UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT

Transcription

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT LUCIE JUNEAU PATROWICZ, : EXECUTRIX OF THE ESTATE : OF GERTRUDE PHILIBERT, : : Plaintiff, : : v. : No. 3:04cv1362 (MRK) : TRANSAMERICA HOMEFIRST, INC., : FINANCIAL FREEDOM SENIOR : FUNDING CORPORATION, : METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE : COMPANY, : : Defendants. : MEMORANDUM OF DECISION This lawsuit arises out of a "reverse mortgage" between Defendant Transamerica HomeFirst, Inc. ("HomeFirst"), the predecessor in interest to Defendant Financial Freedom Senior Funding Corporation ("Financial Freedom"), and Gertrude Philibert dated July 29, Under a reverse mortgage, a borrower typically receives an initial lump sum and subsequent monthly payments secured by the equity in his or her residence, and the borrower is not required to repay any principal or interest until the occurrence of a defined maturity event such as the sale of the residence or death of the borrower. The particular reverse mortgage in this case also included a deferred annuity feature, which was provided by Defendant Metropolitan Life Insurance company ("MetLife"). In her Complaint, the Executrix of Ms. Philibert's Estate (Ms. Philibert died in 2003) alleges that the terms of Ms. Philibert's reverse mortgage were unconscionable and oppressive 1

2 and imposed excessive fees and charges, including, in particular, contingent interest equal to 50% of the appreciated value of her property, maturity fees of 2% of the sales price of the home, non-contingent interest of 9.950% per year and a premium for a deferred annuity that did not begin unless and until Ms. Philibert lived to beyond age 88 (she died at 87). See Complaint at First Count 16, Third Count 30, attached as Ex. A to Notice of Removal [doc. #1]. The Complaint also asserts that Defendants sought to enrich themselves at the expense of their elderly customers by concealing material terms in the loan documents and inducing Ms. Philibert to sign the reverse mortgage through false or misleading representations. See id. at Second Count Finally, the Complaint charges that Defendant Financial Freedom failed to deliver a proper release of mortgage when the reverse mortgage was paid off in 2004 and it imposed a reconveyance preparation fee of $65.00 that was not authorized by the loan documents. See id. at Third Count 32; Fourth Count 2. The Complaint alleges four causes of action: (1) breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing; (2) intentional misrepresentation; (3) violation of Connecticut's Unfair Trade Practices Act ("CUTPA"), Conn. Gen. Stat a et seq.; and (4) a violation of Connecticut's mortgage release statute, Conn. Gen. Stat See generally Complaint attached as Ex. A to Notice of Removal [doc. #1]. Presently pending before the Court are motions to dismiss by Defendants Financial Freedom and HomeFirst [doc. #22] and Defendant MetLife [doc. #28]. Both motions are principally based on grounds of res judicata and release, stemming from the fact that Ms. Philibert was a member of a class action that was settled by way of a final judgment entered by the Superior Court of San Mateo County, California in In re Reverse Mortgage Cases, No (Cal. Sup. Ct. June 16, 2003), aff'd, 2004 WL (Cal. Ct. App. Mar. 26, 2004), review 2

3 denied, (Cal. July 21, 2004). For the reasons stated below, the Court GRANTS MetLife's Motion to Dismiss [doc. #28] and GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Financial Freedom's and HomeFirst's Motion to Dismiss [doc. #22]. I. On a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Court should "construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, accepting the complaint's allegations as true." Todd v. Exxon Corp., 275 F.3d 191, 197 (2d Cir. 2001). "A complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim 'unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.' " Id. at (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, (1957)). A. The defense of res judicata or release may be raised on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss if "all relevant facts are shown by the court's own records." AmBase Corp. v. City Investing Co. Liquidating Trust, 326 F.3d 63, 72 (2d Cir. 2003) (affirming dismissal of complaint on res judicata grounds); see, e.g., Waldman v. Village of Kiryas Joel, 207 F.3d 105, 114 (2d Cir. 2000); Conepco, Inc. v. Roll Int'l, 231 F.3d 82, 86 (2d Cir. 2000); Hackett v. Storey, No. 3:03CV395 (JBA), 2003 WL (D. Conn. Dec. 30, 2003). Moreover, in ruling on a motion to dismiss, a court is not limited to the factual allegations of the complaint but may consider "documents attached to the complaint as exhibits or incorporated in it by reference, to matters of which judicial notice may be taken or to documents either in plaintiffs' possession or of which plaintiffs had knowledge and relied on in bringing suit." Brass v. Am. Film Techs., Inc., 3

