History. GCSE Revision Booklet. Paper 1

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "History. GCSE Revision Booklet. Paper 1"

Transcription

1 History GCSE Revision Booklet Paper 1 Book 6 - The Collapse of Communism and the Post Cold War World

2 Key issue: Why did communism collapse in Central and Eastern Europe? Reagan and the renewal of the Cold War: attitudes to Communism; development of new weapons; SDI In 1981 Ronald Reagan became President. He hated communism and during his time there was deterioration in the USSR-USA relationship. Reagan had promised a hard-line approach to communism and promised peace through strength and increased the spending on arms. It appears he thought the best way to beat the USSR was to get so far ahead of them that they would have to back down. Reagan saw about a massive increase in military spending ($325 billion - $456 billion). He also re-started the development of the neutron bomb and invested funds in the building of two new bombers. He also speeded up the development of the Peacekeeper missiles, installed cruise missiles in Europe and announced the Strategic Defense Initiative (lasers designed to destroy incoming missiles.

3 Solidarity in Poland: conditions in Poland; Lech Walesa; aims and suppression. In the 1970 s the people of Poland were unhappy with the standard of life. In 1970 a series of price increases led to strikes and marches and the deaths of ordinary workers. Further price rises and a shortage of basic foods caused more disaffection with the Polish government in This led to the formation of the first independent trade union, Solidarity (Trade unions were not allowed in communist countries). Solidarity encouraged the population to challenge the communist government in an attempt to raise the standard of living. The Polish people were becoming more aware that their standard of life was a long way behind that of workers in the West. Opposition showed itself in the Gdansk shipyard in 1980, two outspoken workers had been dismissed and when the government raised the price of meat and allowed no wage increase the workers protested. They locked themselves in the shipyard and issued 21 demands, these included the right to form independent trade unions, the end of censorship, more freedom for the church and improvements in the national health system. News of the strike spread through Poland and strikes started in to happen in other ports and factories, the government was forced to accept the demands and Solidarity was recognised by the government and by 1981 had over 9 million members. Results Working conditions improved and Solidarity s popularity increased. Lech Walesa (the leader of Solidarity) became an international figure. The USSR began to fear that Solidarity was becoming a political party. In December 1981 Soviet troops began to gather at the Polish border. The new Polish leader declared Martial Law and overnight he arrested 5,000 members of Solidarity, including Walesa. Strikes were dealt with by riot police and in 1982 Solidarity was declared illegal.

4 Soviet failure in Afghanistan and its political and economic effects on the USSR After the first few months of 1980, Soviet troops controlled the towns in which they were based, but the Mujihadeen controlled the countryside. The Mujihadeen were not just fighting to get rid of Soviet troops; they were fighting to turn Afghanistan into an Islamic state. The rebels were well equipped because the USA and China had been providing them with weapons and funds. The Soviets in Afghanistan found themselves in a situation where, although they were a superpower with all the advantages of modern technology, they were unable to win a guerrilla war. The Mujihadeen attacked Soviet supply routes and shot down Soviet helicopters. The Soviets suffered increasing amounts of casualties, but succeeded only in propping up the unpopular Communist government in Kabul. Although there were 125,000 Soviet troops in Afghanistan by the early 1980s, they found it impossible to defeat the Afghan rebels. In 1982, they tried to launch a massive attack on the Mujahideen in Panjahir Valley, but this failed. To compound these issues, the Soviet Union was also facing hostility from other Islamic states, such as Pakistan. The Soviets thus became increasingly worried that some of the 30million Muslims living within the borders of the Soviet Union may revolt in support of the Mujihadeen. By 1985, the USSR had a new Premier, Mikhail Gorbachev. He realised that the USSR could never win this war, and in 1987 he began talks with the USA. He and President Reagan reached an agreement at Geneva in The last Soviet troops left Afghanistan in February 1989.,Afghanistan was a disaster for the Soviet Union. Even the Soviet leaders could see the scale of their mis-step. In addition to the cost in men and materials, the decade-long war of attrition was an extended international humiliation An extract from A History of Europe since 1945 (2005), by Tony Judt, a respected British historian

5 Gorbachev and Reagan: changing attitudes: Glasnost and Perestroika; changes in domestic and foreign policy and their effects; the collapse of the USSR By the 1980s, the Soviet leadership was weak. Brezhnev had been ill for some time before he had died in The next two leaders, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko suffered from ill health, and by 1985 the USSR had no leader. Mikhail Gorbachev became the youngest leader to hold power since Stalin, at the age of 54. Gorbachev appeared to be open to new ideas and was keen to see progress both within the Soviet Union and also in international relations. Problems When he came to power Gorbachev was facing many problems within the USSR. By 1985 the war in Afghanistan was costly and was draining the economy, trade and industry were outdated and the output was falling and of poor quality, the USSR couldn t keep up with the technological advances of the West. The communist system also guaranteed everyone a job and home so people were becoming lazy in regards to their work, people no longer feared the state and had no incentive to work. People were losing faith in the government due to their inability to change and were starting to turn to drink and this led to growing crime and people missing work. Furthermore, the USSR was still in a costly arms race with the USA that they could not afford.

6 Gorbachev realised that change was needed. He was also aware that he would have to be careful so he didn t upset the rest of the communist party. Solutions Gorbachev tried to tackle the problem of alcoholism first. He raised the price of alcohol, banned drinking in public places and he removed all drinking from films. This had little effect. He began to reform the Soviet system by allowing perestroika (competition in business) and glasnost (freedom). Perestroika Perestroika introduced private profit into the USSR and was designed to accelerate the Soviet economy. Glasnost Glasnost was a method to try and eliminate corruption in the Soviet government. It included an increase in free speech and a reduction in censorship. Opposition towards the government was allowed and non-communists could stand for election. Gorbachev realised that he couldn t compete with the USA, and he announced he would reduce Soviet spending on arms. Reagan met with Gorbachev and realised he was trying to change Soviet attitudes to the Cold War. Further meetings happened where both countries tried to negotiate. They agreed in a reduction of nuclear arms, they banned midrange nuclear missiles and the USA agreed to stop the Strategic Defense Initiative. Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. Washington, December Eliminated all nuclear missiles with a range of km. First treaty to reduce the amount of nuclear missiles that the superpowers possessed. Went further than SALT I which only limited the stockpiling of weapons.

