Name Date Block Carbohydrates Activity: Shape Matters!
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1 Name Date Block Carbohydrates Activity: Shape Matters! Background Information: Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. Single sugar molecules are also called monosaccharides (mahn-oh-sak-uh-rydz). The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are known as polysaccharides. Many animals store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called glycogen, or animal starch. When the level of glucose in your blood runs low, glycogen is released from your liver. Source: Levine, Joseph S., and Kenneth R. Miller. "The Chemistry of Life." Biology. Student ed. Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall, Print. Pre-Lab Questions: #1: What three elements are carbohydrates made out of?,, #2: What is the function of carbohydrates? #3: What is a carbohydrate monomer called? #4: What are carbohydrate polymers called? Objective: To determine how the shape and structure of a carbohydrate relates to its taste or sweetness. Procedure: Station #1: Monosaccharides At this station you will find three monosaccharides: glucose, fructose and galactose. 1. Place a coffee stirrer in the glucose container. 2. Place you finger over the top of the coffee stirrer and pick up some sugar. 3. Taste the glucose and dispose of your coffee stirrer. 4. Using a new coffee stirrer, repeat this procedure for fructose and galactose.
2 5. Record the sweetest of each sugar on the following chart. Use the following scale: +++ for sweetest; ++ sweeter, and + sweet Monosaccharide: Glucose Fructose Galactose Sweetness Rating: #5: Which monosaccharide was the sweetest? 6. Next, look at the pictures and models of the three monosaccharides: Three simple sugars share the same molecular formula: C 6 H 12 O 6. Glucose is blood sugar. It is found in living things and is the immediate source of energy for your cells. Besides glucose, monosaccharides include galactose, which is a component of milk, and fructose, which is found in many fruits. 7. Complete the following table: Monosaccharide: Glucose Fructose Galactose Number of carbon atoms in Number of oxygen atoms in Number of hydrogen atoms in Center ring is a hexagon Center ring is a pentagon
3 8. Compare glucose and galactose. a. Circle or highlight the major difference between the molecules on the diagram. #6: Which sugar was sweeter in the taste test? #7: How is the sweeter molecule s structure different? 9. Compare glucose and fructose. #8: Which one was sweeter in the taste test? #9: How is the sweeter molecule s structure different? Station #2: Disaccharides At this station you will find three disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, and maltose. 10. Place a coffee stirrer in the sucrose container. 11. Place you finger over the top of the coffee stirrer and pick up some sugar. 12. Taste the sucrose and dispose of your coffee stirrer. 13. Using a new coffee stirrer, repeat this procedure for lactose and maltose. (Please check with your teacher to see if all disaccharides are available for testing). 14. Record the sweetest of each sugar on the following chart. Use the following scale: +++ for sweetest; ++ sweeter, and + sweet Sucrose Lactose Maltose Sweetness Rating: #10: Which disaccharide was the sweetest? 15. Next, look at the pictures of the three disaccharides:
4 Image source: Two monosaccharides can be linked together to form a "double" sugar or disaccharide. Three common disaccharides all have same chemical formula: C 12 H 22 O 11. Sucrose is common table sugar. It is made up of glucose and fructose bonded together. Lactose is a major sugar found in milk. It is made up of galactose and glucose. Maltose is an important component in the process of creating fermented barley that in turn can be used to brew beer. It is made up of two glucose molecules bonded together. 16. Complete the following table: Sucrose Lactose Maltose Number of carbon atoms in Number of oxygen atoms in Number of hydrogen atoms in The molecule contains glucose. The molecule contains fructose. The molecule contains galactose.
5 Station #3: Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis of a Disaccharide 17. Look at the following diagrams of two glucose molecules, use the process of dehydration synthesis to bond them together and form maltose. H H 18. Look at the following diagram of sucrose. Using the process of hydrolysis break the sucrose molecule down into a glucose and fructose molecule.
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