4 987 F.2d 142, 150 (2d Cir. 1993). Therefore, in considering a res judicata defense, a court may judicially notice prior pleadings, orders, judgments, and other items appearing in the court records of prior litigation that are related to the case before the Court. See, e.g., AmBase, 326 F.3d at 72-73; Hackett, 2003 WL , at *2. Here, Financial Freedom asks the Court pursuant to Rule 201 of the Federal Rules of Evidence to take judicial notice of the following pleadings from the Reverse Mortgage Cases: (1) the Third Consolidated Amended Complaint (the "Consolidated Complaint"); (2) the Order Certifying a Settlement Class and Approving Class Notice (the "Certification Order"); (3) the Judgment on Final Approval of Class Settlement (the "Final Judgment"); (4) the decision of the California Court of Appeal affirming the final Judgment; and (5) the California Supreme Court's decision to deny a petition for review of the Court of Appeal's decision. 1 See Req. for Jud. Not. in Support of Mot. to Dismiss of Def. Financial Freedom Sr. Funding Corp. ("Req. for Jud. Not.") [doc. #26]. Because the requirements of Rule 201 are met, the Court will grant Financial Freedom's request and take judicial notice of the foregoing pleadings. B. The pleadings reveal that the Defendants in this case were also sued regarding their reverse mortgage practices in the Reverse Mortgage Cases. The Consolidated Complaint in the 1 Financial Freedom also asks this Court to take judicial notice of a decision of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey in Huff v. Financial Freedom Senior Funding Corp., Civil Action No (MLC) (Ex. F attached to the Request for Judicial Notice [doc. #26]), but the Court sees no need to do so or to treat the decision in Huff any differently from any other unpublished decision that this Court may chose to rely on in its opinion. See, e.g., App. of Unpublished Decisions in Support of Mot. to Dismiss [doc. #24]. The Court also sees no need to take judicial notice of certain facts related to Financial Freedom, as set forth in 7 of Financial Freedom's Request for Judicial Notice [doc. #26]. 4

5 Reverse Mortgage Cases, which was brought as a class action "to rectify financial abuse of the elderly," alleged that the Defendants had "issued 'reverse mortgages' to capitalize upon the pressing need of the elderly for liquid funds in their old age." See Consolidated Complaint 1, attached as Ex. A to Req. for Jud. Not. [doc. #26]. In particular, the Consolidated Complaint asserted in language reminiscent of Plaintiff's Complaint in this case that Defendants concealed the "high costs and excessive charges" associated with the class members' reverse mortgages, that the terms and fees of the mortgages (including contingent interest, annuity charges, maturity fees) were "unfair," "excessive" and "oppressive," that the "combined effect of all charges was not properly disclosed and made the product as a whole unfair," and that Defendants engaged in a "practice of deception" and made representations about the reverse mortgages that were "false and misleading." See, e.g., id. at 1, 38, 41, 44, 47, 56, 73. After four and one-half years of litgation, the San Mateo Superior Court preliminarily approved a class settlement in the Reverse Mortgage Cases, certified a nationwide settlement class (the "Class"), approved notice to the members of the class in preparation for a fairness hearing on the settlement, and specified the procedures for opting out of the Class or objecting to the proposed settlement. See Certification Order, attached as Ex. B to Req. for Jud. Not. [doc. #26]. The Certification Order defined the Class as follows: 1. Individuals who at any time prior to January 1, 1999 entered into a reverse mortgage loan with Transamerica HomeFirst, Inc. which charges the following fees: (1) "Contingent Interest" of 50% of the appreciation in value of the borrower's property between the date the loan was made and the date it became or becomes due; and (2) a premium for a deferred annuity acquired as part of the loan; and/or (3) a "Maturity Fee" of 2% of the value of the property as the loan's maturity Legal successors-in-interest (such as conservators, executors, administrators, or 5