7 The end of Soviet control in Eastern Europe: the success of Solidarity; the end of the Berlin Wall; Czechoslovakia and Hungary; the fate of Gorbachev; the end of the Cold War. Poor living standards had led to the criticism of communist leaders, most people wanted glasnost and perestroika like the USSR. The problem however, was with the communist leaders, who didn t want change. Gorbachev realised that the USSR could no longer support the governments in Eastern Europe. He thought that a relaxation over control would lead to a better relationship with the USA; it would also make the USSR more attractive to trade with. In 1988 he abandoned the Brezhnev Doctrine and told leaders they couldn t rely on the Soviet army to support them. This meant that the rulers of Eastern Europe would have to relax their rule and listen to the demands of their people. This led to great changes. Countries in Eastern Europe started to leave the Soviet Union. Poland Free elections were held in 1988 and Lech Walesa s party won all of the seats that were open to them. The communist government tried to form a coalition with them, but Walesa refused. In 1989 the first non-communist government was set up in a Soviet satellite state. In 1990 Lech Walesa became President of Poland. Hungary Hungary s change was smoother than other countries. From Hungary was led by Kadar, he had managed to gain some independence from the USSR and he traded with the West, but remained loyal to the Warsaw Pact. In 1989 Hungary opened its border to Austria, in October other parties were allowed to stand for election and in 1990 the Hungarian Republic was declared. The last Soviet troops left in Czechoslovakia After the Prague Spring in 1968 Czechoslovakia had been ruled less harsh-

8 ly than other countries. In 1987 the government announced reforms similar to those of Gorbachev. Changes were slow and there were demonstrations in 1988 and In 1989 the communist government collapsed. Elections were held in 1990 where there was a massive victory for democratic parties. East Germany The leader of East Germany refused to put Gorbachev s reforms into effect. Many East Germans took advantage of Hungary opening its border with the West and fled through Hungary, others showed their opposition with protests. The communist government was forced to resign in 1989 and on November 9th the border with West Germany was opened. In Berlin, people marched to the Berlin Wall and started pulling it down. Free elections were held in 1990, the old East Germany collapsed and Germany was reunited. The End Gorbachev s reforms led to an improvement in relations with the USA and the collapse of the Berlin Wall meant the end of the Iron Curtain. After this the Gorbachev and Bush met at a meeting in Malta, although no agreements were actually signed both leaders made statements regarded as the end of the Cold War. Gorbachev became popular in the West but soon lost support in the USSR, his reforms didn t work because the old structures acted against them. Many communists thought that Gorbachev had betrayed communism and saw the end of Soviet rule in Eastern Europe as a disaster. Some thought that Gorbachev was moving too slowly and that reforms should happen quicker. They wanted more political democracy and more power passed to the separate Soviet states. The people began to lose faith in the government and demonstrations started

9 Key issue: What problems face the USA and UN following the end of the Cold War? The role of USA in the Post Cold War World: USA as a global power; military supremacy; the sole superpower; the champion of democracy in the world; US relations in Europe. The fall of the Berlin Wall, and the collapse of the USSR led to the emergence of a new world. GDR/FRG reunified for the first time in 41 years. Elections were held and Kohl, the West German leader was elected as Chancellor of a united Germany. Berlin was unified as the capital city. The USSR ceased to exist in December 1991, and split into several independent states, the largest of which was the Russian Federation with Boris Yeltsin as President. Yeltsin remained in power until 1999, when Vladimir Putin replaced him. Russia took the place of the USSR in the UN. Germany took a while to recover from the GDR s problems following reunification, and the 1990s saw a series of economic problems. Similarly, the Russian Federation with its 83 federal territories spent much of the 1990s in transition. This meant the USA was the only major superpower with any global influence. The development of the WWW in the 1990s led to a revolution in global communications. This rapid spread of ideas and information led to challenges to injustice and advances in campaigns for Human Rights and democracy, as well as an increase in global crime. With no competitors after the collapse of the USSR, the USA had a military and economic strength that allowed them to dominate the world.

10 The question was, how should they use their might? Work with European allies to create a peaceful and democratic Europe? Act as the world s police force, protecting underdeveloped countries against aggression? Lead the world in technological developments? Advance Human Rights globally? Secure US economic interests? Promote stability in the Middle East? Working with the UN to make sure their actions were in line with International Law, the USA became involved in the First Gulf War and in the Balkan Peninsular after the break-up of Yugoslavia. They also intervened unsuccessfully in Somalia in 1992/3 to support the internationally-recognised government against rebel. Also involved in Haiti in 1994, where US troops helped to restore democratically-elected president after a coup against him. Meanwhile, the USA financed research which led to them playing a key role in the development of the internet The power and activities of the USA made it a target for terrorist attacks, who blamed the USA for their problems. This included the attach on the WTC in 1993, the bombing of the Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia which resulted in the death of 19 American servicemen who were accommodated there, and the bombing of the American Embassy in Tanzania in In spite of this, the general feeling was that the USA s role internationally was a positive one (83% of Britons, 77% of Moroccans, 75% Indonesians, 62% Turks and 37% of Russians). The UN The purpose of the United Nations is to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the well-being of all people. It affords the opportunity for countries to balance global interdependence and national interests when addressing international problems

11 The UN: case studies of UN action in Kuwait, Iraq and Kosovo; success and failure of the UN The invasion of Kuwait, On 2nd August 1990, over 50,000 Iraqi troops supported by tanks and air strikes, crossed the border and entered the territory of its oil-rich neighbour Kuwait. The force soon increased to 150,000, and Kuwaiti resistance was crushed within 2 days. Possible causes: In 1980, Saddam Hussein had invaded Iran. Some suggest that the invasion of Kuwait was a continuation of Saddam s quest to strengthen his position in the Arab world. Kuwait had supported Iraq against Iran in a war that took place in the 1980s and had loaned them money. Saddam wanted the debt cancelled, but Kuwait refused. Iraq was financially ruined by the war with Iran, and the oil in Kuwait could solve some of their debts.

