Brain.
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1 Brain 1
2 Midterm (30%) Final (35%) Evaluation Weekly reading responses (15%) Book review (20%) Experimental participation Other stuff Make contact How to do well 2
3 This is an odd and unnatural view Maybe you don t believe it Maybe you believe in dualism Dualism Descartes ( ) Animals as reflex machines, robots We also have material bodies But our minds are immaterial and nonphyscial 3
4 Argument 1: The creativity and spontaneity of human action Dualism Argument 2: I think Therefore I am. Dualism 4
5 Dualism 1. Language Dualism seems right my arm, my heart, my body, my brain 5
6 Dualism seems right 2. Personal identity Same person after radical bodily changes 6
7 Dualism seems right 2. Personal identity -- Many people, one body Synopsis: Slapstick, fantastical farce about an eccentric millionairess whose soul inhabits her male lawyer s body 7
8 Dualism seems right 3. The survival of the self after the destruction of the body Current view: Dualism is wrong Mind = Brain 1. Problems with dualism 2. We know have a better understanding of what physical things can do (computers & robots) 3. Strong evidence for the role of the brain 8
9 How does the brain work? Neurons About 1,000,000,000,000 Sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons All-or-nothing Intensity: expressed through number of neurons firing & frequency of firing 9
10 Neurons Communication over synapses; axons release neurotransmitters -- excitatory -- inhibitory Drugs: agonists vs. antagonists -- curare -- alcohol -- amphetamines -- Prozac -- L-DOPA Is the brain wired up like a personal computer? NO -- because it is: -- highly resistant to damage -- extremely fast Unlike most human-designed computers, the brain works through massively parallel processing 10
11 What do different parts of the brain do? You don t need your brain for everything -- sucking in newborns -- limb flexion in withdrawal from pain -- erection of the penis -- vomiting Some subcortical structures Medualla:certain reflexes, heartbeat, breathing Cerebeullum: complicated skilled motor movements Hypothalamus: hunger, thirst, sleep 11
12 Less than 1/4 of the human cortex contains projection areas - - the rest is involved with language, reasoning, moral thought, etc. Some very bad things that could happen to you and your brain Apraxia Agnosia -- visual agnosia -- prosopagnosia Sensory neglect Aphasia Acquired psychopathy 12
13 How many minds do you have? Brain has 2 Hemispheres Left & Right sides are separate Corpus Callosum : major pathway between hemispheres Some functions are lateralized language on left math, music on right Lateralization is never 100% Right Hemisphere Left Hemisphere Corpus Callosum 13
14 Sensory Information sent to opposite hemisphere Principle is Contralateral Organization Sensory data crosses over in pathways leading to the cortex Visual Crossover left visual field to right hemisphere right field to left Other senses similar Left visual field Optic nerves Right visual field Left Visual Cortex Corpus Callosum Right Visual Cortex Contralateral Motor Control Movements controlled by motor area Right hemisphere controls left side of body Left hemisphere controls right side Motor nerves cross sides in spinal cord Motor Cortex Somatosensory Cortex 14
15 Corpus Callosum Major ( but not only) pathway between sides Connects comparable structures on each side Permits data received on one side to be processed in both hemispheres Aids motor coordination of left and right side Medial surface of right hemisphere Corpus Callosum A bit of humility, Part I Mind as information processor, as computer Recognition, language, motor control, logic, etc. But there still remains The Hard Problem of consciousness Subjective experience, what it s like, qualia 15
16 How it is that anything so remarkable as a state of consciousness comes about as a result of irritating nervous tissue, is just as unaccountable as the appearance of the Djin, when Aladdin rubbed his lamp. -- Thomas Huxley A bit of humility, Part II Mechanistic conception of mental life But what about humanist values? -- free will and responsibility -- intrinsic value -- spiritual value? Can they be reconciled? 16
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