6 guardians) of any borrower described in paragraph 1, above; and 3. Heirs of any borrower described in paragraph 1, above, who has died and does not have a legal successor-in-interest as defined in paragraph 2, above. See id. at *4. It is apparent from the face of the Complaint in this case and Plaintiff does not deny it that the Class approved by the San Mateo Superior Court included Ms. Philibert. The Settlement Agreement and Release are attached to the Certification Order. Under the terms of the Release, members of the Class (and their heirs and successors in interest, among others) release and discharge each of the Defendants and their affiliates (among others) from: any and all causes of action, claims, rights, damages... of any kind arising now or in the future out of or in connection with or related to the facts and claims alleged or asserted in any of the complaints filed in the Litigation... whether presently known or unknown, asserted or unasserted, that any of the Releasing Persons under federal law or the law of any state or locality, including consumer protection laws. Release at 19-20, IX.A, attached to Certification Order, attached as Ex. B to Req. for Jud. Not. [doc. #26]. The released claims are expressly described as any claims regarding the marketing of reverse mortgages or any claims that the reverse mortgages were deceptively or fraudulently marketed, that any of the Defendants concealed or failed to disclose any terms of the reverse mortgages, and that any of the terms of the mortgages were unfair or unlawful. See id. On June 16, 2003, the San Mateo court approved the terms of the proposed settlement. See Final Judgment, attached as Ex. C to Req. for Jud. Not. [doc. #26]. Among the settlement's "essential terms" were the creation of a fund for the benefit of the Class totaling $8 million in return for "dismissal with prejudice of the Action and a release of all claims which Class members might have arising out of the terms or marketing of the subject reverse mortgage loans and/or associated annuity, including claims which are related to the facts and claims alleged in any of the complaints." See id. at 10(a). The order provided that "[u]pon entry of the Final 6

7 Order and Judgment, plaintiffs and the Class (excluding those who opted out) shall release, and be permanently barred from asserting, their claims against Defendants (as defined in the Settlement Agreement)." Id. at 10(g). The Final Judgment included a permanent injunction enjoining Class members from "filing, commencing, prosecuting... (as class members or otherwise) any lawsuit or other proceeding, including arbitration, in any jurisdiction based on or relating to the claims and causes of action, or the facts or circumstances relating thereto, in this Action that have been released through the settlement herein..." Id. at 19. The San Mateo court retained jurisdiction to implement the terms of the settlement, including the permanent injunction. The Final Judgment also expressly made findings regarding the adequacy of notice to the Class. Under California law, notice to class members " 'must contain an explanation of the proposed settlement and procedures for class members to follow in filing written objections to it an in arranging to appear at the settlement hearing and state any objections to the proposed settlement.' " In re Reverse Mortgage Cases, 2004 WL , at *3 (quoting Cal. Rules of Court 1859(f)). The San Mateo court concluded that both an original and supplemental notice as well as notice via publication in USA Today were "the best practicable notice and w[ere] reasonably calculated, under the circumstances" to provide the Class with notice of the terms of the settlement and their rights and that the notice complied with all applicable requirements of law, including the Due Process Clause of the Constitution. See id. at 12. The Final Judgment listed by name the eighteen Class members who had opted out of the Class. It is undisputed that Ms. Philibert was not among them. See id. at 13. Finally, the Final Judgment made findings that the named Plaintiffs had "adequately 7

8 represented" the Class members "located in... Connecticut..." Id. at 16. The Court also found that the Class had been represented by capable and experienced Class counsel and that the settlement was a fair and reasonable resolution of the dispute that was in the best interests of the Class. See id. Two individuals who had objected to the settlement appealed the Final Judgment to the California Court of Appeal, which affirmed the trial court's decision. See In re Reverse Mortgage Cases, 2004 WL (Cal. Ct. App. Mar. 26, 2004). In particular, after thoroughly discussing the appellants' objections to the fairness of the settlement and to the adequacy of notice to class members, the appellate court concluded that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the settlement was "fair and reasonable" and that notice to the Class was reasonable and the best practicable notice in the circumstances. See id. at *3-7. On July 21, 2004, the California Supreme Court denied a Petition for Review in the Reverse Mortgage Cases, and thereupon, the judgment of settlement and release became final. See Order of the California Supreme Court, In re Reverse Mortgage Cases, attached as Ex. E to Req. for Jud. Not. [doc. #26]. III. The Full Faith and Credit Act requires that the "judicial proceedings" of any State "shall have the same full faith and credit in every court within the United States... as they have by law or usage in the courts of such State... from which they are taken." 28 U.S.C The Act thus directs all courts to treat a state court judgment with the same respect that it would receive in the courts of the rendering state. Federal courts may not "employ their own rules... in determining the effect of state judgments," but must "accept the 8

