GIS Baseline Assessment of the Food Retail Environment for Healthy Foods Here, a CPPW-funded Project in King County, Washington

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1 GIS Baseline Assessment of the Food Retail Environment for Healthy Foods Here, a CPPW-funded Project in King County, Washington June 2010 CPPW Healthy Foods Here Team: Theresa Barreras, Asmeret Habte, & Tina Vlasaty, City of Seattle Office of Economic Development Jerry DeGrieck, City of Seattle Human Services Department Erin MacDougall & Dennis Worsham, Public Health-Seattle & King County Kara Martin, Martin & Sanders Consulting Tammy Morales, Urban Food Link Branden Born, UW Dept of Urban Design & Planning Maps created by: Kara Martin in collaboration with Amy Laurent from APDE of Public Health- Seattle & King County. For questions or more info contact Kara at kara@martinandsanders.com. Made possible by funding from the Department of Health and Human Services and Public Health - Seattle & King County.

2 Table of Contents Page Introduction 3 Methodology 3 Summary of Findings 5 Maps of Food Retail Environment in CPPW Focus Communities Food Retailers in the CPPW Focus Communities 7 Food Retailer by Business Type 8 Stores Proximity to Supermarkets (1 mi. buffer) 9 Stores Proximity to Schools (.5 mi. buffer) 10 Stores Proximity to Supermarkets and Schools 11 Food Retailers in the CPPW Focus Communities and Street Network 12 Food Retailers More than One Mile from a Supermarket 13 Prevalence of Diabetes by Health Planning Areas (5 year averages, ) 14 Adult Obesity by Health Planning Areas (5 year averages, ) 15 Adults Overweight by Health Planning Areas (5 year averages, ) 16 Adults Lack 5 Fruits/Vegetables Daily by Health Planning Area 17 % of Persons Living Below 200% of the Federal Poverty Level 18 % of Persons Speaking English Not Well or Not at All 19 Of households with Children, % of Single Headed Households by Block Group 20 # of SNAP (food stamp) Recipients in 2008 by Census Tract 21 # of WIC Clients by Zip Code 22 GIS Data Sources 23 Appendix A 24 Healthy Foods Here GIS Assessment Page 2

3 GIS Assessment for Healthy Foods Here Healthy Foods Here has been tasked to work with small retailers such as small grocery stores and convenience stores to sell fresh and healthy foods through providing a range technical assistance and financial incentives. The project is funded by the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention s Communities Putting Prevention to Work (CPPW), federal stimulus grant awarded to Public Health - Seattle & King County. The following GIS (geographic information system) assessment was conducted to gain an understanding of where food retailers (i.e. supermarkets, convenience stores, mini markets, etc.) are located in the CPPW focus communities, 1 identify areas where there is limited access to healthy foods, and inform the development of criteria for the prioritization and selection of stores for the Healthy Foods Here project. Identifying Retailers: Methodology In order to identify the location and type of food retailers, several datasets were compiled and geocoded: SNAP or Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (food stamp) licensed retailers: a list of stores provided by USDA s Food and Nutrition Services (FNS) includes the store s street address as well as the type of business (i.e. supermarket, convenience store). See Appendix A. WIC (Women, Infant, Children program) authorized retailers: a list of stores and their street address provided by Washington State Department of Health. Retailers not SNAP or WIC licensed: through sorting and selecting businesses with a Public Health permit. 2 The analysis does not look at other food establishments such as restaurants, fast food, farmers markets, food banks and meal programs. Identifying Areas with Limited Healthy Food Access A distance- or area-based measure was used to identify areas with limited healthy foods, or food deserts, in which supermarkets (i.e. annual food sales are more than $2 million) were used as a proxy for the availability of affordable and nutritious foods. 3 A one mile 1 Communities include the following: Auburn, Burien, Des Moines, Federal Way, Kent, Renton, Tukwila, SeaTac, White Center, and the Seattle communities of Southeast Seattle, Central Seattle and Southwest Seattle. 2 The Public Health permit database was from 2008 and therefore may include stores that no longer exist or may be missing new businesses. The SNAP and WIC store lists were provided April and February, respectively, Sarah Treuhaft and Allison Karpyn. Grocery Gap: Who has Access to Healthy Food and Why it Matters. Policylink and The Food Trust, Available at Healthy Foods Here GIS Assessment Page 3