12 Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing their oil by drilling under Iraqi territory (slant drilling) Kuwait was accused of flooding the oil market and keeping prices low, when Iraq wanted them high to make more profit. Saddam claimed Iraq was supporting a planned uprising in Kuwait against the ruler. Iraq had never accepted Kuwait as a separate state and thought it should still be part of Iraqi territory. Iraq thought the USA would not interfere. UN Reaction to the invasion Condemned it immediately passed Resolution 660 on 2 August. Condemned Iraq, demanded immediate removal of troops, and that the dispute was solved diplomatically (by negotiation) 6 August UN imposes global trade embargo because they hadn t withdrawn. 29 November Ultimatum (Resolution 678) which threatened military action if no withdrawal by 15 January The USA took the lead in acting on the UN s resolutions. USA interested in the area fears re: Saudi oil fields, as well as those of Kuwait. Iraq supported USSR in CW so atmosphere of hostility anyway. USA felt Iraq sponsored terrorism. 2 August 1990 President Bush (Snr) organised Operation Desert Shield which involved an increase in US troops in the Persian Gulf region. Made it clear the US was prepared to support UN actions against Iraq. What happened next? Iraq did not withdraw 17 January 1991 Resolution 678 carried out American-led coalition of 30+ countries (incl. Britain, France, Saudi, Egypt) launched Operation Desert Storm against Iraqi invaders American General Norman Schwarzkopf was put in charge of the campaign which began with air-strikes, supported by naval action. Iraq responded by launching Scud missiles which hit towns in Israel. Saddam appeared to be hoping that Israel would respond, which could lead to Arab countries supporting him against to coalition, but the Americans persuaded the Arab countries to keep out, and used missiles to intercept other Scud missiles bound for Israel.

13 UN coalition soon had control of the air, and destroyed the Iraqi navy. 24 February 1991 coalition forces entered Kuwait and within 4 days had driven out the Iraqis and liberated Kuwait. Iraqi army set fire to oil wells as they retreated. 28 February most of the Iraqi army surrendered or fled, ceasefire declared. The UN and Kosovo - Background The six states that made up Yugoslavia were culturally, ethnically and religiously different. (Serbs, Orthodox Christian; Bosnians, Muslim; Slovenes and Croats, Catholic) In addition, Kosovo province populated mostly by Albanians.After WWII Yugoslavia communist, defected from Soviet control under Tito. Autocratic ruler kept tensions under control until his death in Collapse of communism - USA/Europe encouraged free elections. This led to the break-up of Yugoslavia; Croatia and Slovenia declared independence in Yugoslav army resisted, but after 10 days of fighting in Slovenia, the army withdrew.

14 Serbs living in Croatia (500,000), with the support of the Yugoslav army, rebelled and set up their own republic in Croatia and began process of ethnic cleansing. Area won back by Croats in 1995, who carried out their own ethnic cleansing so that there were very few Serbs left in Croatia. Events in Bosnia-Herzegovina followed a similar pattern; independence in 1991, Serb opposition & republic, ethnic cleansing. UN protection force sent to prevent violence but achieved very little NATO Implementation Force took over the UN s peacekeeping role in the Balkans. NATO bombing campaign- ended Serbian siege of Sarajevo and peace was restored at the end of 1995 at the Dayton Peace Accords. Dayton Peace Accords set up two self-governing states within Bosnia- Herzegovina, the Bosnian Serb Republic and the Bosnian Croat Federation as shown on the second map. Supervision of this done by multinational military forces under the command of NATO, acting on behalf of the UN. The UN and Kosovo Kosovo separate province within Serbia, occupied mostly by Albanians. Death of Tito opportunity for change and independence. Serbs small minority population regarded Kosovo as integral part of their identity. Serb nationalism championed by Slobodan Milosevic, who became president of Yugo. In 1989 and began to reduce Kosovo s powers of autonomy. Kosovars passive resistance failed to gain any rights Albanian rebels (KLA) began a series of terrorist attacks on Serbian targets (police stations/yugoslav govt. officers) Protests escalated 1998 SM sent in Serbian reinforcements extra police and army. Serbian army began ethnic cleansing resulted in massacres of Kosovo Albanians as well as over 100k refugees fleeing Kosovo. After months of fighting and over 250,000 people displaced from their homes, UN announced their concern at the conflict in September They adopted

15 Resolution 1199 which demanded both sides hold a ceasefire When this did not happen NATO got involved, and began preparing for ACTWARN (activation warning). Continued victimisation of Kosovars led to NATO beginning bombing campaign against Serbs 11 weeks Serbs withdrew. Milosevic charged with war crimes. UN commission established to demilitarise the area, organise protection and return of refugees and ensure peace, and supporting work of Kosovar police force in keeping order. On June 10, 1999, the UN Security Council passed UN Security Council Resolution 1244, which placed Kosovo under transitional UN administration ( UNMIK) and authorised KFOR, a NATO-led peacekeeping force. Resolution 1244 provided that Kosovo would have autonomy within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The majority of the Serb population left when the Serbian forces left. There was also some looting of Serb properties and even violence against some of those Serbs and Roma who remained. Many displaced Serbs are afraid to return to their homes, even with UNMIK protection. Around 120, ,000 Serbs remain in Kosovo, but are subject to ongoing harassment and discrimination due to physical threats for their safety. According to resolution 1244 (which is still in force), UNMIK is to: perform basic civilian administrative functions; promote the establishment of substantial autonomy and self-government in Kosovo; facilitate a political process to determine Kosovo's future status; coordinate humanitarian and disaster relief of all international agencies; support the reconstruction of key infrastructure; maintain civil law and order; promote human rights; and assure the safe and unimpeded return of all refugees and displaced persons to their homes in Kosovo.