9 rules chosen by the State from which the judgment is taken." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Epstein, 516 U.S. 367, 373 (1996) (quoting Kremer v. Chemical Constr. Corp., 456 U.S. 461, (1982)); see Migra v. Warren City Sch. Dist., 465 U.S. 75, 81 (1984) ("Congress has specifically required all federal courts to give preclusive effect to statecourt judgments whenever the courts of the State from which the judgment emerged would do so.") (internal quotations and citations omitted); AmBase, 326 F.3d at 72 ("Where there is a final state court judgment, a federal court looks to that state's rules of res judicata to determine the preclusive effect of that judgment."). That a judgment is the result of a class action, rather than a suit brought by an individual, does not "undermine the initial applicability of 1738." Matsushita, 516 U.S. at "Therefore, a judgment entered in a class action, like any other judgment entered in a state judicial proceeding, is presumptively entitled to full faith and credit under the express terms of the [Full Faith and Credit] Act." Id. at 374. In California, res judicata is a well-established doctrine. A valid final judgment on the merits in favor of a defendant serves as a complete bar to further litigation on the same cause of action. The doctrine is also expressed statutorily in Code of Civil Procedure section Res judicata gives conclusive effect to a previous judgment in subsequent litigation on the same controversy. Castro v. Higaki, 31 Cal. App. 4th 350, 357 (1994) (internal quotations, citations, and footnote omitted); see, e.g., Fed'n of Hillside and Canyon Ass'ns v. City of Los Angeles, --- Cal. Rptr. 3d ----, 2004 WL , at *13 (Cal. App. Nov. 10, 2004) ("Code of Civil Procedure section 1908, a codification of the res judicata doctrine, states that a judgment or final order in an action or special proceeding is conclusive as to the matter directly adjudged.") (internal quotations and citations omitted); Johnson v. American Airlines, Inc., 157 Cal. App. 3d 427, 430 (1984) ("The 9

10 doctrine of res judicata codified in [California] Code of Civil Procedure sections 1908, , 1909, 1910 and 1911, gives conclusive effect to an earlier judgment in subsequent litigation involving the same controversy."). "Under the doctrine of res judicata, a valid, final judgment on the merits precludes parties or their privies from relitigating the same cause of action in a subsequent suit." Le Parc Cmty. Ass'n v. Workers' Comp. Appeals Bd., 110 Cal. App. 4th 1161, 1169 (2003) (internal quotation omitted); see also Storey v. Cello Holdings, LLC, 347 U.S. 370, 380 (2d Cir. 2003) ("A final judgment on the merits of an action precluded the parties or their privies from relitigating issues that were or could have been raised in that action."). Moreover, under California law, "a court-approved settlement pursuant to a final consent decree in a class action will operate to bar subsequent suits by class members." Johnson, 157 Cal. App. 3d at 431. In other words, res judicata applies when "the remedies sought [in subsequent suits] are the same as those secured in the class action settlement." Id. at 433 (quoted in Acuna v. Regents of Univ. of California, 56 Cal. App. 4th 639, 649 (1997)); see also Devlin v. Scardelletti, 536 U.S. 1, 10 (2002) ("nonnamed class members are parties to the proceedings in the sense of being bound by the settlement"); Matsushita, 516 U.S. at (applying Delaware res judicata principles to bar member of settled class action from suing in federal court on federal claims). Here, there is no dispute about the following: (1) that Ms. Philibert was a member of the Class and did not opt out of the Class; (2) that Defendants in this case were also defendants in the Reverse Mortgage Cases; and (3) that the subject matter of the Reverse Mortgage Cases was substantially identical to the claims Plaintiff asserts in this case. It appears, therefore, that all of the elements for res judicata are met and that, at least on its face, the Final Judgment would 10

