disruption between two historical municipal districts, Pelgulinn and Kalamaja. This state of disruption here at the Kopli Freight Yard is not historically new. While passage through the territory was hitherto interrupted horizontally, now passage is cut off both vertically and horizontally simultaneously. EMBANKMENT Precisely this depth and the spatial intrigue arising from it is the source for the creation of the apartment buildings presented here. The meeting of the maximum and minimum verticalities on the Pelgulinn-side edge of the master plan along with the master plan s unification of the Pelgulinn embankment with the lowrise, dense textural pattern arrangement of buildings forms the basis for the proposed solution. GREEN HIGHWAY The green highway initially intended to be brought into the quarter has now been shifted to the edge of the embankment to open up the embankment to views and to create a broad view both of the bottom of the cavity and of the area s Old Town skyline for people travelling along the road for non-motorised transport modes. The apartment building proposed within the framework of this project interacts with both the highway and the proposed covered boulevard under the highway by way of an elevator and stair shaft that cuts the edge of the embankment and articulates the volume of the cavity s embankment, creating a direct connection between the edge of the embankment and the development of Pelgulinn. SHARED ROOF The climate of the Nordic countries has left a clear imprint on the local roof architecture, where flat roofs rarely take shape and more weatherproof inclined roofs are preferred instead. This apartment building aspires to utilise the building s highest level as a common terrace open to all building residents to serve as a meeting place for panoramic views and pleasant air baths above the big city. 124 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

123 +32,0 +24,0 +20,5 +18,0 +15,5 +13,0 +10,5 +8,0 +4,5 +0,0-3,0-10,0 Lõige A-A Section A-A -47,00 kui majarahvale avatud ühisterrassi, et olla nii kohtumispaigaks kui ka panoraamsete vaadete ning meeldivate õhuvannide nautimise kohaks suurlinna kohal. DISPLACEMENT The traditional apartment building typology praises rationality and economy, placing spatial units side by side close together in a row and on shelves or in drawers so to speak. This apartment building seeks an alternative to this kind of compactness and displaces spatial units vertically in relation to one another to form a two-sided terrace building. The apartment modules are chosen according to the principle that apartments will be formed that run through the building from one side to the other, making these apartments open to views of the TGV Station cavity and of the Pelgulinn city of wooden houses. ÜKS KOHALT ÄRA Kortermaja traditsiooniline tüpoloogia kiidab ratsionaalsust ja ökonoomsust, paigutades ruumiühikud tihedalt kõrvuti ritta ning n.-ö. riiulisse või sahtlitesse. Käesolev kortermaja otsib sellisele kokkusurutusele alternatiivi ja viib ruumiühikud üksteise suhtes vertikaalselt nihkesse, nii et tekib kahepoolne terrassmaja. Korterite moodulid on valitud põhimõttel, et tekiksid läbi maja korterid, mis on avatud vaadeteks nii TGVjaama süvendisse kui ka Pelgulinna puitlinnale. Vaade Kopli poolt. View from the side of Kopli. THE "IDEAS" OF TALLINN EAA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 125

124 KVARTAL / KORTER CITY BLOCK / APARTMENT Vaade lõunaküljelt. View from south. Kortermaja süsteem Apartment building system III,V korrused Kaks liftisahti viivad vastavalt III ja V korrusele 3rd, 5th storeys Two elevator shafts serve the 3rd and 5th storeys respectively. IV-VII korrused Kahel ja kolmel tasandil terrasskorterid 4th 6th storeys Terrace apartments on two and three levels. Vaade TGV jaama katuselt I-II korrused Pelgulinna poolsed linnavillad 1st 2nd storeys Urban villas on the Pelgulinn side. 0 korrus Äripinnad Ground storey Commercial space ÜKS MAJA = ONE BUILDING = 31 korterit/apartments 82 inimest/persons 30m 2 ühe inimese kohta/per capita 126 EKA ARHITEKTUURITEADUSKOND TALLINNA IDEE

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