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2009 SCORING GUIDELINES

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2009 SCORING GUIDELINES AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2009 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 2 Analyze the long-term and short-term factors responsible for the disintegration of communist rule in TWO of the following states: Czechoslovakia East

More information

SAMPLE COURSE OUTLINE

SAMPLE COURSE OUTLINE SAMPLE COURSE OUTLINE MODERN HISTORY ATAR YEAR 12 Unit 4 Elective 1: The changing European world since 1945 Copyright School Curriculum and Standards Authority, 2015 This document apart from any third

More information

Resolution 1244 (1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th meeting, on 10 June 1999

Resolution 1244 (1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th meeting, on 10 June 1999 Resolution 1244 (1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th meeting, on 10 June 1999 The Security Council, Bearing in mind the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and

More information

Although the dominant military confrontations of the 20 th century were centered on the

Although the dominant military confrontations of the 20 th century were centered on the To what extent were the policies of the United States responsible for the outbreak and development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1949? Although the dominant military confrontations of the 20 th century

More information

Option 1: Use the Might of the U.S. Military to End the Assad Regime

Option 1: Use the Might of the U.S. Military to End the Assad Regime 1 Option 1: Use the Might of the U.S. Military to End the Assad Regime The Syrian dictatorship s use of chemical weapons against its own people was terrible. But we must not let it overshadow the larger

More information

Foreign Affairs and National Security

Foreign Affairs and National Security Foreign Affairs and National Security Objectives: TLW understand and explain the following questions as it relates to the Foreign affairs of the American Government What is foreign policy? What is the

More information

Cold War Lesson Plan. Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the Cold War: The United States or the Soviet Union?

Cold War Lesson Plan. Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the Cold War: The United States or the Soviet Union? Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the : The United States or the Soviet Union? Materials: PowerPoint Copies of Timeline Copies of Documents A-D Copies of Guiding

More information

History (Specification B)

History (Specification B) General Certificate of Secondary Education Specimen for June 2015 examinations History (Specification B) Unit 1 91451 International Relations: Conflict and Peace in the Twentieth Century Specimen for June

More information

Timeline of the Cold War

Timeline of the Cold War Timeline of the Cold War 1945 Defeat of Germany and Japan February 4-11: May 8: July: August 6: August 8: August 9: August 14 : August 15: 1946 February 9: March 5 : March 10: July 1: July 25: Yalta Conference

More information

The Sequence of Causes of the Cold War

The Sequence of Causes of the Cold War The Sequence of Causes of the Cold War Outside the U.S. In the U.S. 1917 Revolutions in Russia 1917-1919 Russian Civil War 1941-1944 Second Front against Hitler Casablanca Conference 1943 Teheran Conference

More information

The Main Idea. Bill Clinton was a new type of Democrat, and his administration faced challenges for a new millennium and scandals as old as politics.

The Main Idea. Bill Clinton was a new type of Democrat, and his administration faced challenges for a new millennium and scandals as old as politics. The Clinton Years The Clinton Years 11.8.7 11.9.7 The Main Idea Bill Clinton was a new type of Democrat, and his administration faced challenges for a new millennium and scandals as old as politics. What

More information

Cold War Lesson Plan. Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the Cold War the United States or the Soviet Union?

Cold War Lesson Plan. Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the Cold War the United States or the Soviet Union? Cold War Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the Cold War the United States or the Soviet Union? Materials: Cold War PowerPoint Copies of Cold War Timeline Copies

More information

DBQ 13: Start of the Cold War

DBQ 13: Start of the Cold War Name Date DBQ 13: Start of the Cold War (Adapted from Document-Based Assessment for Global History, Walch Education) Historical Context: Between 1945 and 1950, the wartime alliance between the United States

More information

Origins of the Cold War

Origins of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War Main Idea The detonation of the atomic bomb and the end of World War II led to disagreements among the Big Three wartime Allies and a shift in American attitudes toward the Soviet

More information

The Nuclear Weapons Debate

The Nuclear Weapons Debate Scottish CND - Education Pack The Nuclear Weapons Debate Scottish CND s educational resource Nuclear Weapons: Yes or No is aimed at late primary to early secondary school pupils. It has 4 units: The Nuclear

More information

History (Specification B) (Short Course)

History (Specification B) (Short Course) General Certificate of Secondary Education June 2015 History (Specification B) (Short Course) 91454 Unit 4: International Relations: Conflict and Peace in the 20th Century Monday 1 June 2015 9.00 am to

More information

UNDERSTANDING NATO THE ORIGINS OF THE ALLIANCE

UNDERSTANDING NATO THE ORIGINS OF THE ALLIANCE UNDERSTANDING NATO THE ORIGINS OF THE ALLIANCE In the aftermath of the Second World War, East and West Europe found themselves separated by the ideological and political divisions of the Cold War. Eastern

More information

The United Nations and Security Sector Reform in Kosovo

The United Nations and Security Sector Reform in Kosovo The United Nations and Security Sector Reform in Kosovo Jean-Christian Cady Among the many peace-keeping missions of the United Nations in the past forty years, two have an undoubted originality, as the

More information

To What Extent is The Cold War a Result of Two Conflicting Ideologies?

To What Extent is The Cold War a Result of Two Conflicting Ideologies? Rahaf Alwattar Daniela Morales Kiley Smith Madison So To What Extent is The Cold War a Result of Two Conflicting Ideologies? The Cold War was an unceasing state of political and military tensions between

More information

Created by Paul Hallett

Created by Paul Hallett The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States regarding the deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. The missiles had been placed to protect

More information

cold war Short Answer

cold war Short Answer cold war Short Answer 1. Recognize Ideologies The banner carried by these East German demonstrators in the autumn of 1989 reads, Improve Politics--only with new Government. Explain the meaning of this

More information

Created by Paul Hallett

Created by Paul Hallett The National Cold War Exhibition and this resource pack will assist in the learning of GCSE Modern World History. As you enter the National Cold War Exhibition read the three information boards on the

More information

Cold War Spreads to Asia

Cold War Spreads to Asia Cold War Spreads to Asia China China becomes Communist 1920s Mao Zedong leads communist forces against Chiang Kai Shek leader of China s Nationalist government During WWII set aside civil war to resist

More information

Specimen 2018 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes

Specimen 2018 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes SPECIMEN MATERIAL GCSE HISTORY Paper 1 Understanding the modern world 1D America, 1920 1973: Opportunity and inequality with wider world depth studies Specimen 2018 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes

More information

Terrorist or freedom fighter or..?