11 appear to bar Ms. Philibert's claims in this action. See, e.g., Le Parc, 110 Cal. App. 4th at 1169; Castro, 31 Cal. App. 4th at 357; Johnson, 157 Cal. App. 3d at 431. Plaintiff nonetheless argues that her claims should not be barred by the Final Judgment in the Reverse Mortgage Cases for two reasons: (1) the notice she received was inadequate and did not comport with due process requirements, see Pl.'s Mem. of Law in Opp'n to Mot. to Dismiss [doc. #35], at 5-8; and (2) her claims in this action are not, or should not be, encompassed within the terms of the Final Judgment, see id. at The Court disagrees and will address each argument in turn. A. Plaintiff does not contend that Ms. Philibert never received Class notice in the Reverse Mortgage Cases. Instead, she argues that the notice to the Class failed to comply with the requirements of the Due Process Clause for two reasons. First, the notice did not contain an "opt out" form that Ms. Philibert could simply mail in to exclude herself from the Class. See Pl.'s Mem. of Law in Opp'n to Mot. to Dismiss [doc. #35], at 6-7. Second, notice was provided by regular mail instead of "special mail" such as certified or registered mail and regular mail was inadequate because Class members initially received an erroneous notice and elderly Class members, like Ms. Philibert, were likely confused by the multiple mailings. See id. at 5-6. In this latter regard, the California Court of Appeal recited the history of notice in the Reverse Mortgage Cases as follows: 2 Plaintiff makes no claim that the representation of absent class members in the Reverse Mortgage Cases by the named Class representatives or by Class counsel was inadequate. Nor does Plaintiff challenge the fairness or adequacy of the settlement in the Reverse Mortgage Cases. See generally Pl.'s Mem. of Law in Opp'n to Mot. to Dismiss [doc. #35], at

12 [O]n January 31, 2003, a notice was mailed to the class members, but the notice sent was actually an earlier draft and not the notice approved by the court. When plaintiffs discovered the mistake, they mailed a new notice to all class members on February 12, 2003, and then on March 4, 2003, obtained the trial court's ratifications of the mailing of the second notice. In re Reverse Mortgage Cases, 2004 WL , at *2. A supplementary notice was also made to the Class in the form of a summary class notice published in the national edition of USA Today, once a week for four consecutive weeks during January Final Judgment at 12, attached as Ex. C to Req. for Jud. Not. [doc. #26]. In Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, 472 U.S. 797 (1985), the Supreme Court gave the following description of the notice that the Due Process Clause requires before a forum state may bind an absent plaintiff: If the forum State wishes to bind an absent plaintiff concerning a claim for money damages or similar relief at law, it must provide minimal procedural due process protection. The plaintiff must receive notice plus an opportunity to be heard and participate in the litigation, whether in person or through counsel. The notice must be the best practicable, reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections. The notice should describe the action and the plaintiffs' rights in it. Additionally, we hold that due process requires at a minimum that an absent plaintiff be provided with an opportunity to remove himself from the class by executing and returning an "opt out" or "request for exclusion" form to the court. Finally, the Due Process Clause of course requires that the named plaintiff at all times adequately represent the interests of the absent class members.... We think that the procedure followed by Kansas, where a fully descriptive notice is sent first-class mail to each class member, with an explanation of the right to "opt out," satisfies due process. Id. at (internal citations omitted). 3 Similarly, in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Visa U.S.A., 3 Under the Supreme Court's decision in Shutts, "a forum State [ like California ] may exercise personal jurisdiction over the claim of an absent class-action plaintiff, even though that plaintiff [ like Ms. Philibert ] may not possess the minimum contacts with the forum which would support personal jurisdiction over a defendant." Shutts, 472 U.S. at

