Welcome to Mul+- Engine Ground School!

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1 Welcome to Mul+- Engine Ground School!

2 Schedule Welcome How to add- on a mul2- engine ra2ng One- engine inopera2ve aerodynamics Performance planning Summary Closure

3 Mul2- Engine Ra2ng Requirements No 2me requirements! No wriden exam Must be Proficient in: TOL (Normal, Short, Crosswind) Go Around Steep Turns Slow Flight and Stalls Emergency Procedures (Including a descent) Engine Failures Prior to VR, VMC, ASer lis- off, Enroute Approach to Landing inopera2ve VMC Demonstra2on One- engine Inopera2ve Instrument Approach

4 Mul2- Engine Ra2ng Requirements Knowledge Areas: Performance and Limita2ons Opera2on of Systems Principles of Flight One Engine Inopera2ve Preflight Procedures

5 Aerodynamics Review LiS Upward force created by air flow Weight Downward pull of gravity Thrust Force that propels or pulls aircras through air Drag Reward or retarding force that limits airspeed

6 Aerodynamics Review Angle formed between chord line of airfoil and rela-ve wind Rela2ve wind is the airflow opposite and parallel to the flight path Bernoulli s principle says low pressure above wing and high pressure below wing Newton s 3 rd law says that downward deflec2on of air causes an upward mo2on of the wing

7 Aerodynamic Review Caused by exceeding the cri$cal angle of a-ack Smooth air flow separates from wing s upper surface A given aircras will always stall at the same angle of a5ack, regardless of airspeed, flight a\tude, or weight

8 Engine- Out Aerodynamics When an engine fails, the airplane Pitches down Rolls toward inopera2ve engine Yaws toward inopera2ve engine

9 Zero Side Slip 2-5 degrees bank into good engine ½ ball toward opera2ng engine Aligns longitudinal axis with rela2ve wind Reduces drag & improves performance Raise the Dead Bank into good engine No banking (all rudder) creates a lot of drag, reducing climb performance, & rela2ve wind not aligned Excessive bank creates a lot of drag, reducing climb performance, and rela2ve wind not aligned Bank + Rudder in Zero Side Slip is excellent, rela2ve wind aligned

10 Zero Side Slip NOT Zero Side Slip Zero Side Slip Excessive Bank

11 Power vs. Performance Loss Power Lost 50% Performance Lost 89% +

12 Performance Loss Performance loss greater than power loss 400 SHP total, 200 SHP each 175 SHP to maintain level flight 225 SHP excess for climb/accelera2on 200 SHP loss when one engine fails 25 SHP remains for climb/accelera2on /225 = 11% ( = 89) 89% Performance Loss

13 V MC Minimum speed at which pilot can maintain direc2onal control with the cri2cal engine inopera2ve Control issue Anything good for performance is BAD for V Anything good for V MC is BAD for performance Minimum red line on airspeed indicator Worst case scenario Actual V MC varies

14 Airspeeds par2cular to Mul2- Engine Vspeeds unique to mul2- engine flying V MC - minimum airspeed at which you can maintain direc2onal control when the cri2cal engine is INOP (65 KIAS) V SSE - safe single- engine cut speed (71 KIAS) V XSE - single- engine best angle of climb airspeed (85 KIAS) V YSE - single- engine best rate of climb airspeed (85 KIAS) Duchess restart speed - minimum speed for conduc2ng an air start (100 KIAS) Flying

15 Factors affec2ng V MC Available power Propeller condi2on (windmilling vs. feathered) Weight Center of Gravity Landing gear posi2on Wing flap posi2on Cowl flap posi2on Height above ground level Bank angle Sideslip vs. coordinated Density al2tude Which engine inopera2ve Heading to remain within 20 degrees of original upon reaching V MC

16 V MC vs. Stall Speed V MC decreases with al2tude Stall speed remains constant At sea- level, airplane will reach V MC before stall At some density al2tude, stall speed and V MC meet As al2tude increases, airplane will stall before reaching V MC

17 Cri2cal Engine Engine whose failure most adversely affects direc2onal control In most US airplanes, it s the les engine for conven2onal twins

18 Cri2cal Engine MYF Main Yawing Force which way will airplane yaw if that engine fails P P- factor A Accelerated Slipstream S Spiraling Slipstream T Torque

19 Asymmetrical Thrust (P- factor) Propeller Factor In a climbing a\tude (posi2ve AoA) AoA of descending blade (is greater) creates more lis than the ascending blade (lower AoA) Descending blade takes bigger bite of air Center of thrust is forced to right side of prop disc Causes yawing moment to les In a descending a\tude (nega2ve AoA) Opposite above In Straight- &- Level Both sides of propeller developing equal force No adverse yawing moment

20 Corkscrew Effect High prop speed & low forward speeds Compact spiraling rota2on of air striking les side of ver2cal stabilizer As forward speed increases, spiral elongates & less effec2ve Causes right rolling moment May help cancel effects of torque Slipstream

21 Torque Reac2on Newton s Third Law Every ac2on, equal & opposite reac2on Engine & propeller rota2ng in one direc2on, tries to rotate airplane in opposite direc2on Corrected by off- se\ng engine, and/pr ver2cal stabilizer Permanently set for cruising flight May have aileron trim tabs

22 Cer2fica2on Part 23 Airplanes AircraS under 6,000# MTOW and VSO under 61 knots Not required to climb on one engine Plan performance accordingly Accelerate- stop/accelerate- go distances Ceilings Climb performance

23 Absolute & Service Ceilings Absolute ceiling: maximum density al2tude (DA) which the aircras can maintain or adain with two opera2ng engines, max gross weight, gear up, flaps up, and max con2nuous power. This DA is where Vx and Vy meet Single- engine (SE) absolute ceiling: Same def. as above, except the cri2cal engine is failed and feathered Service ceiling: the maximum density al2tude at which the best rate of climb will produce a 100 feet- per- minute (FPM) SE service ceiling: Same defini2on as above, however the cri2cal engine is failed and feathered and will yield only a 50 FPM climb

24 Accelerate- stop and go distances Accelerate- stop distance The runway required to accelerate to Vr and, assuming an engine failure at that instant, bring the airplane to a complete stop. Accelerate- go distance The runway required to accelerate to Vlof and, assuming an engine failure at that instant, con2nue the takeoff on the remaining engine and climb to a height of 50 feet.

25 Climb Performance Calculate Climb performance Two engines One Engine Inopera2ve

26 Ques2ons

27 Tomorrow s Schedule Answer any ques2ons from today Duchess Specific AircraS Systems Ground School tomorrow at 10:00 am

28 Thanks for joining us today!!

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