Terrorist or freedom fighter or..? Learning outcomes Students will practice arguing and understanding views which are not necessarily their own Students will gain an understanding of how history can judge events in a different way from

More information

Nationalistic Movements in SW Asia/Middle East

Nationalistic Movements in SW Asia/Middle East Nationalistic Movements in SW Asia/Middle East Dates of Independence for Nations of SW Asia/Middle East Nationalistic issues of Palestinian Arabs remain unresolved Ottoman Empire Falls Ottoman empire begins

More information

Final. Mark Scheme. General Certificate of Education June 2013. A2 History 2041 HIS3N Unit 3N. Aspects of International Relations, 1945 2004

Final. Mark Scheme. General Certificate of Education June 2013. A2 History 2041 HIS3N Unit 3N. Aspects of International Relations, 1945 2004 Version 1.0: 0613 General Certificate of Education June 2013 A2 History 2041 HIS3N Unit 3N Aspects of International Relations, 1945 2004 Final Mark Scheme Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner

More information

Specimen 2018 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes

Specimen 2018 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes SPECIMEN MATERIAL GCSE HISTORY Paper 1 Understanding the modern world 1C Russia, 1894 1945: Tsardom and communism with wider world depth studies Specimen 2018 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes Materials

More information

Access to History Online OCR European and World History Period Studies The Cold War in Europe from 1945 to the 1990s Standard AS question

Access to History Online OCR European and World History Period Studies The Cold War in Europe from 1945 to the 1990s Standard AS question OCR AS GCE European and World History Period Studies F 962 Unit 1 The Cold War in Europe from 1945 to the 1990s ESSAY Examiner s Specific Advice Candidates need to evaluate the relative policies of the

More information

Reagan-Herby Round 2

Reagan-Herby Round 2 Reagan-Herby Round 2 Reagan s 2 nd Term Foreign Policy Détente: Cold War begins to thaw Mikhail Gorbachev Reagan and Gorbachev Agree to a Summit Geneva, Switzerland (1985) Reykjavik, Iceland (1986) Mr.

More information

Social Studies. Directions: Complete the following questions using the link listed below.

Social Studies. Directions: Complete the following questions using the link listed below. Social Studies Name: Directions: Complete the following questions using the link listed below. Questions 1-8: http://www.biography.com/people/adolf-hitler-9340144 (Pages 1-2) Questions 9-17: http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/adolf-hitler

More information

International Relations. Simulation: The Treaty of Versailles This activity accompanies slide 15 of The Treaty of Versailles (part 1).

International Relations. Simulation: The Treaty of Versailles This activity accompanies slide 15 of The Treaty of Versailles (part 1). Name: Simulation: The Treaty of Versailles This activity accompanies slide 15 of The Treaty of Versailles (part 1).ppt Instructions You are going to take part in a simulation of the Versailles negotiations.

More information

CHAPTER 13: International Law, Norms, and Human Rights

CHAPTER 13: International Law, Norms, and Human Rights CHAPTER 13: International Law, Norms, and Human Rights MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Why did the former Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, state that the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 was illegal?

More information

AFGHANISTAN: FRANCE IS ALSO IN THE SOUTH

AFGHANISTAN: FRANCE IS ALSO IN THE SOUTH FRENCH EMBASSY IN CANADA? Ottawa, June 2008 AFGHANISTAN: FRANCE IS ALSO IN THE SOUTH "France will maintain its forces in Afghanistan. Our country wishes to adapt the role of its forces to make them more

More information

Chapter 22: World War I. Four most powerful European nations in the early 1900s were Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia.

Chapter 22: World War I. Four most powerful European nations in the early 1900s were Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia. Chapter 22: World War I The Beginnings of World War I World War I was fought from 1914-1918. United States entered World War I in 1917. The Origins of Europe s Great War Nationalism Four most powerful

More information

Nixon s Foreign Policy

Nixon s Foreign Policy 1 Nixon s Foreign Policy 2 TEKS 1, 24, 24(G), 26 3 Listen 4 5 Listen 6 Listen 7 8 Listen After a period of confrontation, we are entering an era of negotiation. Let all nations know that during this administration

More information

Chapter 18 Practice Exam

Chapter 18 Practice Exam Chapter 18 Practice Exam Which of the following accurately describes the United Nations? o The UN, an international organization formed after World War I in an effort to avoid another world war, has always

More information

WORLD WAR 2 Political and economic conditions in Europe and throughout the world after World War 1 led directly to World War 2:

WORLD WAR 2 Political and economic conditions in Europe and throughout the world after World War 1 led directly to World War 2: Political and economic conditions in Europe and throughout the world after World War 1 led directly to World War 2: 1. The Treaty of Versailles, ending World War 1, was particularly harsh on Germany and

More information

The Plight of Christians in the Middle East. Supporting Religious Freedom, Pluralism, and Tolerance During a Time of Turmoil

The Plight of Christians in the Middle East. Supporting Religious Freedom, Pluralism, and Tolerance During a Time of Turmoil AP PHOTO/HUSSEIN MALLA The Plight of Christians in the Middle East Supporting Religious Freedom, Pluralism, and Tolerance During a Time of Turmoil By Brian Katulis, Rudy deleon, and John Craig March 2015

More information

Examples of International terrorist attacks since 9/11

Examples of International terrorist attacks since 9/11 PAPER ONE INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM: THE THREAT Any discussion of the Government s strategy to reduce the threat from international terrorism to the UK and its citizens must begin with the nature of the

More information

The Ford Custodianship (886 887)

The Ford Custodianship (886 887) Bmenet Girum Mr. Kann APUSH 10 April 2016 The Ford Custodianship (886 887) Ford had to deal with a serious recession in 1974 and 1975. He took presidency during a time of difficulty with circumstances

More information

Ukraine Document Based Question (DBQ) Central Question: What is happening in Ukraine?