13 Inc., 396 F.3d 96 (2d Cir. 2005), the Second Circuit recently held that the standard for the adequacy of a settlement notice in a class action under either the Due Process Clause or the Federal Rules is measured by reasonableness. There are no rigid rules to determine whether a settlement notice to the class satisfies constitutional or Rule 23(e) requirements; the settlement notice must fairly apprise the prospective members of the class of the terms of the proposed settlement and of the options that are open to them in connection with the proceedings. Notice is adequate if it may be understood by the average class member. Id. at (internal quotations and citations omitted). As stated above, in considering the adequacy of the notice to Class members in the Reverse Mortgages Cases, the California Superior Court used language that precisely tracks the due process principles set forth in both Shutts and Wal-Mart Stores. See Final Judgment at 12, attached as Ex. C to Req. for Jud. Not. [doc. #26] ("[T]he Court finds that notice given... was the best practicable notice and was reasonably calculated, under the circumstances, to advise... Class members (1) of the pendency of this action and the nature of the claims being asserted herein, (2) of their recovery under the proposed settlement and their right to exclude themselves from the proposed settlement, (3) that any judgment, whether favorable or not, will include all class members who did not request exclusion... and (5) that any Class member who does not request exclusion may object to the proposed settlement and, if he or she so desires, enter an appearance either personally or through counsel. In sum, the Court finds that the notice given was reasonable..."). The California Appellate Court affirmed the Superior Court's determination on appeal. See In re Reverse Mortgage Cases, 2004 WL , at *3-5. The California Supreme Court declined review of the Appellate Court's decision. Nevertheless, Plaintiff wants this Court to engage in its own collateral review of the notice provided in the Reverse Mortgage Cases, regardless of the consistent rulings of the California courts that the 13

14 notice satisfied due process. This Court is well aware that federal district courts seldom review final determinations by state courts in civil litigation. Cf. Bridgewater Operating Corp. v. Feldstein, 346 F.3d 27, 29 (2d Cir. 2003) ("The Rooker-Feldman doctrine provides that, because only the United States Supreme Court may review a final decision of a state court, federal district courts do not have jurisdiction over claims that have already been decided, or that are 'inextricably intertwined' with issues that have already been decided, by a state court."). Though the Second Circuit has not squarely addressed this issue, the Ninth Circuit, on remand from the Supreme Court's decision in Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Epstein, supra, has held that broad "collateral second-guessing" by a federal court of a state court's class action due process determinations is inappropriate and has limited any collateral review by a federal court to consideration of "whether the procedures in the prior litigation [in state court] afforded the party against whom the earlier judgment is asserted a 'full and fair opportunity' to litigate the claim or issue." Epstein v. MCA, Inc., 179 F.3d 641, (9th Cir. 1999) (emphasis added) (quoting Kremer v. Chemical Const. Corp., 456 U.S. 461, 480 (1982)). According to Judge O'Scannlain's opinion in Epstein, "the absent class members' due process right[s are] protected not by collateral review, but by the certifying court initially, and thereafter by appeal within the state system and by direct review in the United States Supreme Court." Epstein, 179 F.3d at 648; see also Nottingham Partners v. Trans-Lux Corp., 925 F.2d 29, 33 (1st Cir. 1991) ("The Delaware courts, affording all the prophylaxis which the Due Process Clause commands, adjudicated the question of whether appellants had a right, or should have been allowed, to opt out of the settlement. If, having objected and been overruled, appellants were still dissatisfied with the Delaware judgment, their recourse was to the United 14

15 States Supreme Court by means of certiorari, not to the lower federal courts in the vain pursuit of back-door relief."). In Stephenson v. Dow Chemical Co., 273 F.3d 249 (2d Cir. 2001), aff'd in part by an equally divided court and vacated in part, 539 U.S. 111 (2003), the Second Circuit acknowledged Epstein, without expressly approving of its holding. Id. at 258 n.6 ("Without adopting the Ninth Circuit's decision in Epstein, we conclude that plaintiffs' collateral attack is proper even under its standard."). Stephenson held that absent class members could collaterally attack a judgment rendered in a class action settlement where there had been no prior determination that there was adequate representation of all class members in the settlement. Id. at 258; see also Gonzales v. Cassidy, 474 F.2d 67, 72 (5th Cir. 1973) (allowing absent class member to collaterally attack adequacy of representation in an earlier class action). Here, there is no challenge to the adequacy of representation of the Class in the Reverse Mortgage Cases, and unlike in Stephenson, there was a determination by the California courts that Class counsel had adequately represented the Class. Nor is there any claim in this case that the procedures employed by the California courts were unfair or that in deciding that notice to the Class was adequate, the California courts applied an incorrect legal standard or neglected to address relevant issues. Instead, Plaintiff simply asks this Court to conduct its own independent examination of the adequacy of class notice and to decide that issue on its merits differently from both the California Superior Court and Court of Appeal. It is not clear that such a collateral attack is available to Plaintiff. Under Epstein, of course, such review would be foreclosed. Epstein, 179 F.3d at (Supreme Court precedent does not support broad collateral review of state court class action due process determinations; 15

