Educator Guide: Forces and Work
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1 Educator Guide: Forces and Work This document is a resource for teachers whose classes are participating in the Museum of Science s Motion: Forces and Work Traveling Program. The information in this document may be used as a classroom resource and/or as background information for the teacher concerning the subjects of Newton s Laws, forces, work, and simple machines. Table of Contents: Vocabulary List 2 Further Background Reading...4 Suggested Classroom Materials Activity Descriptions...7 1
2 Vocabulary List This is a list of common terms that teachers may wish to be familiar with for the program. This list is also a suggestion of vocabulary for students participating in the Motion: Forces and Work program to learn, though prior study of these words is not required for student participation. Effort the force you push on a lever with to get the load to move Force a push or a pull. Forces have both a strength and direction. Some examples of forces are wind, gravity, and pushes from our muscles. Friction the force that happens when two objects rub together Fulcrum the base of a lever, where it can rock back and forth. This can be in the middle of the lever, or it can be off to the sides. Gravity the force that pulls objects down towards the center of the Earth Inclined Plane a type of simple machine that includes ramps and slopes. These allow us to move objects to a higher place more easily. Lever a type of simple machine that includes crowbars and seesaws. A bar is balanced on a fulcrum. When you push down on one end, the other end goes up. Load the object you are trying to move with a lever Mass how much matter is in an object. No matter where an object is, this stays the same, unlike weight. Newton s Laws patterns of the way things move when pushed or pulled. Newton made a list of three such patterns. Newton s First Law If there are no forces, an object at rest stays at rest, and an object moving stays moving the same speed and direction. 2
3 Newton s Second Law How much the motion of an object changes when pushed depends on its mass. The more massive the object, the less its motion will change. Put a mouse in rollerskates and give it a push, and it sails along. Give an elephant in rollerskates a push, though, and it will move a lot less. Newton s Third Law For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction. Put another way, this means is that when one object pushes on another, that second object pushes right back with the same strength, just in the opposite direction. Pulley a type of simple machine that can change the direction a rope is pulling, as well as changing how far a rope needs to be pulled to complete a task Screw a type of simple machine where a turning force can make something move up and down Simple Machine a set of different types of tools that help us do work in a different way. They do not increase the amount of work we get out. But we can get a bigger force over a smaller distance, or a smaller force over a bigger distance. Wedge a type of simple machine that works well for splitting Weight a measure of how much the force of gravity pulls an object down. This is related to the mass, but also to the strength of gravity. For instance, on the Moon you would weigh less and on Jupiter you would weigh more. Wheel and Axle a type of simple machine where two wheels are connected in the middle by an axle, or bar. As one wheel turns, the other will turn, too. Work a force used over some distance. To figure out how much work has been done, just multiply the force and distance together. 3
4 Further Background Reading This is a suggested reading list for teachers looking to improve their understanding of forces, work, and simple machines. Books Basic Physics: A Self-Teaching Guide by Karl Kuhn. Wiley The Cartoon Guide to Physics by Larry Gonick. Harper Perennial Instant Physics: From Aristotle to Einstein, and Beyond by Tony Rothman. Ballantine Books Simple Machines made Simple by Ralph St. Andre. Teacher Ideas Press The Spinning Blackboard and Other Dynamic Experiments on Force and Motion by Paul Doherty and Don Rathjen, The Exploratorium Teacher Institute. Wiley Links An overview of physics, including motion, work, and Newton s Laws, from the University of Winnipeg HyperPhysics Concepts, a good reference for concepts and definitions Science Snacks: Exploratorium s list of experiments about mechanics 4
5 Classroom Materials Below are some suggestions for books, videos, and websites to help students increase their understanding of forces, work, and simple machines. Books Eyewitness: Force & Motion by Peter Lafferty. DK Children Science Experiments with Simple Machines by Sally Nankivell-Aston and Dorothy Jackson. Franklin Watts Ltd Simple Machines (Starting with Science) by Deborah Hodge and Ray Boudreau. Kids Can Press The Spinning Blackboard and Other Dynamic Experiments on Force and Motion by Paul Doherty and Don Rathjen, The Exploratorium Teacher Institute. Wiley Under Pressure: Forces by Ann Fullick. Heinemann-Raintree What are Inclined Planes? Looking at Simple Machines by Helen Frost. Pebble Books Videos Bill Nye the Science Guy: Simple Machines Classroom Edition (Interactive DVD) Links Edheads game to identify simple machines Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago: Simple Machines Game. A fun game using simple machines 5
6 Physics4Kids: Motion Museum of Science, Boston, description of simple machines Science Snacks: Exploratorium s list of experiments about mechanics 6
7 Activity Descriptions See the Documents section on the website to download these activities. Rocket Challenge Balloon rockets are not only a classic and popular experiment, but they can be a great way to test out Newton s Laws. In this activity, students will test out how forces, mass, and motion are connected. Lever Lifting Simple machines can help us accomplish a task by trading force and distance. As the distance we apply a force goes up, we need to put in less force to do the same thing. A lever is a type of simple machine, and in this activity, students will experiment with the connection between force and distance. 7
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