4 Euclidean buffer around supermarkets was used to locate areas in the communities with limited access. According to USDA, a one mile buffer in an urban environment is considered low access. 4 This bird s eye view measure is limiting in that it does not account for geography (i.e. hills) or street/sidewalk network and conditions that impacts one s physical access to a supermarket. Furthermore, the analysis does not consider current land uses and zoning that also influences a community s access to healthy foods. In addition, a half mile buffer was used around schools to identify which stores are in close proximity. Food retailers such as convenience stores with low-nutritive foods that are located within a few blocks of schools may contribute significantly to poor snacking and overall energy intake of youth. 5 Health Disparities, Socio-Economic Characteristics, and Federal Food Assistance Enrollment To gain an understanding of the populations in relation to food retail environment, several sets of data were overlaid with the food retailers. Health disparity characteristics using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data included: prevalence of adult diabetes % of adults overweight and obese % of adults lacking adequate daily consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables Characteristics commonly associated with food insecurity using 2000 U.S. Census data included: % of persons living below 200% of the federal poverty level of households with kids, % single headed households % of persons not speaking English well or not at all Counts of persons enrolled in the federal food assistance programs, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance (SNAP) and Women, Infants, Children (WIC) provided an additional overlay. However, this data does not reflect the number of persons that qualify for these programs or the percentage of the relative population. 4 USDA Economic Research Service. Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food Measuring and Understanding Food Deserts and Their Consequences: Report to Congress. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Available at 5 Kelley E. Borradaile, Sandy Sherman, Stephanie S. Vander Veur, Tara McCoy, Brianna Sandoval, Joan Nachmani, Allison Karpyn, and Gary D. Foster. Snacking in Children: The Role of Urban Corner Stores. Pediatrics (2009) 124: Healthy Foods Here GIS Assessment Page 4

5 Summary of Findings In the CPPW focus areas of King County, Washington, there are over 900 food retailers; 137 are supermarkets and the remaining 85 percent of stores are convenience stores, small to mid-sized grocery stores, specialty stores (i.e. bakeries, butcher shops), and drugstores. Eleven percent of the non-supermarket stores are located more than a mile from a supermarket and 80 percent or 618 stores are located within a half mile of a supermarket. Nearly 50 stores are more than one mile from a supermarket and less than a half mile from a school. Nearly three quarters of the stores are licensed to accept SNAP (i.e. food stamps). Half of these SNAP licensed stores (279 stores) are categorized as conveniences stores and the remaining half are a mix of small to mid-sized grocery stores, drugstores and specialty stores. Only 12 stores are authorized to accept WIC. Table A (page 6) provides a breakdown of the different store types and the series of maps (pages 7-22) show the food retailers and their relation to other overlays as discussed in the methodology. Healthy Foods Here GIS Assessment Page 5

6 Table A: Food Retailers in CPPW Focus Communities (excluding supermarkets) Store Type Convenience Store Combination Store/ Other**** Small Grocery Staple Food Sales Annual Staple Food Sales** < 65% < $1 million < 65% Medium Grocery >= 65% Large Grocery Specialty***** Non-SNAP Licensed Total # of Stores > $1M or gross sales >= $5M or >=50% of sales eligible foods >= 65% < $250,000 >= 65% NA NA >= $250,000 and < $1 million >= $1 million and < $2 million NA NA *According USDA's Food and Nutrition Service s store categorization of SNAP licensed stores. Supermarkets staple food sales are >= 65% and >= $2M. ** According USDA's Food and Nutrition Service a staple food is defined as a basic dietary item (e.g., bread, flour, fruits, vegetables, beef, chicken, fish, etc.). Snack or accessory foods; such as chips, soda, coffee, condiments, and spices, are not staple foods. In addition, you may not count ready to eat, prepared foods as staple foods. However, snack and accessory foods can be purchased with SNAP benefits. ***Corporate chains were identified by businesses with multiple store locations and verified through the corporation s website. ****Businesses that fall in the Combination Grocery/Other category meet one of three scenarios. Data is not available to disaggregate the 104 stores into which of the three scenarios they fall into. *****USDA's Food and Nutrition Service does not define annual staple food sales and percentage of staple food sales stocked for specialty stores. Healthy Foods Here GIS Assessment # (%) Corporate Chains*** 279 (36%) 103 (13%) 51 (7%) 35 (5%) > 1 mile from supermarket # <.5 mile from school # (1%) (12%) 205 (27%) 768 (100%) (11%) 618 (80%) Definition Self-service stores that offer a limited line of convenience items and are typically open long hours to provide easy access for customers. Primarily engaged in retail sale of a variety of canned goods, dairy products, pre-packaged meats and other grocery items in limited amounts. Usually sell a large variety of ineligible products; such as hot coffee, alcohol, or tobacco products. (i.e. 7-Eleven, Chevron and independently-owned stores) Primary business is sale of general merchandise but also sell a variety of food products. Stores include independent drug stores, dollar stores, and general stores (i.e. Bartell Drugs, Dollar Store). A store that carries a small selection of all four staple food categories. They may sell ineligible items as well, but their primary stock is food items. They usually have less than 2 registers. (i.e. independently-owned stores such as Somali Grocery Store in Tukwila) A store that carries a moderate selection of all four staple food categories. They may sell ineligible items as well, but their primary stock is food items. They usually have at least 2 registers. (i.e. independently-owned stores such as Hidaya Mini Market in Seattle) A store that carries a wide selection of all four staple food categories. They may sell ineligible items as well, but their primary stock is food items. They may have three or more registers. (i.e. independently-owned stores such as Valley Harvest in Federal Way) Food stores specializing in the sale of a particular product line (bread, meat/poultry, fruits/vegetables or seafood). May also carry non-food items or other food items, but such stock is incidental to the primary specialty food stock. Stores without EBT-certification (i.e. Shell gas stations and independentlyowned convenience stores) Page 6