16 rather the extent of collateral review is limited to review of the "quality, extensiveness, or fairness of procedures followed in prior litigation" which may be satisfied by "referencing the [state] courts' findings on these matters, rather than by independently determining whether the requirements were met.") (emphasis in original) (internal quotation omitted) (citing Matsushita, 516 U.S. at ; Shutts, 472 U.S. at 812 & 819; Kremer, 456 U.S. at 481 & 482; Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32, 42 (1940)). See also Huff, Civil Action No (MLC), at 4 (declining to second-guess the judgments of the California state courts that oversaw the class action and determined the fairness of the resulting settlement). But the Court is well aware that Epstein has been criticized. See, e.g., 18A Charles Alan Wright, et al., Federal Practice and Procedure: Jurisdiction 2d 4455, at 486 (2d ed. 2002) (describing the Epstein position as reflecting "the deeper currents that are sweeping class litigation along towards uncertain destinations" and warning that Epstein's "new view... must confront many problems"). Furthermore, Epstein has not yet been adopted in the Second Circuit. Stephenson did not have occasion to decide whether the scope of collateral review is limited to adequacy of representation (which is not raised in this case) or whether it would also extend to other issues such as the adequacy of notice (which is implicated in this case). Stephenson, 273 F.3d at 261 n.8. However, broad language in the Second Circuit's decision suggests that collateral review might not be limited solely to adequacy of representation. Thus, the court stated: Res judicata generally applies to bind absent class members except where to do so would violated due process. Due process requires adequate representation "at all times" throughout the litigation, notice "reasonably calculated... to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action," and an opportunity to opt out. Id. at 260 (quoting Shutts, 472 U.S. at ) (internal citations omitted). 16

17 Regardless how the Second Circuit ultimately resolves this issue, the Court concludes that it need not determine in this case the precise scope of collateral review available to absent class members. For even assuming arguendo that it would be proper for this Court to revisit the underlying substantive merits of the adequacy of notice in the Reverse Mortgage Cases, the Court would nonetheless conclude that the notice provided to absent Class members satisfied the requirements of the Due Process Clause, as outlined by the Supreme Court in Shutts and the Second Circuit in Wal-Mart Stores. The notice to Class members apprised the recipient of the pendency of the Reverse Mortgage Cases, the terms and consequences of proposed settlement and the procedures for objecting to the settlement or opting out of the Class. See generally Notice, attached to Certification Order, attached as Ex. B to Req. for Jud. Not. [doc. #26]. In particular, Class members were told that the Release required as a part of the settlement would extend to the "disclosure or concealment of the [reverse mortgage] features [and] the marketing of the loan" and "would be effective even if facts come to light in the future as to the Released Claims that, had they been known at the time, would have materially affected the class member of representatives' willingness to enter into the settlement." Id. at 8. The notice also warned that Id. at 6. the claims and potential claims which class members will be giving up in connection with this settlement extend beyond those asserted on behalf of the entire class of borrowers in the Action and include claims which may be relatively unique to that borrower or which arise under the laws of the borrower's home state. For that reason, in considering whether to object to the settlement or request exclusion form the class as discussed below, each class member should carefully consider whether, despite all the foregoing considerations, the settlement is in his or her best interests. Contrary to Plaintiff's claim, due process did not require the court to include an opt out 17

18 postcard or tear-off form in the notice to the Class. See, e.g., In re Prudential Ins. Co. of America Sales Practices Litig., 962 F. Supp. 450, 531 (D.N.J. 1997) (a specific opt-out form is not necessary, especially where "the Class Notice clearly describes the steps to opt out, which are extremely simple."); 3 Alba Conte & Herbert B. Newberg, Newberg on Class Actions 8.21, at 232 (4th ed. 2002) ("courts have rejected the inclusion of opt-out forms with published and mailed combination notices"). In fact, some courts have held that including an opt-out postcard along with class notice would only cause confusion. See, e.g., In re Domestic Air Transp. Antitrust Litig., 141 F.R.D. 534, (N.D. Ga. 1992) (inclusion of opt-out form would confuse class members); Roberts v. Heim, 130 F.R.D. 416, 423 (N.D. Cal. 1988) (observing that on balance "a separate form will engender confusion and encourage investors to unwittingly opt out of the class"). All that the Due Process Clause required is that absent Class members be informed of their right to opt out of the class and the procedures for doing so. Here, in a section that was captioned in bold-face type, "What If I Do Not Wish To Participate In the Settlement", the notice clearly stated that recipients must request exclusion in writing by sending certain basic information to the settlement administrator, whose address was clearly noted. Notice at 10 (emphasis in original), attached to Certification Order, attached as Ex. B to Req. for Jud. Not. [doc. #26]. In fact, eighteen members of the Class exercised their right to opt out, In re Reverse Mortgage Cases, 2004 WL , at *2, thereby underscoring the fact that an opt out form was not required to provide Class members with adequate notice of their right to exclude themselves from the Class. Finally, as Shutts itself makes clear, there is no due process requirement that notice to 18

19 class members be sent by registered or certified mail, rather than regular mail. See Shutts, 472 U.S. at 812 (notice "sent first-class mail to each class member, with an explanation of the right to 'opt out,' satisfies due process"). Cf. Cal. Civ. Code 1781(d) ("The party required to serve notice may, with the consent of the court, if personal notification is unreasonably expensive or it appears that all members of the class cannot be notified personally, give notice as prescribed herein by publication... in a newspaper of general circulation in the county in which the transaction occurred."). Shutts adopted the following basic standard for class action notice: "the best practicable, reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections." Shutts, 472 U.S. at 812. That is precisely the standard applied by the California courts. See, e.g., In re Vitamin Cases, 107 Cal. App. 4th 820, 828 (2003) ("The purpose of class notice in the context of a settlement is to give class members sufficient information to decide whether they should accept the benefits offered, opt out and pursue their own remedies, or object to the settlement."). This Court agrees with the California Superior Court in the Reverse Mortgage Cases that the regular mail notice sent to Class members' last known address and publication in USA Today satisfied that standard. See Final Judgment at 12, attached as Ex. C to Req. for Jud. Not. [doc. #26]. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiff's challenges to the adequacy of notice to Class members in the Reverse Mortgage Cases is not a proper basis for refusing to accord res judicata effect to the Final Judgment. B. Plaintiff also contends that the Final Judgment cannot bar her claims because some of the claims or theories she asserts in this case were not advanced in the Reverse Mortgage Cases and 19

20 that in any event, a California court should not be able to prevent Connecticut citizens from bringing claims under Connecticut statutes, such as CUTPA. See Pl.'s Mem. Law in Opp'n to Mot. to Dismiss [doc. #35], at The Court disagrees. First, the res judicata doctrine bars not only those claims or legal theories that were asserted in the prior action, but also those legal claims or theories that could have been asserted, regardless whether they were in fact raised by the parties, so long as they arise from the same transaction that formed the basis of the prior action. This "transactional view" of res judicata was recently explained by the Second Circuit in AmBase as follows: In earlier times the doctrine of res judicata could be invoked only to bar relitigation of the same cause of action already litigated and determined.... The modern transaction view of the doctrine of res judicata, however, does not require that the claim subsequently asserted be based on [the] same cause of action to be barred, but permits the doctrine to be invoked to bar litigation between the same parties if the claims in the later litigation arose from the same transaction that formed the basis of the prior adjudication.... Under the modern rule, ordinarily, a transaction gives rise to only one claim regardless of the number of ways that the claim may be asserted. AmBase, 326 F.3d at 73 (internal quotation omitted); see also Media Group, Inc. v. Tuppatsch, 298 F. Supp. 2d 235, 245 (D. Conn. 2003) ("[Plaintiff] cannot escape the operation of the doctrine of res judicata by inventing new legal labels or theories to place upon the same cause of action that has already been adjudicated...."). Though California's res judicata doctrine is based upon the "primary right theory" and not the "transactional view", Mycogen Corp. v. Monsanto Co., 28 Cal. 4th 888, 904 (2002), the result is (as in this case) often the same. Id. at 909 n.13; see also Hillside and Canyon Ass'ns, 2004 WL , at *12 ("[I]n defining the injury suffered, primary rights theory incorporates to some degree a transactional standard."). Therefore, the Final Judgment in the Reverse Mortgage Cases bars any arguments, claims 20