Sectionalism, the Civil War and Reconstruction: Study Guide! Name: Study Guide Key Period: N/A 15-4 Henry David Thoreau: Author and poet that wrote

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1 Sectionalism, the Civil War and Reconstruction: Study Guide! Name: Study Guide Key Period: N/A 15-4 Henry David Thoreau: Author and poet that wrote On Walden s pond and proponent of the theory of Civil Disobedience. QR1 Civil Disobedience: The idea that people have a right to disobey laws that they consider to be unjust if their conscious demand it. How did Thoreau's idea of civil disobedience influence American society? Later influenced Martin Luther King Jr Missouri Compromise: An agreement proposed in 1819 by Henry Clay to keep the number of slave and Free states equal as new states were brought into the union. Wilmot Proviso: A law passed in 1846 that banned slavery in any territories won by the US from Mexico. QR2 Popular Sovereignty: A principle of the US Constitution that states the people have the right to create alter or abolish their government. Free-Soil Party: A bipartisan party founded in the US in 1848 to keep slaves out of the western territories. Explain the significance of the Missouri Compromise. The Missouri Compromise kept a balance between free and slave states and helped to calm the sectional divisions between the Northern and Southern states for a period of time. QR3 Considering political power in the US Government of the mid 1800 s, what was the result of the Missouri Compromise? An agreement, proposed in 1819 by Henry Clay, to keep the number of slave and free-states equal Secede: to withdraw from membership in a group. Fugitive: a runaway. Civil War: a war between people of the same country. Compromise of 1850: An agreement over slavery by which California joined the Union as a free state and a strict fugitive slave law was passed. Fugitive Slave Act: The Fugitive Slave Act was a law passed in 1850 that required all citizens to aid in the capture and return of runaway slaves. QR4 Uncle Tom s Cabin :( be sure to list the author also) An 1852 novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe written to show the evils of slavery and the injustice of the Fugitive Slave Act. How did the admitting of California into the Union in 1850 again raise the debate over slavery? When California came into the Union, the balance between free and slave states was upset. With the probability of Oregon, Utah and New Mexico also being admitted into the Union as free-states, the South again began to feel threatened. How Americans did responds to the Compromise of 1850: Voters in each new territory, wanting to be admitted to the Union, were allowed to vote whether or not they would be a free or slave state. This again caused the Southern states to feel threatened.

2 How did both the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 contribute to differences between free and enslaved African Americans? Both compromises further defined the differences and beliefs that were dividing the 2 regions of the US. It follows from these views that no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void, and that acts of violence within any State or States against the authority of the United States are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to circumstances. Abraham Lincoln, first inaugural address, March 1861 How did Lincoln view the act of secession from the national government? President Lincoln believed that the South s secession was illegal and should not be allowed. [The Southern states] have formed a new alliance, but in each State its government has remained as before. The rights of person and property have not been disturbed. Jefferson Davis, inaugural address, February 1861 How did Jefferson Davis' views differ from Lincoln's? Davis, the President of the Confederacy, believed that states should be allowed to with draw from the Union IF they chose to do so Kansas-Nebraska Act: An 1854 law that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, giving the settlers the right of popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery. Dred-Scott v. Sanford: An 1857 Supreme Court case in which a slave, Dred Scott, sued for his freedom and lost. The case brought into question the federal power over slavery in the territories. QR5 In response to the Dred Scott v Sandford decision Congress passed a Constitutional amendment that states Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States. QR6 How did the Dred Scott v Sandford affect the lives of enslaved people? It meant that Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery in any territory and made The Missouri Compromise unconstitutional Republican Party: A political party established in the US in 1854 with the goal of keeping slavery out of the western territories. Treason: Actions against one s country. QR7Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas that gave Lincoln national name recognition, especially on the issue of slavery eventually helping him become the president. Place the following events into their correct chronological order: (1, 2, 3, and 4) 4 (1854) Kansas-Nebraska Act 1 (1819) Missouri Compromise 3 (1850) Compromise of (1832) Nullification Crisis