Ukraine Document Based Question (DBQ) Central Question: What is happening in Ukraine? Ukraine Document Based Question (DBQ) Central Question: What is happening in Ukraine? Map of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during the Cold War: Located in Eastern Europe, Ukraine became a part of

More information

The Iraqi Conflict: Its Impact on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

The Iraqi Conflict: Its Impact on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict T The Iraqi Conflict: Its Impact on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict by Eric Rouleau here is a widespread belief in the Arab world and in western pro- Palestinian circles that there is a strong Israeli

More information

REPUBLIC OF SERBIA NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA. Belgrade, October 2009

REPUBLIC OF SERBIA NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA. Belgrade, October 2009 REPUBLIC OF SERBIA ` NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA Belgrade, October 2009 1 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... 3 I. SECURITY ENVIRONMENT... 4 1. Global Environment... 4 2. Regional Environment...

More information

Dear Delegates, It is a pleasure to welcome you to the 2016 Montessori Model United Nations Conference.

Dear Delegates, It is a pleasure to welcome you to the 2016 Montessori Model United Nations Conference. Dear Delegates, It is a pleasure to welcome you to the 2016 Montessori Model United Nations Conference. The following pages intend to guide you in the research of the topics that will be debated at MMUN

More information

TEACHER S KEY SESSION 1. THE WORLD BEFORE THE GREAT WAR. PRETASK. 3. Pre- listening.

TEACHER S KEY SESSION 1. THE WORLD BEFORE THE GREAT WAR. PRETASK. 3. Pre- listening. TEACHER S KEY SESSION 1. THE WORLD BEFORE THE GREAT WAR. PRETASK 3. Pre- listening. 1. Before 1914, the nations of Europe were involved in a race to obtain overseas colonies all over the world, mainly

More information

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES SPECIMEN General Certificate of Secondary Education History B (Modern World) Aspects of International Relations, and Germany 1918 1945 A011 Specimen Paper Candidates answer on a separate answer booklet.

More information

World History Course Summary Department: Social Studies. Semester 1

World History Course Summary Department: Social Studies. Semester 1 World History Course Summary Department: Social Studies All World History courses (Honors or otherwise) utilize the same targets and indicators for student performance. However, students enrolled in Honors

More information

Lesson # Overview Title /Standards. Big Question for lesson (from teaching thesis) Specific lesson Objectives (transfer from above).

Lesson # Overview Title /Standards. Big Question for lesson (from teaching thesis) Specific lesson Objectives (transfer from above). Lesson # Overview Title /Standards Big Question for lesson (from teaching thesis) Specific lesson Objectives (transfer from above). Content focused/action verbs Assessment of Objective(s) (you do not need

More information

History (Specification B)

History (Specification B) General Certificate of Secondary Education Specimen for June 2015 examinations History (Specification B) Unit 2 Twentieth Century Depth Studies Specimen for June 2015 examinations 91452 For this paper

More information

Adopted by the Security Council at its 4761st meeting, on 22 May 2003

Adopted by the Security Council at its 4761st meeting, on 22 May 2003 United Nations S/RES/1483 (2003) Security Council Distr.: General 22 May 2003 Resolution 1483 (2003) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4761st meeting, on 22 May 2003 The Security Council, Recalling

More information

Cuban Missile Crisis Lesson Plan. Central Historical Question: Why did the Russians pull their missiles out of Cuba?

Cuban Missile Crisis Lesson Plan. Central Historical Question: Why did the Russians pull their missiles out of Cuba? Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Why did the Russians pull their missiles out of Cuba? Materials: United Streaming Video Segment: The Hour of Maximum Danger (from Freedom: A History of the US:

More information

Asylum in the EU The number of asylum applicants in the EU jumped to more than 625 000 in 2014 20% were Syrians

Asylum in the EU The number of asylum applicants in the EU jumped to more than 625 000 in 2014 20% were Syrians 53/2015-20 March 2015 Asylum in the EU The number of asylum applicants in the EU jumped to more than 625 000 in 2014 20% were Syrians Over a year, the number of asylum applicants 1 registered in the European

More information

Working Paper Research Unit European and Atlantic Security Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs

Working Paper Research Unit European and Atlantic Security Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Working Paper Research Unit European and Atlantic Security Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Frank Kupferschmidt A Combined Effort with Civil and

More information

Note Taking Study Guide ORIGINS OF THE VIETNAM WAR

Note Taking Study Guide ORIGINS OF THE VIETNAM WAR SECTION 1 ORIGINS OF THE VIETNAM WAR Focus Question: Why did the United States become involved in Vietnam? As you read, describe the Vietnam policies of Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson.

More information

2. Each of the above reasons helped to cause the creation of alliances throughout Europe. How? How do new alliances encourage tension?

2. Each of the above reasons helped to cause the creation of alliances throughout Europe. How? How do new alliances encourage tension? APEH Topic 10 Webquest Points Possible: 200 pts World War I Webquest Part I - M.A.I.N. Causes Name 1. Identify militarism, Imperialism, and Nationalism. Then, explain how each force creates tension in

More information

A Six-Day War: Its Aftermath in American Public Opinion

A Six-Day War: Its Aftermath in American Public Opinion A Six-Day War: Its Aftermath in American Public Opinion For 40 years, public opinion has consistently favored Israel over the Palestinians by Robert Ruby, Senior Editor, Pew Forum on Religion & Public

More information

Supranationalism vs. Devolution

Supranationalism vs. Devolution Supranationalism vs. Devolution Supranationalism Cooperation among states for a common goal (political, economic, military, environmental) Can be connected with globalizing forces States may give up some

More information

ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT

ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT THE ROUTLEDGE ATLAS OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT 8th Edition Martin Gilbert J Routledge j j j ^ ^ Taylor&.Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK Maps PART ONE: PRELUDE TO CONFLICT 1 The Jews of Palestine before