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23 GIS Data Sources GIS Shapefile Details Source SNAP Client Count Number of SNAP Clients (i.e. food stamp) by census track in 2008 WA Dept. of Social and Health Services (2008) Businesses with Public Health permits Type of health permit (i.e. grocery, meat/seafood, etc.) University of Washington & Public Health- Seattle & King County (2008) 2000 U.S. Census Demographics by Characteristics linked to food insecurity characteristics: 2000 U.S. Census block group Percent of households w/ children that are single headed households Household income less than 200% and 100% poverty line Households speaking English not well or not at all EBT-certified stores Stores certified as of March 2010 WA Dept. of Social and Includes business type categorization Health Services (2010) Health Planning Health risk data at the HPA level: Public Health- Seattle & Areas (HPAs) Diabetes prevalence King County (2008) No physical activity Percent overweight and obese (adult age only) Average daily servings of fruit and vegetables consumed Adults not consuming 5 or more fruits and vegetables daily School sites Public and private King County GIS Level (i.e. elementary) Street network King County GIS WIC-certified stores Stores certified as of February 2010 WA Dept. of Health (2010) WIC Client Count Number of WIC Clients (i.e. food stamp) by zip code as June 1, 2010 WA Dept. of Health (2010) Zip codes King County GIS Healthy Foods Here GIS Assessment Page 23

24 Appendix A FNS Business Type Criteria May 1/2009 Convenience Store: (CS) Self-service stores that offer a limited line of convenience items and are typically open long hours to provide easy access for customers. Primarily engaged in retail sale of a variety of canned goods, dairy products, pre-packaged meats and other grocery items in limited amounts. Usually sell a large variety of ineligible products; such as hot coffee, alcohol, or tobacco products. Business Rules: Store is eligible under criteria A Annual staple food sales < $1 million Staple food sales < 65% Combination Grocery/Other: (CO) Primary business is sale of general merchandise but also sell a variety of food products. Such stores include independent drug stores, dollar stores, and general stores. Business Rules: Any of the three scenarios result in a combination/grocery store Scenario #1 Store is eligible under criteria A Annual sales >= $5 million Staple food sales < 65% Scenario #2: Store is eligible under criteria A Annual staple food sales >= $1 million Staple food sales < 65% Scenario #3: Store is eligible under criteria B and is not eligible under Criteria A Store carries only dairy products OR Carries a combination of not more than three staple food groups and no fresh meat/poultry (documented contacts with store to determine no fresh meat) Healthy Foods Here GIS Assessment

25 Delivery Route: (DR) A store that does not have a permanent store location, this includes delivery routes that deliver food at set locations and times, as well as rolling routes. Routes typically sell milk, bread, produce or other staple foods and are most common in rural areas. Business Rule: Store self declares as a delivery route Farmers Market: (FM) A single or multi-stall market that sells agricultural products to the general public at a central or fixed location, particularly fresh fruit and vegetables. This designation applies to any organization that is affiliated with and operates within a farmers market location. This may include a single authorization for all farmers within a market using a scrip payment method or individual authorizations where each farmer may operate their own point-of-sale device. Business Rule: Store self declares as a farmers market Large Grocery Store: (LG) A store that carries a wide selection of all four staple food categories. They may sell ineligible items as well, but their primary stock is food items. They may have three or more registers. Business Rules: Store is eligible under criteria A Annual staple food sales < $2 million and >= $1 million Staple food sales >= 65%) Medium Grocery Store: (MG) A store that carries a moderate selection of all four staple food categories. They may sell ineligible items as well, but their primary stock is food items. They usually have at least 2 registers. Business Rules: Store is eligible under criteria A Annual staple food sales < $1 million and >= $250,000 staple food sales >= 65% Healthy Foods Here GIS Assessment

26 Non-Profit Food Buying Cooperative: (BC) Any store that operates as a cooperative and wishes to be able to accept food stamp benefits in advance of delivery of the product Business Rules: Ownership type is cooperative or store self-declares as cooperative Small Grocery Store: (SG) A store that carries a small selection of all four staple food categories. They may sell ineligible items as well, but their primary stock is food items. They usually have less than 2 registers. Business Rules: Store is eligible under criteria A Annual staple food sales < $250,000 Staple food sales >= 65% Specialty Food Store - Bakery/Bread: (BB) Food stores specializing in the sale of bread/cereal products. May also carry nonfood items or other food items, but such stock is incidental to the primary specialty food stock. Business Rules: Store is eligible under criteria B and is not eligible under Criteria A Sells only bread/grain staple food category Specialty Food Store - Fruits/Vegetables: (FV) Food stores specializing in the sale of fruits and/or vegetables that operates in a fixed or semi-permanent location. This includes any permanent store whose primary business is the sale of fruits/vegetables, such as a produce market; as well as any produce stand that is not affiliated with a farmers market. Seasonal produce stands qualify under this category. May also carry non-food items or other food items, but such stock is incidental to the primary specialty food stock. Business Rules: Store is eligible under criteria B and is not eligible under Criteria A Store may self-declare as produce market Sells only fruit/veg staple food category Healthy Foods Here GIS Assessment

27 Specialty Food Store Meat/Poultry Products: (ME) Food stores specializing in the sale of meat products. May also carry non-food items or other food items, but such stock is incidental to the primary specialty food stock. Business Rules: Store is eligible under criteria B and is not eligible under Criteria A Store may self-declare as M/P specialty Store stocks fresh meat or poultry and may carry a combination of two or three other staple food groups (documented contacts with store to determine if fresh meat) OR Store stocks non-fresh types of meat and poultry (e.g.) and no other staple food groups(documented contacts with store to determine if fresh meat) Specialty Food Store - Seafood Products: (SE) Food stores specializing in the sale of seafood products. May also carry non-food items or other food items, but such stock is incidental to the primary specialty food stock. Business Rules: Store is eligible under criteria B and is not eligible under Criteria A Sells only fresh, frozen, or canned seafood in the meat/poultry/fish staple food category May self-declare as a Seafood specialty Supermarket: (SM) Establishments commonly known as supermarkets, food stores, grocery stores and food warehouses primarily engaged in the retail sale of an extensive variety of grocery and other store merchandise. This store typically has ten or more checkout lanes with registers, bar code scanners, and conveyor belts. Customers normally make large volume purchases. Business Rules: Store is eligible under criteria A Annual retail food sales < $5 million and annual staple food sales >= $2 million Staple food sales >= 65% Healthy Foods Here GIS Assessment

28 Super Store/Chain Store: (SS) Very large supermarkets, "big box" stores, super stores and food warehouses primarily engaged in the retail sale of a wide variety of grocery and other store merchandise. Includes stores that are large food/drug combo stores and mass merchandisers under a single roof, and membership retail/wholesale hybrids offering a limited variety of products in warehouse-type environment (Wal-Mart, Super Kmart, Target, Meijer, Fred Meyer, Sam s, Costco, BJ s). Business Rules: Store is eligible under criteria A Annual retail sales >= $5 million Staple food sales >= 65% Wholesaler: (WH) Statutory/regulatory definition such a firm is an establishment that sells eligible food to meal services for resale to households. Wholesale firms which have a retail operation and qualify under the co-located retailer/wholesaler provisions of the regulations shall be assigned a type consistent with their operations (either a Criteria A type or a Criteria B specialty by type of food sold). Business Rule: Store self declares as a wholesale business An authorized meal service wishes to use the firm to purchase eligible food using household EBT cards. Healthy Foods Here GIS Assessment