3 John Brown s Raid: (1859) Further inflamed the tensions between the North and the South. Brown carried his anti-slave campaign from Kansas to the east into the town of Harper s Ferry. He planned to raid the federal armory at Harper s Ferry, steal weapons and to lead an armed revolt of African Americans. (Bleeding Kansas) Which Party? Which Party? Republicans Southern Democrats Supported Abraham Lincoln in 1860 Split over slavery; had 2 candidates in 1860 No extension of slavery Legislation needed to protect the rights of slaves 1860 Individual states should decide the slavery issue Need to maintain the current way of life Which pair of political parties best completes the table above? 16-5 Why did many Southerners support secession after Lincoln was elected to the US Presidency? To many Southerners, Lincoln s election to president meant that they no longer had any voice in the national government. They believed that now both the president and Congress would act against their regional interests-especially slavery. Where was the first battle of the Civil War fought? Fort Sumter South Carolina. Random things you need to know that fall within this time period! William Carney: An African American Sergeant in the 54 th Massachusetts Regiment who won the Medal of Honor during the Civil War. Henry Clay: Kentucky state senator, author of the Compromise of 1850, often called the Great Compromiser John C. Calhoun: South Carolina senator, pro-slavery, pro-states rights. Sectionalism: Loyalty to a state or section rather than to the whole country. Examples of sectionalism could be: feelings about slavery as an economic institution, how using the land was viewed; the degree of industry within the region etc. QR8 List 3 factors that contributed to sectionalism between the North and South: The issues of slavery (for and against), economics (industrial vs. agricultural, protective tariffs that favored the North) and the election of Abraham Lincoln in QR9 How did U.S. tariff policies contribute to sectionalism prior to the Civil War? Who benefitted and who was burdened? Protective tariffs were supported by the North and opposed by the South. Northern business owners especially benefitted. People in the South had to pay more for goods they needed. How were the economic opportunities for free African Americans different from enslaved African Americans during the early 1800s? Free African Americans were allowed to own property in Northern states. African American slaves had no rights at all.

4 QR10 How did the majority of Southern slaveholders view the issue of slavery? Slave owners saw slavery as essential to the Southern economy. Without slaves, plantation owners would not be able to make a living. Place the following items into their respective regions. textile manufacturing cotton plantations large urban work force rural labor force supported high tariffs opposed high tariffs Northern States textile manufacturing large urban work force supported high tariffs Southern States cotton plantations rural labor force opposed high tariffs This former 1800 s Vice President claimed that the states had the right to reject federal laws IF they burdened the state or the state s inhabitants. John C. Calhoun 17-1 QR11 The Civil Way occurred between 1861 and Border state: (also be sure to list the actual states that this term would have applied to during the Civil War): Slave state that remained in the Union during the Civil War. Border states: Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri. Martial law: Rule by the army instead of the elected government. Abraham Lincoln: 16 th President of the United States and leader of the Union during the Civil War. Jefferson Davis: First and only president of the Confederate States of America. Robert E. Lee; Primary general of the Confederate States of America. Revered and beloved by both the North and the South. Ulysses S. Grant: Final primary general of the United States army under President Lincoln. QR12 Stonewall Jackson: A Confederate general who rallied his troops at the Battle of Bull Run. What were the goals of each side as the Civil War began? The North used its navy to blockade the South and hoped to seize control of Richmond and the Mississippi river. The South planned to fight a defensive war until the North tired of fighting. QR13 Describe 2 advantages the North (Union) had over the South (Confederacy) at the start of the Civil War. More soldiers, more industry, more railroads, better communication, better and more supplies, better navy Fort Sumter: April 12 th through the 14 th 1861, 1 st battle of the Civil War. Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) (Date and outcome): July 21 st, 1861 Confederate victory. QR14 Battle of Antietam (Date and outcome): Sept. 17 th, An 1862 Civil War battle in Maryland; in the day long battle more than 23,000 soldiers were killed or wounded; the North won the battle.

5 Battle of Fredericksburg (Date and outcome): December 13 th, 1862-Confederate victory. Battle of Chancellorsville (Date and outcome): May 1863, Confederate victory. Battle of Shiloh (Date and outcome): April 6 th, 1862-Union victory Emancipation Proclamation: President Lincoln s 1863 declaration, after the Battle of Antietam, that all slaves held in the territories in rebellion were free from this moment on. Lincoln did not however free any slaves that were still being held in the Northern states. QR15 What was the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation? It changed the purpose of the war Union troops were now fighting to end slavery sand to save the Union. 54 th Massachusetts Regiment: An all-african-american Union regiment that was formed in Massachusetts and filled with African-Americans from all over the Northern states. Frederick Douglass encouraged many African-Americans to join this regiment 17-4 QR16 Habeas corpus: The right that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. Describe the hardships faced by soldiers during the Civil War: Lack of adequate shelter, poor to no food, poor to no suitable clothing, poor to non-existent medical care, long days/weeks/months with no news from home. Clara Barton: Nurse that worked on the Union side of the Civil War. She would later found the Red Cross. Scott s Great Snake! The Anaconda Plan (use the Internet to define): A Union plan for a naval blockade that would surround all of the Confederate ports and harbors; essentially starving the South of materials, food sources, and assistance from any other nation (England) Pickett s Charge: On July 3 rd, 1863, George Pickett, a Confederate general, who was assigned by General Robert E. Lee to charge the Union forces in the center of the Gettysburg battle area. Nearly 60% of General Pickett s troops were killed or wounded during this charge. Why the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg is considered the turning point of the Civil War? This was the last time any Confederate army would fight in the North. The Confederate forces were devastated by this lose and retreated south. The Gettysburg Address: An address given November 19, 1863, by President Lincoln to dedicate the cemetery to the soldiers that died during the Battle of Gettysburg. Lincoln used the address to state that the Civil War was a test of our nation s belief in equality and democracy. What ideals did President Lincoln express in his Gettysburg Address? Use the quote below to help you answer the question!... that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Abraham Lincoln, the Gettysburg Address, November 1863 President Lincoln felt strongly that if our nation should survive and that the secession of the Confederacy was illegal.