More information

Chapter 9: The Policies of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson

Chapter 9: The Policies of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson Chapter 9: The Policies of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson Department of State, Department of Treasury, Department of War, Attorney General, Postmaster General : 5 government departments established

More information

Five Roles of Political Parties

Five Roles of Political Parties It s a Party but not the kind with ice cream and cake (usually). Political parties are groups of people who share similar beliefs about how the government should be run and how the issues facing our country

More information

Issues of the Cold War

Issues of the Cold War Issues of the Cold War The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others such as Japan) and

More information

1914-1918: WORLD WAR I CFE 3201V

1914-1918: WORLD WAR I CFE 3201V 1914-1918: WORLD WAR I CFE 3201V OPEN CAPTIONED NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 1992 Grade Levels: 10-13+ 25 minutes 1 Instructional Graphic Enclosed DESCRIPTION The forces of nationalism, imperialism, and

More information

Religious Studies (Short Course) Revision Religion, War and Peace

Religious Studies (Short Course) Revision Religion, War and Peace Religious Studies (Short Course) Revision Religion, War and Peace How to use this presentation The first part of this presentation (blue headings) will give you brief information, religious viewpoints

More information

Does NATO s Article V Genuinely Protect Its Members?

Does NATO s Article V Genuinely Protect Its Members? Does NATO s Article V Genuinely Protect Its Members? NATO has been the most successful alliance of history. We repeat this truth quite frequently, especially now that we celebrate 60 years of its successful

More information

JFC Naples SECURITY COOPERATION. with the Mediterranean region and the broader Middle East

JFC Naples SECURITY COOPERATION. with the Mediterranean region and the broader Middle East JFC Naples SECURITY COOPERATION with the Mediterranean region and the broader Middle East JFC Naples A Jordanian Navy patrol boat passes ships from NATO s mine countermeasure force, during an exercise

More information

SCHOOL OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION The School of Politics and International Relations (SPIR) at Quaid-i-Azam University is Pakistan s premier institution

More information

Palestinian Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI): A Teacher s Guide

Palestinian Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI): A Teacher s Guide Palestinian Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI): A Teacher s Guide By Moshe Abelesz, The Lookstein Center I. Background Information, 1937-1949 In the Middle East there are two peoples struggling

More information

COMPENSATION IN THE CASES OF FORCIBLY MOBILIZED REFUGEES

COMPENSATION IN THE CASES OF FORCIBLY MOBILIZED REFUGEES COMPENSATION IN THE CASES OF FORCIBLY MOBILIZED REFUGEES COMPENSATION IN THE CASES OF FORCIBLY MOBILIZED REFUGEES 1 Mojca Šivert Mojca Šivert The circumstances under which 705.667 2 persons have left the

More information

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE A CBO P A P E R NATO Burdensharing After Enlargement AUGUST 2001 NATO BURDENSHARING AFTER ENLARGEMENT The Congress of the United States Congressional

More information

Name. September 11, 2001: A Turning Point

Name. September 11, 2001: A Turning Point Name Directions: For the following questions(s), use this passage adapted from Mark Kishlansky s, Patrick Geary s, and Patricia O Brien s text, Civilization in the West. September 11, 2001: A Turning Point

More information

Synopses, Characteristics, and Tree Diagrams

Synopses, Characteristics, and Tree Diagrams Appendix 2 he Reading Passages: Synopses, Characteristics, and Tree Diagrams Economic Expansion This passage traces industrial growth in the United States from the Civil War until the early 1900s, by which

More information

GCSE History B. 91451 International Relations: Conflict and Peace in the Twentieth Century Specimen Mark Scheme for June 2015 examinations

GCSE History B. 91451 International Relations: Conflict and Peace in the Twentieth Century Specimen Mark Scheme for June 2015 examinations GCSE History B 91451 International Relations: Conflict and Peace in the Twentieth Century Specimen Mark Scheme for June 2015 examinations 9145 Version: 1.0 Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment

More information

Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau on Government

Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau on Government CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS FOUNDATION Bill of Rights in Action 20:2 Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau on Government Starting in the 1600s, European philosophers began debating the question of who should

More information

Home Security: Russia s Challenges

Home Security: Russia s Challenges Home Security: Russia s Challenges A Russian Perspective Andrei Fedorov * Home security: Russia s challenges Home security and the struggle against terrorism is one of the most crucial issues for the Russian

More information

Prospects for the NATO Warsaw Summit Testimony before the U.S. Helsinki Commission By Hans Binnendijk June 23, 2016

Prospects for the NATO Warsaw Summit Testimony before the U.S. Helsinki Commission By Hans Binnendijk June 23, 2016 Prospects for the NATO Warsaw Summit Testimony before the U.S. Helsinki Commission By Hans Binnendijk June 23, 2016 NATO is anything but obsolete. It is needed more now than at any point since the end

More information

The Division of Eastern and Western Europe

The Division of Eastern and Western Europe Connie Ip April 29, 2011 History 151 The Division of Eastern and Western Europe The term Eastern Europe defined in a number of manners and depends on perspective and personal definition. There exists conflicting

More information

The Economics of the UK-Iraq Conflict Keith Hartley Centre for Defence Economics University of York

The Economics of the UK-Iraq Conflict Keith Hartley Centre for Defence Economics University of York The Economics of the UK-Iraq Conflict Keith Hartley Centre for Defence Economics University of York Introduction: the role of economics Economists are not usually associated with debates about wars. Such

More information

Impact of Transition on Health Care Delivery

Impact of Transition on Health Care Delivery Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Relief & Development Impact of Transition on Health Care Delivery The security transition in Afghanistan is entering its final phase in 2014, with partial withdrawal

More information

Adopted by the Security Council at its 6225th meeting, on 30 November 2009

Adopted by the Security Council at its 6225th meeting, on 30 November 2009 United Nations S/RES/1896 (2009) Security Council Distr.: General 30 November 2009 Resolution 1896 (2009) Adopted by the Security Council at its 6225th meeting, on 30 November 2009 The Security Council,

More information

COLD WAR-MEANING, CAUESE, HISTORY AND IMPACT

COLD WAR-MEANING, CAUESE, HISTORY AND IMPACT COLD WAR-MEANING, CAUESE, HISTORY AND IMPACT INTRODUCTION After Second World War the period of International Relations from 1945 to 1990 is known as the period of Cold war. In fact, after the war, the

More information

How successful was the Civil Rights campaign in achieving its aims between 1950 and 1965? I have a dream...

How successful was the Civil Rights campaign in achieving its aims between 1950 and 1965? I have a dream... How successful was the Civil Rights campaign in achieving its aims between 1950 and 1965? I have a dream... Civil Rights Aims Desegregation Voting Rights Civil Rights End to Discrimination Methods Legal

More information

German initiated battle in western europe that attempted to push back the allied advance that was un. Sample letter requesting financial assistance

German initiated battle in western europe that attempted to push back the allied advance that was un. Sample letter requesting financial assistance German initiated battle in western europe that attempted to push back the allied advance that was un. Sample letter requesting financial assistance from employer. German initiated battle in western europe

More information

REGIONAL YOUTH PEACE CAMP KOSOVO 2013

REGIONAL YOUTH PEACE CAMP KOSOVO 2013 REGIONAL YOUTH PEACE CAMP KOSOVO 2013 13 20 September 2013 (TRAVEL DAYS INCLUDED) CALL FOR APPLICATIONS PRELIMINARY PROJECT INFORMATION Supported by: Government of Kosovo - Ministry of Culture Youth and

More information

The Vietnam War was a war designed to control the country side of South

The Vietnam War was a war designed to control the country side of South The Vietnam War was a war designed to control the country side of South Vietnam which was at the time very poor, illiterate, and lived mostly by farming. They had great family ties, and didn t know much

More information

FDR Birth Announcement. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882 to James Roosevelt and Sara Delano Roosevelt at their home in Hyde

FDR Birth Announcement. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882 to James Roosevelt and Sara Delano Roosevelt at their home in Hyde FDR Birth Announcement. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882 to James Roosevelt and Sara Delano Roosevelt at their home in Hyde Park, New York. This whimsical birth announcement was found

More information

Sexual Violence as Weapon of War. By Lydia Farah Lawyer & Legal researcher

Sexual Violence as Weapon of War. By Lydia Farah Lawyer & Legal researcher Sexual Violence as Weapon of War By Lydia Farah Lawyer & Legal researcher In general women face in peacetime as well as in wartime different forms of discrimination and gender based violence. But during

More information

Remember the Alamo. The Changing Border of the Southwest

Remember the Alamo. The Changing Border of the Southwest Remember the Alamo The Changing Border of the Southwest Interact: What do you think this picture shows? In the year 1820, the new country of the United States and the newer country of Mexico had a lot

More information

Course Description BA Program Political Science Department

Course Description BA Program Political Science Department Course Description BA Program Political Science Department Principles of Political Science 2308101 This course discuss the different definitions of the political science, also it discuss the different

More information

TEACHER SUPPORT PAGES

TEACHER SUPPORT PAGES September 11 Online support for these lessons is available at: www.onlinelearningexchange.com/content/products/home.html Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

More information

Mystery Strategy- Jihad

Mystery Strategy- Jihad Mystery Strategy- Jihad The press portrayal of Islam has been polarised since the events of September 11 th. Certain Islamic words have been misused by terrorists to suggest that their actions are supported

More information

TITLE and AFFILIATION: EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, TURKISH HERITAGE ORGANIZATION (THO)

TITLE and AFFILIATION: EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, TURKISH HERITAGE ORGANIZATION (THO) NAME: ALI CINAR TITLE and AFFILIATION: EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, TURKISH HERITAGE ORGANIZATION (THO) COMMITTEE: HOUSE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, SUBCOMMITTEE ON EUROPE, EURASIA AND EMERGING THREATS

More information

UNITED NATIONS LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN MEETING IN SUPPORT OF ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN PEACE

UNITED NATIONS LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN MEETING IN SUPPORT OF ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN PEACE UNITED NATIONS LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN MEETING IN SUPPORT OF ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN PEACE The urgency of realizing a two-state solution Montevideo, 29 and 30 March 2011 CHECK AGAINST DELIVERY OPENING

More information

The North Atlantic Treaty (1949)

The North Atlantic Treaty (1949) The North Atlantic Treaty (1949) Washington D.C. - 4 April 1949 The Parties to this Treaty reaffirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to live

More information

Part 1: The Origins of the Responsibility to Protect and the R2PCS Project

Part 1: The Origins of the Responsibility to Protect and the R2PCS Project Part 1: The Origins of the Responsibility to Protect and the R2PCS Project What is the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)? R2P is an emerging international norm which sets forth that states have the primary

More information

Support to Civil Administration

Support to Civil Administration Chapter 11 Support to Civil Administration Support to civil administration is the most specialized CA supporting mission. CA commands and brigades are organized to support civil administration in support

More information

THE ROADBLOCK TO A SOVEREIGN BANKRUPTCY LAW Jeffrey D. Sachs

THE ROADBLOCK TO A SOVEREIGN BANKRUPTCY LAW Jeffrey D. Sachs THE ROADBLOCK TO A SOVEREIGN BANKRUPTCY LAW Jeffrey D. Sachs Bankruptcy law is a necessary feature of a modern economy, and the principles for a bankruptcy apply whether the debtor happens to be a sovereign

More information

All Women. One Family Law.

All Women. One Family Law. 5 Child Custody and Access ENG 005 FAMILY LAW FOR WOMEN IN ONTARIO All Women. One Family Law. Know your Rights. Child Custody and Access This booklet is meant to give you a basic understanding of legal

More information

The Implication of TMD System in Japan to China s Security

The Implication of TMD System in Japan to China s Security The Sixth ISODARCO Beijing Seminar on Arms Control October 29-Novermber 1, 1998 Shanghai, China The Implication of TMD System in Japan to China s Security Institute of World Economics & Politics Chinese

More information