Atoms, Isotopes, and Ions Teacher Information
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1 STO-142 Atoms, Isotopes, and Ions Teacher Information Summary Teacher Suggestions Students use chips and a periodic table to model the sub-atomic particles in atoms, isotopes, and ions. Chips and model sheets may also be used to discuss valence electrons and bonding. Core Concepts Information in the periodic table can be used to determine the structure of atoms. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. Ions are charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain electrons. Time Required Two 40-minute class periods Kit contains Pages iii-iv (Applying What You Learned about Atoms, Isotopes, and Ions) may be used as an optional quiz or as homework. Students will need a copy of the simplified period table or the reference sheet. Reusing the kit All parts of kit can be reused. Instruct students to save the colored chips. Warning: Choking Hazard This Science Take-Out kit contains small parts. Do not allow children under the age of seven to have access to any kit components. Reference Sheet with periodic table of elements Model Sheet Cup (nucleus) Bag of colored chips to represent protons, neutrons, and electrons. Labels for chips Copyright 2014, by Science Science Take-Out, LLC. LLC. All All rights rights reserved. reserved. This document may be copied for use only with Science Take-Out educational materials. This document may not be reproduced or distributed for any other purpose without written consent from Science Take-Out. i
2 Kit Contents Quick Guide Copyright 2014, Science Take-Out LLC. All rights reserved. ii
3 Applying What You Learned about Atoms, Isotopes, and Ions You will need to refer to the information on a periodic table to complete this activity. Base your answers to questions 1 through 5 on an element that has 15 protons and 16 neutrons. This element has 2 electrons in the innermost energy level, 8 electrons in the next energy level, and 5 electrons in the outermost energy level. 1. Complete the element s structure diagram on the right. 2. What is the element s atomic number? 3. What is the element s mass number? 4. What is the element s chemical symbol? 5. What is the element s chemical name? Base your answers to questions 6 through 13 on the information below about elements A, B, C, and D. A 12 protons 12 neutrons 12 electrons B 12 protons 13 neutrons 12 electrons C 12 protons 12 neutrons 11 electrons D 11 protons 12 neutrons 11 electrons 6. What is the symbol for element A? 7. What is the name of element A? 8. What is the mass number for element A? 9. What is the atomic number for element A? 10. Which diagram (B, C, or D) is NOT the same element as element A? Explain your answer. Copyright 2014, Science Take-Out LLC. All rights reserved. iii
4 11. Which diagram (B, C, or D) is an ion of element A? Explain your answer. 12. What is the charge of the ion you selected in question #11? Explain your answer. 13. Which diagram (B, C, or D) is an isotope of element A? Explain your answer. Base your answers to questions 14 through 16 on the information about the element fluorine. 14. Complete the diagram below to show the sub-atomic particles in a fluorine atom. Include the appropriate numbers of neutrons, protons, and electrons. 19 F Fluorine Explain how you should change the diagram to represent an isotope of fluorine. 16. Explain how you should change the diagram to represent an F 1- ion. Copyright 2014, Science Take-Out LLC. All rights reserved. iv
5 Atoms, Isotopes, and Ions In this laboratory activity, you will use chips and the information in a Reference Sheet to make models of atoms, isotopes, and ions of various elements. Part 1: Modeling Atoms 1. Use the information on the Reference Sheet to complete the chart below. Sub atomic Particle Chip Color used to represent Charge of particle Location of particle Change in number results in Proton Red Neutron Black Electron Blue 2. According to the Reference Sheet: The atomic number is equal to the number of. The mass number is equal to the number of plus the number of. The number of protons in an atom is equal to the number of in a neutral (uncharged) atom. Before you continue with this activity, you will need to apply the stickers in your kit to the colored chips in your kit. Apply the red + stickers to the red chips. These chips represent protons. Apply the blue stickers to the blue chips. These chips represent electrons. Apply the black n stickers to the black chips. These chips represent neutrons that have no charge. 1
6 3. Make a model of one atom of hydrogen on the Model Sheet in your kit. Place the small cup on the nucleus of the Model Sheet. Place 1 proton (red chip) in the nucleus cup on the Model Sheet. Place 1 electron (blue chip) in the inner electron level. The hydrogen atom does not have any neutrons. The diagram below shows how you should draw the model that you made. Note that the diagram uses a + sign for each proton, an n for each neutron and a sign for each electron. Hydrogen n 1 - What is the electron configuration? What is the net charge of the atom? 4. Make a model of one atom of carbon. Place 6 protons (red chips) and 6 neutrons (black chips) in the nucleus (small cup). Place 2 blue chips in the inner electron level and 4 electrons in the outer electron level. Draw your model. Use a + sign for each proton, an n for each neutron and a sign for each electron. Carbon What is the electron configuration? What is the net charge of the atom? 2
7 5. Make a model of one atom of oxygen. Place 8 protons (red chips) and 8 neutrons (black chips) in the nucleus. Place 2 electrons (blue chips) in the inner electron level and 6 electrons in the outer electron level. Draw your model. Use a + sign for each proton, an n for each neutron and a sign for each electron. Oxygen What is the electron configuration? What is the net charge of the atom? 6. Make a model of one atom of sodium. Place 11 protons (red chips) and 12 neutrons (black chips) in the nucleus. Place 2 electrons (blue chips) in the inner electron level, 8 electrons in the next electron level, and 1 electron in the outer energy level. Draw your model. Use a + sign for each proton, an n for each neutron and a sign for each electron. Sodium What is the electron configuration? What is the net charge of the atom? 3
8 7. Use information from the periodic table to make a model of a chlorine atom. Draw your model. Use a + sign for each proton, an n for each neutron and a sign for each electron. Chlorine What is the electron configuration? What is the net charge of the atom? 8. Use information from the periodic table to make a model of a nitrogen atom. Draw your model. Use a + sign for each proton, an n for each neutron and a sign for each electron). Nitrogen What is the electron configuration? What is the charge of the atom? 4
9 Part 2: Modeling Isotopes Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. 1. Use the information on the periodic table to make a model of a hydrogen atom. Change the model to an isotope of hydrogen by adding a neutron (black chip) to the model. Draw your isotope model. Use a + sign for each proton, an n for each neutron and a sign for each electron. Isotope of Hydrogen What is the net charge of the isotope? 2. Use the information on the periodic table to make a model of a normal carbon atom (called Carbon-12). Change the model to an isotope of carbon (Carbon-14) by adding two neutrons (black chips) to the model. Draw your isotope model. Use a + sign for each proton, an n for each neutron and a sign for each electron. Isotope of Carbon (Carbon-14) What is the net charge of the isotope? 5
10 3. Use the information on the periodic table to make a model of a normal oxygen atom (called oxygen-16). Change the model to an isotope of oxygen (called oxygen-18). Draw your isotope model. Use a + sign for each proton, an n for each neutron and a sign for each electron. Isotope of Oxygen (Oxygen-18) What is the net charge of the isotope? 6
11 Part 3: Modeling Ions Ions are particles that are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons. Ions are charged particles because the number of electrons is not equal to the number of protons. To calculate the charge of an ion, subtract the number of electrons from the number of protons. If an ion has more protons than electrons, the ion will have a positive charge. If an ion has more electrons than protons the ion will have a negative charge. To write the symbol for an ion, you write the charge of the ion as a superscript after the symbol. A superscript is written on the upper right-hand side of the element symbol. Cl -1 Ca +2 1 superscript represents an ion formed when an atom has gained one electron. +2 superscript represents an ion formed when an atom has lost two electrons. 1. Use the information on the periodic table to make a model of a hydrogen atom. Then make a hydrogen ion by removing the electron (blue chip) from the model. Draw your ion model. Use a + sign for each proton, an n for each neutron and a sign for each electron. Hydrogen Ion How many protons does the ion have? How many electrons does the ion have? What is the net charge of the ion? Write the symbol for the hydrogen ion? 7
12 2. Use the information on the periodic table to make a model of a sodium atom. Then make a sodium ion by removing an electron (blue chip) to the model. Draw your ion model. Use a + sign for each proton, an n for each neutron and a sign for each electron. Sodium Ion How many protons does the ion have? How many electrons does the ion have? What is the net charge of the ion? What is the chemical symbol for the ion? 3. Use the information on the periodic table to make a model of a chlorine atom. Then make a chloride ion by adding one electron (blue chip) to the model. Draw your ion model. Use a + sign for each proton, an n for each neutron and a sign for each electron. Chloride Ion How many protons does the ion have? How many electrons does the ion have? What is the charge of the ion? What is the chemical symbol for the ion? 8
13 4. Use the information on the periodic table to make a model of an aluminum atom. Then remove three electrons to make an aluminum ion. Draw your ion model. Use a + sign for each proton, an n for each neutron and a sign for each electron. Aluminum Ion What is the chemical symbol for the ion? What is the charge of the ion? How many protons does the ion have? How many electrons does the ion have? 5. Make a model of a sulfur atom. Then make a sulfur ion (S 2- ). Use a + sign for each proton, an n for each neutron and a sign for each electron. Sulfur Ion S 2- What is the charge of the ion? What is the atomic mass? How many protons does the ion have? How many electrons does the ion have? 9
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