6 18-1 QR17 The Era of Reconstruction took place between 1865and 1877 How did President Lincoln's assassination affect the nation? President Lincoln killed in Ford s Theater in Washington D.C. by the actor John Wilkes Booth, the nation was plunged into grief. Millions who had celebrated the Union s victory over the Confederacy now mourned Lincoln s death. Lincoln favored a 10% plan; states would form a new state government after 10% of the state s population swore an oath to the United States. Despite limited success, the Freedmen's Bureau greatly contributed to The Freedmen s Bureau gave food and clothing to many former slaves. They also assisted many poor whites as well as providing medical to more than 1 million people. QR18 13 th Amendment: Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States. Whose point of view supports the belief that Reconstruction in the South should not be cruel and harsh so that better relationships between North and South could be reestablished? President Andrew Johnson (Lincoln s former Vice-President and a former senator from Tennessee) Radical Republicans, led by Senator Thaddeus Stevens, wanted to severely punish the Southern states for leaving the Union th Amendment: All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the United States and of the state in which they reside. This DID NOT apply to many Native American Indian Tribes/Nations. 15 th Amendment: The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of race, color, or previous condition. Black codes: Laws passed by Southern states that severely limited the rights of African Americans after the Civil War. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 1 of the 14th Amendment, the U.S. Constitution After reading the above quote, what people, who were born in the US, were NOT granted their citizenship? Native American Indians. QR19 As a result of the passage of the 14 th Amendment who specifically gained their citizenship? All persons born or naturalized in the United States. How did many Southern state governments respond to the demands of Reconstruction? By passing Black Codes, enacting Jim Crow laws and through intimidation at the polls. How did the Reconstruction Era affect the country politically? Three new amendments (13 th, 14 th, and 15 th ) were passed and Southern Democrats would remain largely in power in the South for another 100 years.

7 Place the following events into their correct chronological order: (1, 2, 3, and 4) 1 Passage of the 13 th Amendment 3 Establishment of the Ku Klux Klan 4 Election of Hiram Rhodes Revels 2 Establishment of the Freemen s Bureau 18-3 QR20 Which secret society, founded by Nathan Bedford Forrest and consisting of former Confederate soldiers, used terrorism and murder to limit new opportunities for newly freed African Americans after the Civil War? The Ku Klux Klan. Carpetbagger: An uncomplimentary term used to describe a Northerner who came to the South after the Civil War. Scalawag: A white Southerner who supported the Republicans during the Reconstruction Era How did efforts of the Radical Republican Congress during Reconstruction have a lasting political impact on Southern States? The Democratic Political Party would dominate the politics of the Southern States for more than a century following the Civil War. This was due to the deep hatred felt by Southerners toward Republicans. Jim Crow Laws: These were laws that separated people of different races in public places in the South. Text Epilogue-1 Homestead Act of 1862; An 1862 law that gave land to settlers to be developed as farms as long as they would continue to farm the land for at least 5 years. What was one major result of enacting the Homestead Act of 1862? Settlement of western territories expanded rapidly. Random need to knows that fall within this time period! Morrill Act: Explain and what did it offer? This act offered public land grants for institutions of higher education. Dawes Act: Who was adversely affected by this act? It forced ownership of Indian lands among individual members, leading to a significant disruption in their tribal way of life. This individual land ownership helped to destroy tribal unity and cohesion. Explain what a primary and secondary source document is. A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event. A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them.

8 Additional Notes etc. that you may want to include: Bleeding Kansas Plessey vs. Ferguson: